Key Features &Amp; Religious Practices Of Chinese Popular...

Key Features & Religious Practices Of Chinese Popular...
Key Features & Religious Practices of Chinese Popular Religions The main Chinese religions have many key features. The main religions include
shamanism/ancestor reverence, Confucianism, Daoism, Mahayana Buddhism, and idol worship. These 5 religions share some features in common.
For example, Chinese popular religion focuses on the human being's pursuit of health, wealth, and happiness in their lives (quote the textbook). Chinese
popular religions want the human to be doing well and succeeding in their day–to–day activities of their lives. Another key component of the main
Chinese religions is respecting one's elders. The religions teach the importance of obeying the commands of the elders and honoring the family name.
The Chinese allow place a strong emphasis on the temple. The temple is a place where the people could communicate, understand, and learn about
their gods (quote the textbook). The next subsections will be describing the key religious practices of each of the 5 Chinese religions.
Shamanism/Ancestor Reverence Shamanism and ancestor reverence are key religions of the Chinese. Shamans are spiritual healers who call on spirits
while they are dreaming to relieve an individual from uncertainty or cure an individual from a disease (Laughlin & Rock, 2014). Shamans are seen as
elders of the Chinese community and are respected for the tremendous healing power they have on others. Furthermore, ancestor reverence is the
respect many younger generations have for their
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Similarities Between Ancient Greece And China Essay
1. Using three civilizations as examples, describe the concept of the Axial Age The concept of axial age was introduced into the sphere of
philosophical knowledge by German existentialist philosopher Karl Jaspers for characterizing the period of ancient history during about the 8th to the
3rd century BC. In this period of time we have developed a fundamentally new religious beliefs and doctrines that promoted human and cultural values
of the era. Jaspers described the Axial Age as an interregnum between two ages of great empire, a pause for liberty, a deep breath bringing the most
lucid consciousness. Jaspers argued that during the Axial Age, the spiritual foundations of humanity were laid simultaneously and independently in
China, India, Persia, Judea and Greece. And these are the foundations upon which humanity still subsists today. Consider, for example Greece, India
and China. Ancient Greece up to the 6th century BC was on a par with other civilizations by the level of spiritual development. Hellenic culture range
was one of those, whose coordinate system covers the problems of family, God, nature and Eros. As a general rule, the mentality of this culture
consisted the two vectors – Apollonian and Dionysian. Dionysian beginning was aimed at the satisfaction of the instinctual needs, as opposed to the
Apollonian, whose essence consisted of creative and scientific elements. The widespread fall of the monarchy and the actualization role of the nation
brought Hellenic

China Religion Impact
The impact of religion in the world is immeasurable. Through ancient times to now, different waves of religions, including Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism,
and Christianity, have swept over the western world and influenced Asia to become the powerful continent it is today. These religions encouraged
communication between the different countries and empires of ancient Asia, but did not become an obstacle to trade and education.
Different religions have motivated individuals to seek education, allies, and trade. In Xuanzang's time, "Buddhism stood as a spiritual and intellectual
challenge to the recurrent Chinese attitude of self–sufficiency and self–importance. Buddhism connected China to the outside world" (Gordon 19–20).
Many monks traveled through Buddhism's influence to hear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Built establishments assisted in their travel, and kings and rulers often aided with food and shelter. The core beliefs influenced China and other
countries to open up new trade routes and communication. Ibn Fadlan's trip was because "Caliphs were always looking for new allies, especially
new converts who would fight and die for Islam" (Gordon 23). Islam's different teachings and others religions created a need for allies that would
convert and fight loyally for a religion. The idea of obtaining new allies caused many ambassadorial missions across Asia with teachings and supplies to
attempt to create alliances with rulers of different religions. The diverse beliefs of the countries that the ambassadors had to pass through either assisted
or halted the journey. Uniting under a religion helped the different rulers stay loyal to one another. During Tome Pires's attempt to trade in Asia, "[The
Portuguese] never successfully recruited local educated elites unless they converted to

Absolutism Under The Influence Of Samgha
Although it may not seem evident initially, even the Chinese Buddhist Association and therefore the Chinese sangha ultimately remain under the
control of the communist government. These goals ultimately help the government have a say in Buddhist affairs because the Chinese Buddhist
Association cannot exist without the government in the first place. For example, the Chinese Buddhist Association and the samgha completed the
"socialization of monasteries" under the name of promoting Buddhism (Welch 1961, 7). Under the Land Reform Act of 1960, monks and nuns received
the same amount of land as farmers. After land distribution, the number of monks in the monasteries continues to decrease as many of them return to
the laity (Welch 1961, 1). "One monastery, for example, which had 800 monks before land... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process, known as "political indoctrination," helps the samgha understand that although the government possesses ultimate authority, their voices
can "influence interpretation of doctrines, scriptures, and beliefs" (Yu 1971, 54). Even where the samgha receives their education remains centralized.
Most samgha studies through the Chinese Buddhist College that is affiliated with the Chinese Buddhist Association as well. The samgha are made
aware of the relationships in politics and religion. Since only one college controls the samgha teaching primarily, the process remains very standardized
and differences get eliminated. This helps maintain legitimacy and power because one organization and its clergy makes the decisions rather than
multiple organizations fighting over control (Yu 1971, 55). Thus, the hierarchy gets further simplified because the Chinese government simply answers
to one organization, the Chinese Buddhist Association, rather than multiple organizations. Ultimately, this strengthens the government's control over the

Confucianism Rituals And Sacrifices Of Buddhism
Confucianism Rituals and Sacrifices
ENLE Li
51669159
Ashton Clayton
Confucianism Rituals and Sacrifices
Introduction
Ritual is a religious ceremony that involves a series of activities performed in a particular order by those who subscribe to the religion. Sacrifice is
the act of giving something to a supernatural being to please it. The word sacrifice also means the offering given to the supernatural human being. The
essay is going to discuss rituals and sacrifices in Confucianism, which is one the largest religion in China.
Rituals
In the Confucianism religion, rituals are held to bring people together. The core unifying factor of rituals is worship. One of the oldest rituals in the
Confucian is the worship of the ancestors. Confucians took ancestors worship as a source of their moral and spiritual fulfillment something that
brought harmony in the society. The rise of Han dynasty in 202 BC, endorsed Confucianism as a leadership ideology, and it came with the
incorporation of the ancestors worship (Dubs, 1938). Shrines to ancestors mostly consisted of pictures of the dead elders and to show respect to
them, one was required to clasp incense in the hand and kneel before the picture to place the burning incense in the holder. Ancestors are taken to be
a link to the Supreme Being and the people. The respect for the dead was caused by the belief that a person has two souls, namely hun and po. The
two souls are associated with yang and yin

The Monument Of The Tomb Of Emperor Qin
The monument of the Tomb of Emperor Qin tells us about early Chinese religious beliefs and practices. The mound itself remains unexcavated except
for some test trenches, but researchers believe it contains a vast underground funerary palace designed to match the fabulous palace the emperor
occupied in life. It was not taken into account the seriously until the discovery of pits around the tomb filled with more than 6,000 life–size painted
terracotta figures of soldiers and horses, as well as bronze horses and chariots. The terracotta army served as the First Emperor's bodyguard deployed
in perpetuity outside the tomb. Funeral Banner of the Marquise of Dai tells us about early Chinese religious belief and practice. The T–shaped silk
banner... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Daoism emerged out of the metaphysical teachings attributed to Laozi. Daoist philosophy stresses an intuitive awareness, nurtured by harmonious
contact with nature, and shuns everything artificial. Daoists seek to follow the universal path or principle, called the Dao, whose features cannot be
described but only suggested through analogies. Dao is said to be like water, always yielding but eventually wearing away the hard stone that does not
yield. The strengths in Daoists, comes from flexibility and inaction. Historically, Daoist principles encouraged retreat from society in favor a personal
cultivar of the ying and yang. This making a perfect balance between yang, which are the active masculine energy, and yin, passive feminine energy.
Confucianism discuss their role in Chinese society by empathy for suffering, pursuit of morality and justice, respect for ancient ceremonies, and
adherence to traditional social relationships, such as those between parent and child, elder and younger sibling, husband and wife, and ruler and
subject. Stressing that the deference to age and rank that is at the heart of the Confucian social order brings a reciprocal responsibility. For example, a
king's legitimacy depends on the goodwill of his people. A ruler should share his joys with his subjects and will know his laws are unjust if they bring
suffering to the people. Confucianism had a profound impact on

Religion And Persecution In China
With the rise of ISIS and other radical groups who force their beliefs on others, the question of when and why do people force others to believe a
different belief arises. Though historians cannot know for sure the exact time in history when persecution started, they can see forced conversions from
Christianity and Judaism have existed for an extensive amount time. Also, the majority of the motives behind the rulers, who force their belief on
people, remain a mystery. If one looks back in history, he or she notices that the consequences of not converting to the religion being forced includes
death, torture, loss of property, or no government funds. Nonetheless, the most common result was death. Historically, leaders of countries or powerful
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Columbia, criminal groups that control certain areas of the country oppress Christians. Like the United States' Constitution, Colombia law
guarantees religious freedom (Persecution). These criminal groups, that persecute the Christians, do not have a specific religion. They oppress
Christians to try and silence them from spreading the Gospel so more people can join their group and not convert to Christianity (Persecution).
Although the level of persecution in Columbia is sparse, it does not mean that it does not happen. Furthermore, Christians who do not remain silent
know that the leaders of the criminal groups will kill them or force them to move. Only the strength that comes from God allows the Christian Church
in Columbia to remain strong amidst difficult

Multiple Religions In China
China is a multi–confessional country, meaning they tolerate multiple religions. The people have the freedom to believe what they want to believe. The
main religions in China include Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism, Confucianism, and Christianity. Buddhism is a religion that
originated in India, and was passed on when they migrated there after China came out of isolation. China has approximately nine thousand five hundred
Buddhism temples and monasteries. Most were built over two thousand years ago. The most widespread religion in China is Taoism, which was
founded in China. Taoism teaches "the way of things". It's a Chinese folk religion. They live on the ordinance of Tao. Another widespread religion in
China

Age Of Division
The Age of Division was a base for change in the future for China. While many wealthy families were dividing China apart the people were looking for
an answer to unify them all. During this time China would change many aspect in its society which would help shape the future of its culture. At the
time Buddhism made some changes when the Great Vehicle system was introduced making Buddhism more a religion than a way of thinking. One
of the way to bring people together is religion and that is what buddhism did. It provided a new vision to the people of China and something to
believe in. Buddhism became popular in the age of division because it gave people something to believe in and this would make their lives feel
complete while giving them peace of mind. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is do to the fact that when Buddhism and Daoism were becoming religions they borrowed a lot from each other. While some of the concepts
may be different they were both a refreshing way to act. Confucianism had dominated a lot before the age of division and the people were tired of
it. In Ge Hong's autobiography it seemed that he was really laid back and didn't want to be given anything. Ge Hong's self virtuous ruled over his
actions and his story is very similar to that of the Buddhist monks. Comparing him to Seng Baozhi, they both tried to gain knowledge at a young
age and they have a similar story of walking around in the cold. Ge Hong says "My clothes do not protect me from the cold... yet none of this
causes me worry"(Source,93) while in the passage about Seng Baozhi it is said that "At one time Baozhi was walking in the cold without any upper
garment"(Source, 101). This shows that no matter if it was Buddhism or Daoism people were trying to find something to believe in when the people
were separated. The people may be grouped differently but they all hold common beliefs and want to improve

Religion In Feudal China's Grapes
Did you know about 250,000 Buddhist nuns and monks were forced to leave their religion? I am studying the religion part of Feudal China's
GRAPES (Geography, Religion, Achievements, Politics, Economics, and Social Structure). The essay will be split into paragraphs about each religion.
I will cover what the three main religions were in China. All three religions impacted the Chinese culture.
What is Buddhism? Buddhism was introduced to China during the Han Dynasty. It became popular when the Han and Tang dynasties were struggling
with each other. They were looking for a way to find peace and end suffering. Buddhist believe that life is going to have suffering. Buddhist also
believe that to calm suffering, you have to give up worldly desires ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Confucianism was structured around respect for family and society. Confucianism was an important belief, particularly for the scholar–officials.
Confucianism existed during a time of warfare and chaos of China. Confucius's philosophy was created to bring back peace and stability. He said that a
wise ruler governed through honest examples, not force. Confucius lived around 551 B.C. to 479 B.C. Even after Confucius died, his followers kept
spreading his thoughts and beliefs. He educated people that they could get virtue through education. He taught a similar version of the "golden rule", to
treat others like you would treat yourself. Confucius taught children that they should always respect their parents.
Confucius believed that Junzi were rulers and that they would inspire others below them to live a good life. Moral self–cultivation was shown through
the activities of the Junzi. Junzi means superior person. Confucius thought of the Junzi as a good moral role model, rather than an individual of noble
birth. Junzi had to have many traits including: respectful to their parents, they were dedicated to learning, worked for the good of the family,
community, and society. They were guided by the traditional rituals and social customs. Some scholars think that Confucius thought that women could
become a

Religion In Ancient China
There are a lot of religions in China. About 85% of chinese people have religious beliefs or had some religious practices and only 15% of them do
not have faith in any religions not had any activities related to religions or folk customs. 185 million people believe in Buddhism and 33 million have
faith in Christianity and believes in the existence of God. Only 12 million people are Taoists, although more than one hundred million have taken part
in Taoism activities before. There is also Islam and Confucianism.Buddhism was brought into China approximately 2,000 years ago. Buddhism was
gradually accepted by most Chinese people and developed into three sections: Han Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, and Southern Buddhism. Han
Buddhism has 8,400 temples and 50 thousand monks, it is the largest branch on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some believe that Confucianism is not a real religion but is just an ethical and philosophical system, which developed from Confucius' thoughts and
later was treated as a kind of belief to educate common people. It obtained its stable position under the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (202
BC–220 AD), and became the ideology of the society in the feudal system since then. The traditions and principles in the Confucianism played an
important role in the formation of Chinese people's thinking patterns and teaching methods.
Christianity is the second largest religion in China. Christianity was first introduced to China in Tang Dynasty, which was named as Nestorianism
during that time. Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus' coming was the
fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. More than 10 million people Christian believers. Most of Christians gather in the south part
of the country. There about 18 thousand priest in China. There are about 50,000 legal churches in

Essay about Religion in Ancient China and Egypt
Dixon 1
Daniel Dixon
Dr. Campbell
History 114
3/20/14
Religion in Ancient China and Egypt Religion has played a very important role in society and the history of mankind for over thousands of years.
Originally created by ancient peoples as a way to explain the unknown, religion has greatly evolved and spread across the globe. As new religions
have formed and spread, the diversity and similarities between these new religions have also increased, especially due to their geographic locations.
Two civilizations in particular with both similar and distinct religions are ancient China, and ancient Egypt. Ancient Chinese religion and ancient
Egyptian religion share many things in common with each other, yet at the same time they are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The people who lived under the Shang Dynasty strongly believed that whenever their ancestors died, they became similar to gods, and deserved to be
worshipped as if they too were gods. Each family in the Shang Dynasty would not only worship the gods, but would also worship their own ancestors.
Along with ancestor worship, during the late Shang Dynasty, people in ancient China also began to use written oracle bones to try to predict the future
and also to communicate with the gods. Ancient China and ancient Egypt were both two sophisticated civilizations that created a religion as a way to
explain the natural phenomena they encountered and the unknown. Although different in many ways, their religions do share many similarities with
each other. One of these similarities is that both of the religions are polytheistic. In both Chinese and Egyptian religion, there are many different
gods, and each god rules in their own domain. However, not only do both religions have more than one god in them, but also many of the gods from
both religions are very similar to each other in the sense that they rule over the exact same thing. For example in ancient Chinese religion there is a
sky god, just like the sky god in ancient Egyptian religion. Another similarity that both religions have in common with each other is that each religion
has it's own "high god" that rules above all of the other gods. For the Chinese it is Shang–Ti, the supreme god who rules above

Buddhism Is An Indispensable Element Of Chinese And...
Buddhism has been the main religion of china for several thousands of years. In fact, Buddhism is an indispensable element of Chinese philosophy and
literature. As we all know, Buddhism originated in India and first spread to China around 100BC. Nevertheless, (Mahayana) Buddhism in China
separated itself from the mainstream Buddhism and created a new form of Bodhisattva precept instead of following the Indian Vinaya precept. In fact ,
the distinct Chinese history and culture played significant roles in the development and formation of Mahayana Buddhism . The change of Chinese
society also had a great impact on the doctrine and status of Mahayana Buddhism. In this paper, I will illustrate the reason why Buddhism was widely
accepted by China as an alien religion , analyze how the indigenous philosophy such as Taoism andConfucianism affected the Mahayana concept and
find the relationship between Mahayana Buddhism and Chinese Imperialism. Chinese has always been a confident nation most of the time. As they
believe that China is the Celestial Empire of the world, Chinese rulers and scholars are reluctant to accept heterodox knowledge, especially religion.
For hundreds of years, Confucianism had been the essence of Chinese Philosophy. However, By the middle of the second century. A.D, the great Han
Empire was on the edge of disintegration. "The upper level of Han socio–political order was riven by conflict and the elite was frustrated by
uncertainty". On the other

The Memory Palace Of Matteo Ricci Analysis
Matteo Ricci was a born in Italy in 1552. He became a Jesuit and went a mission to China in 1583. He lived out the rest of his twenty seven years
in China, bringing in Western culture and technology, while learning about what China had to offer. In his novel, The Memory Palace of Matteo
Ricci, Jonathan Spence retells Ricci's life story, while also adding information about the world at the time. Spence tells Ricci's story in an
interesting way, by assigning Chinese characters and images that he believes Ricci would have used in his memory palace, a fictional tool to
remember what that took place during his life. The memory palace works by assigning memories to a character or image, so when you think of the
image, you can remember the memories associated with it. Spence then breaks up the chapters separately by each image or character and talks about
the history and story from Ricci's life associated with the image or character. This essay will primarily focus on chapter four of the novel, though a
summary of the themes of chapter six is included as well. In chapter four Spence largely discusses the three main religions of the Western world,
Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, and then draws parallels with the three largest religions in China at the time, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism.
However, these examples are not the only instances where a trio of three religions and belief systems are present. At the end of the Warring States
period in China, around 350 BCE, China was

Buddhism: The Transformation Of Buddhism In China
Buddhism made its way into China during the Han dynasty which existed during the years 206 BCE to 220 CE. The period in which Buddhism was
introduced into China was a trying one, a time where China was "(forcibly unified)...by the Ch'in." The emperor of the Han dynasty was the heir to this
new China. Despite this situation, the Han dynasty was an "era of rapid economic development...and population grew to perhaps 56 million." This boost
gave Buddhism in China the chance to propagate, as the people who were suffering saw the teachings of Buddhism as a godsend, thus attracting many
believers to this new religion. Although many saw the emergence of Buddhism as a saving grace, it is in my opinion that while it did provide some
form of unification in medieval China, Chinese Buddhism was what created a rift in China upon its introduction due to the massive change it brought
about. This can be seen through the changes in the style and usage of art from the time it was brought into China, and the competition it created
between the Buddhist and Taoist believers existing at that time. Chinese Buddhism caused one of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While initially "the Buddhism that was imported into China...was easily confused with Taoism," with the development of both religions, their
differences began to appear. Taoism viewed life as something that was good while Buddhism viewed life as suffering, and their conflicts between the
afterlife and reincarnation also existed. In the year 845 CE, Emperor Wu Zong persecuted the Buddhists in an attempt to close the doors on Buddhism.
While it marked an end of an era of Buddhism in China, Buddhism managed to spring back up in the Sui and Tang dynasty, where it was declared as
the state religion. Although it was named as such, it cannot be denied that it caused a great upheaval in medieval China due to its competition with

Buddhism In China Dbq
DBQ: Buddhism in China
After the fall of the Han dynasty, many Chinese people converted to Buddhism. They seeked a simpler way of life among all of the chaos and political
instability going on at the time. This led to a drop in productivity in China, as many Buddhists spent their time meditating. The rise in Buddhism
among the lower class led to a hate for the religion by the upper–class. While some people saw Buddhism as a new form of thinking in China's evolving
social landscape, many others saw it as a threat to the traditional Chinese way of life, as they were reluctant to change.
Buddhism was favored by the poor, uneducated people of China, as it offered assurance to a better life. According to Document 1, the Four Noble
Truths of Buddhism

Comparing The Impact Of Religion And Philosophy In India...
When comparing the impact of religion and philosophy in India with the impact of religion and philosophy on these classical civilization's
governments between 600 BCE and 600 CE, they were similar in that they used religion and philosophy to support social and caste divisions, they
stressed the importance of following and obeying rules and the men who followed the teachings of the religion or philosophy were on the top of the
social hierarchy. This was because both China and India religion and philosophy used religion to justify the social divisions like the caste system in
India by talking about reincarnation or the Confucian stress on the importance of obeying authority. Both India and China also had a religion or
philosophy that encouraged ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One social difference was that in India, religion didn't help the government unify their empire. Hinduism was so diverse and had so many offshoots and
sects like the Shaivites and the Vaishnavites that it wasn't uniform enough to be shared across India and bring together the Indian subcontinent and
empire. This was distinct from China where Confucianism was fairly consistent in its teachings and values. Because of this, all across China the idea of
Confucianism linked various provinces and areas like the vastly different North and South China together. A follower ofConfucius from a remote
southern province would probably follow the same ideals that another follower of Confucius from the North. This let the government unify the
Chinese empire and bring together otherwise very different people under one government. This difference was probably due to the fact that Hinduism
had no one founder to dispense core values and it was a polytheistic religion so there were many different gods to follow while Confucianism was
based on the teachings of one man, Confucius and followed his individual teachings and the interpretations of them. Of the two, China was much more
unified while India remained incredibly diverse. However, both these governments and empires were more united than the Classical Greek civilization
which was composed of fiercely independent city–states. A social similarity was that these religions helped helped the government maintain social
differences in society. India had the highly inflexible caste system while China had a more lenient social pyramid. The caste system was supported
by the belief in reincarnation and karma in India where if you lived a good life as a good person you would reincarnate into a good caste because of
your karma so you were ultimately responsible for your own caste. In China, Confucianism promoted the idea that those in lower classes should stay
there and respect their

Spread Of Buddhism Dbq Essay
In the sixth century B.C.E., the religion of Buddhism was founded in India. Seven centuries later, the religion would find itself arriving in China in the
midst of the Han Dynasty. In China, there were many different views of the religion as it arrived and spread throughout the country. There were two
main responses to the religion. One response was that Buddhism could stand alongside other Chinese religions and philosophies such as Confucianism,
as it could do a lot of good for China; while another view was that Buddhism had no place in China, as it came from foreign people and was barbaric,
stealing from the Chinese. One prominent response to Buddhism as it spread was that it was a good religion that could stand alongside many original
Chinese ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When he does die, he will leave the earth and his spirit shall be enlightened as he enters the presence of Buddha (Doc. 2). During this time period,
northern China is being invaded by steppe nomads. Much of the people living within China are undoubtedly worried about this. So, this document
shows one way of how Buddhism was received, as a saving grace that could spare people from the fear of the nomads. If they do believe and
follow the ways of the Buddha, then they will have salvation. The scholar likely wrote this as a way to help quell and fear in people's' hearts,
whether it be his own, or those of strangers. The Buddha himself agrees with the notion that Buddhism helps conquer fear, as can be seen in one of
his sermons eight centuries earlier. In the sermon, he lays out the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism. He proclaims in the sermon that death is sorrow,
that being separated from pleasures is sorrow, that sorrow arises from cravings which we have, including the craving for power and the craving for a
prolonged life. He goes on to say that the only way to end this suffering, to be enlightened and reach nirvana is by ending these sorrows (Doc. 1).
Buddhism lays out a path to end sorrow, and in China,

Empress Wu's Leadership In The Zhou-Tang Dynasty
Buddhism and the "Extended" 18th Century in China: A Cultural Analysis of the Rise of Buddhist Governing Policies and the Anti
–Patriarchal
Modernism of Empress Wu's Leadership in the Zhou/Tang Dynasty
This cultural study will define the cultural aspects of Chinese history through the rise of Buddhist policies and anti–patriarchal modernism in the
leadership of Empress Wu during the tang Dynasty. Wu's leadership defines the increasingly powerful application of Buddhist governmental policies,
which defied the traditional patriarchy of Confucian traditions. Empress Wu is an example of a unique cultural adaption of matriarchal power that was
forged through Buddhist training Emperor Gaozong. These Buddhist governmental policies helped to provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
More so, the dominance of Confucian governing principles and legalities were a major barrier to Wu's adoption of Buddhist principles as a form of
governing ideology. However, she was able to gain more access to changes in legal codes through Emperor Gaozong's support of Buddhist ideology
within this primarily patriarchal Confucian culture. These Buddhist values tended to bring about a increasingly powerful way to validate the role of a
woman in positions of power in the government. For Empress Wu, the idea of Buddhist teachings on governance allowed her to validate the historical
premise of these values over those of the Confucian philosophical codes of the

Imperial Edifice In The Sui-Tang Eras
Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui–Tang Eras
Once upon a time...
There was a noble named Wendi, he was sad that his nation was separated and he set out to take back China, with the help of several nomadic generals
he had control of northern China. In 589 he defeated the Chen kingdom which had ruled pretty much the rest of China and he set up the Sui dynasty as
which followed a traditional Chinese core. Wendi won the hearts of the people by lowering taxes and building granaries to have a secure food supply.
Sui Excesses and Collapse
Wendi had a son, Yangdi who was set out to strengthen what his father started, he conquered more nomads and secured more land, refined the laws and
the Confucian educational system. Scholarly bureaucrats ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This began the Tang Dynasty. The Tang armies extended the empire's reach to the Afghanistan and Tang also repaired the great wall of China.
Rebuilding the Bureaucracy
A former scholar redid the confucian ideology and helped Tang maintain its unity. Aristocracy's power was reduced and power was now shared by
imperial families and scholars. Bureaucracy was under strict control and reached from imperial court to district levels of administration.
The Growing Importance of the Examination System
Under the Tang andSong Dynasty, scholars became more popular and extended the examination system. Exams were created to determine someone's
role or if someone wanted to become higher up in social order. Peasants could take exams to become an official but the knowledge required for them
was usually only available to the rich so few peasants actually made it.
State and Religion in the Tang and Song Eras
Confucian ideas now threatened the already existing Buddhism in China. Previously China was mainly Buddhist and it was promoted by Empress Wu,

who wanted to make Buddhism the main religion.
The Anti–Buddhist

Roles Of Religion In Ancient China
Often times religion is used as a way to enforce certain actions or justify a way of doing something. This was discussed in relation to nature and
primarily Western societies in an earlier reading but also pertains to many social aspects of the Eastern religions (Tucker, Grim 2604). In China,
religion is shown to greatly influence the social hierarchy and could be used as justification as to why people are in the positions that they are (
Poceski 27). One of the three characters identified as the Three Sovereigns was a female figure who is said to have created the first humans.
According to myth, she molding the aristocrats first and did so carefully with high quality materials. The later made figures were not made as carefully
as the goddess

Comparison Of Buddhism And Taoism
Taoism and Buddhism are China's two major religions. Taoism is a Chinese philosophical, religious, and spiritual belief system that teaches one to
flow with life and to be true to one's nature. Taoism is one of China's five religions. It is one of three philosophical teachings which also include
Buddhism, and Confucianism. Taoism began in the in the late 4th century BC under the work of Laozi, in the Tao Te Ching. 'Tao' means 'way' and
Taoism is sometimes expressed as 'the flow of the universe.' Taoism's central value is naturalness, which one achieves by freeing themselves from
desire and selfish thoughts and behaviors and embracing simplicity in life. Taoism is also sometimes referred to as Daoism.
Taoism teaches that trusting one's instincts and gut is the path to finding one's true nature. Taoism has survived as long as it has it has because it
teaches to adapt to which allows followers to embrace modern culture rather than fight it. The three most popular ancient Taoist works include Tao Te
Ching written by Laozi, and one written by Lieh Tzu, and another written by Chuang Tzu. Taoism teaches to reject hate, to reject intolerance, and to
live with compassion, harmony, and balance in one's life.
Violence is considered to be a last resort in Taoism. Taoism can help one to decrease stress in their life, which is known to cause illness. Taoism
teaches that bad deeds and sin result in illness. The morality of Taoism is based upon three treasures including being

Response To Buddhism Dbq Analysis
Responses to Buddhism varied depending on the political and religious order in China. In docs 1 and 2, the response was conversion and hope in
times of political instability. In docs 3 and 5, the response was to practice not just Buddhism but other religions as well to coexist. In docs 4 and 6,
Confucianism was reinstituted and the response to Buddhism was xenophobic and negative because Confucianism was being threatened.
In documents 1 and 2, both are explaining how to follow Buddhism and that you can reach Nirvana by following the noble truths. This supports the
thesis because while China was going through a period of political instability after the collapse of the Han empire people wanted to find comfort in a
religion The Buddha preaches ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In document 4, the Chinese xenophobic mindset appears that Buddha was foreign and barbaric. Han Yu, the Confucian scholar also said that Buddha
"deludes" China and people will self–mutilate because of this religion. This supports the thesis because China has a very high ego and is often seen as
self–sufficient so when something foreign invades, they believe it is unnecessary and sometimes going so far as to call it "evil" and that is must
be ridden of. Calling Buddhism evil and barbaric is certainly a negative response to the spread. Document 6 also shows a very negative response to
Buddhism written by the Emperor Wu of the Tang dynasty. The emperor claims that Buddhism in "injuring mankind" and that the followers are too
abundant. He complains that while the Buddhists are off praying in temples and living a secluded life, they should be fulfilling their roles in China
such as farming and feeding the population. During this time, after legalism was thrown out and the civil service exam was reinstituted based off
Confucian values so it is obvious the emperor felt that Buddhism threatened the social standards and hierarchy of Confucianism and needed to
dispose of it. His point of view is that as the emperor, he must protect his Mandate of Heaven and keep order in his empire, and the way to do that is
for people to pay taxes (which Buddhist

Religion in China and India
RELIGIONS IN CHINA AND INDIA
There are many different religions in both China and India. The most popular religions in China are ancient Confucianism and Taoism, Buddhism,
Islam, Protestant, Catholic, and a new form of religion Falun Gong. India has many religions that are different or the same as the Chinese. Indian
religions include: Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. There are also many people from China that do not follow a religion
because of its communist background. K 'ung Fu Tzu or, Confucius, was born in 551 BC in the state of Lu in China. He traveled throughout China
giving advice to its rulers and teaching. His teachings and writings dealt with morality and ethics. His teachings also ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He began preaching the way to enlightenment and God after receiving a vision. After his death a series of nine Gurus, regarded as reincarnations of
Guru Nanak. Led the movement until 1708. At this time these functions passed to the Panth and the holy text. This text, the Shri Guru Granth Sahib,
was finished by the tenth Guru, Gobind Singh. It consists of hymns and writings of the first 10 Gurus, along with texts from different Muslim and Hindu

Spread of Buddhism in China
Buddhism arrived in China by the first century C.E. by way of the Silk Road. Initially, the spread of Buddhism was met with positivity, but as the
centuries passed, the Chinese began to view it in a negative light. Additionally, during a period of disunity and political instability, the Chinese peasants
welcomed Buddhism, but as Buddhism became more popular, Chinese aristocracy and government saw it as a threat to their power and moved to
discredit its movement. Documents 1, 2, and 5 positively supported the spread of Buddhism, and Documents 4 and 6 negatively viewed the spread of
Buddhism. The change in attitude corresponding to the spread of Buddhism is presented with Documents 1, 2, and 3, which initially support
Buddhism, and Documents 4, 5, and 6, which shows the changing opinions on Buddhism. It would be beneficial to see additional documents written
by a peasant in order to show the contrast between elite responses and their motives for choosing a foreign religion over the traditional Confucianism.
Another helpful document would be a response from a woman because it would be useful to know the reasons a woman in Chinese society would
choose Buddhism and their perspective as opposed to the point of view of men. Documents 1, 2, and 5 positively support the spread of Buddhism in
China. Document 1 is written by the Buddha himself, and lays down the basic principles followed by all Buddhists. It shows that by eliminating
cravings, sorrow would stop. Nevertheless, it is

Confucianism And Taoism
Often puzzled themselves, Chinese society finds it difficult to put a religious label on their belief system, whether it be within the multiple sects of
Buddhism, Confucianism, or Taoism. Throughout the different beliefs and practices that each individual undertakes, one factor remains the same for
all and it is their base factor of belief in ancient wisdom. Although, it may seem like their strong tie to ancient wisdom would equal them all believing
in the same thing, this becomes contradictory from one religion to the other due to the various sources of their ancient wisdom. Although, there are
different labels which entail different beliefs and practices, this essay will help shed light on how Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism each bring key
features that fuse together to form Chinese popular religion and presents other factors that also influence this religion. Chinese popular religion,
consisting of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, divides into many rituals and obligations. Success is centered on materialistic items, prosperity,
and health (Corduan, 2012). With the belief that humans are inherently good, Taoism focuses on the yin and yang of human life (Lecture 6, 2015).
Taoism places an emphasis on cosmic adjustment and harmony within the world. One must live their life without set intentions and they must not
receive pleasure from eating and breathing, because these two aspects of life should be just that, essential aspects required to live. Taoism asserts that

Compare And Contrast Confucianism And Legalism
Philosophies Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism were the three main philosophies in ancient China for a form of government. I state that
Daoism is the most effective form of government because it is based around balance: balance in nature and opposites of the universe. Daoism has
the highest number of followers at around 20 million people among the three philosophies. Daoism is concerned with helping people live in
harmony with their self. Legalism was very different from both Confucianism and Daoism because Legalism was the belief that people needed to
be controlled because they were evil. Legalism is found in China and was founded by Han Feize. While it is unknown when Legalism was
established, it is known that Han Feize was born in 280 B.C. so that gives a general time when legalism started. Legalism didn't deal with much
religious concerns but was more of a political philosophy instead. Citizens were seen to be responsible for actions of one another. A person who is
considered guilty, their relatives and neighbors should be punished as well. This was a way to make sure that the laws are followed. The laws are
strict with harsh punishments. People who spy on others and report anything that they do wrong to the authorities are thought to be doing right of the
law. Both Legalism and Confucianism are belief systems within a group of people, not religions, and both are intended to lead to an orderly way of
life, how they approach their teachings are complete opposed.

Religion And Kingship In China, India, And Egypt
The religion and kingship Among the ancient civilizations of China, India and Egypt, their religion and kingship are strongly related to each other.
However, they all have their own concept about how the religious belief plays a role in the authority of the kingship and the connection between the
king and the god.
In the ancient India, the two most well– known and developed through nowadays religions are Hinduism and Buddhism. Hinduism is basically saying
that reincarnation is based on the previous life of the human being and the willing of try to get out this kind of circle(lecture India–Hinduism). It also
mentions that there is a multitude of gods as different manifestations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People believe that there are remarkable number of gods associated with heavenly bodies and natural forces. The king of the Egypt was also
believed to be a combination of the divine and the mortal. He can also be considered the messenger or connection between god and humankind. But
in ancient China Shang dynasty, the ruling elite believed in the existence of supernatural forces, they could communicate with these forces by using
the oracle bone to obtain divine intervention on matter in the world. Because the god and goddesses all have their different kind of power, in order
for our desire or getting something from them, we have to sacrifice first. In china, people use dead animal as something that we want to devote to the
god so they can tell the god what they want from them. Because those gods has supernatural powers and they except the sacrifice, so when some
rulers did some bad things to the society, he will make some bad things to happen just to remind them and warn them about it is a terrible thing to do.
The example could be like earthquake, tsunami or volcanic

The Link Between Mahayana Buddhism And Chinese Culture
The link between Mahayana Buddhism and Chinese Culture
Buddhism has been the main religion of china for several thousands of years. In fact, Buddhism is an indispensable element of Chinese philosophy and
literature. As we all know, Buddhism originated in India and first spread to China around 100BC. Nevertheless, (Mahayana)Buddhism in China
separated itself from the mainstream Buddhism and created a new form of Bodhisattva precept instead of following the Indian Vinaya precept. The
distinct Chinese history and culture played significant roles in the development and formation of Mahayana Buddhism . The change of Chinese
society also had a great impact on the doctrine and status of Mahayana Buddhism. In this paper, I will illustrate the reason why Buddhism was widely
accepted by China as an alien religion , analyze how the indigenous philosophy such as Taoism andConfucianism affected the Mahayana concept and
find the relationship between Mahayana Buddhism and Chinese Imperialism. Chinese has always been a confident nation most of the time. As they
believe that China is the Celestial Empire of the world, Chinese rulers and scholars are reluctant to accept heterodox knowledge, especially religion.
For hundreds of years, Confucianism had been the essence of Chinese Philosophy. However, By the middle of the second century A.D, the great Han
Empire was on the edge of disintegration. "The upper level of Han socio–political order was riven by conflict

Different Religions In China
"Buddhism! Taoism! Islam!" thousands of religion are being shouted around in the cafeteria. No one is surprised. Hardly anyone is the same religion
in your school. That is not unusual in China. There are so many different religions in China. Religion makes China because there are so many different
religions in China. The main three are Buddhism, Taoism, and Islam.
The first religion is Buddhism. Buddhists have three main things that they believe; The Four Noble Truths, the Noble 8–fold Path, and The Five
Precepts. The Four Noble Truth apply specifically to Buddhist. The first Noble Truth: Buddhism explains that suffering can be avoided and you can be
happy. The second Noble Truth: If you crave, then you can not be truly happy. The Third

Cultural Religions In Ancient China
In ancient china there were two main cultural religions.These were Taoism and Buddhism. Taoism is China's oldest religion. At one time, the land
called China was the home of numerous peoples with different racial origins. All these ethnic groups probably had their own special gods and
religious beliefs. Over time, kingdoms and empires grew in various areas and started incorporating more and more people into them. One common
theme in these kingdoms and empires was a belief in life after death as can be seen in ancient tombs all over China. So people had to pay homage to
and care for the dead. Some Chinese have fear of the dead, and they try to obey the dead or appease them. Another idea that is very strong in Chinese
philosophy is as Chinese

Post-Classical Chinese Religions
Holden Hewes
Ms. Trahan
English II Period 5
2 November 2016
Post Classical and Classical Chinese Religions China is a very influential world power and has been for many years. The Classical and Post–Classical
years in China were a time of achievement and advancement, especially in the religious movement. Post–Classical and Classical China were very
important historical periods, and their religions, and the effect of them on the world around them highlighted that importance. Classical China was a
breeding ground for new ideas, inventions, and most importantly, religions. Although Classical China was littered with different religions and beliefs,
Confucianism was the most prominent. Confucianism is based on the teachings of a philosophical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This exception is the religion of Buddhism, which transformed the Post–Classical era and the history of China. Islam spread like wildfire, which was
surprising due to the popularity of other Chinese religions at this time, such as Confucianism and Daoism. Trade routes began and facilitated the
spread of it and were influential in spreading things other than just goods (Strayer). The diffusion of Buddhism into China is extremely important to
Chinese people and Chinese history. Buddhist monasteries sprang up in cities and trade routes, and many people were converted just by immersion
in the religion and by just following the crowd. Buddhism was very big for merchants and they had a big role in the spread of Buddhism to less
populous villages and towns. While China was leading a massive Buddhist revival, an effort to revive Confucian values was also spreading. This effort
was called Neo–Confucianism, which means new Confucianism. This new religious belief system combined Confucian values with Buddhist and
Daoist influences. This new way of thinking was popular, and even slowed the Buddhist movement, but Buddhism eventually won, amassing hundreds
of thousands of

The Mandate Of Heaven: The Role Of Religion In Ancient China
Numerous present day countries, such as the United States, are firm on the separation of religion and state, as a means of preventing prejudice and
bias against marginal religious groups. However, such attempts to separate religion and state rarely stop religion from influencing basic law or the
decisions made by people in power because religion creates a foundation of thought in our choices and judgements. This is evident in classical
civilizations because those in power depended on religious beliefs and celestial beings. Moreover, religion highly influenced social classes, giving
individuals such as kings and emperors an advantage. Finally, religion was used to maintain moral and ethical codes within the societies, thus
influencing their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Classical civilizations social distinctions were more complex than they were in the Foundations Era, with kings, emperors, or a high priest with the
most power and money, military aristocracy or priestly aristocracy, commercial families, artisans or craftsmen, peasant farmers an herdsmen, and
finally, slaves (Bentley and Ziegler). The classical civilizations had more complex social statuses due to the emergence of transregional networks of
communication and exchange, essentially syncretism, as opposed to prioritizing agricultural beliefs, as evident in Mesopotamia. In addition, these
transregional networks led to the spread of religion and belief systems, in which social classes also progressed. The social hierarchy itself indicates
the influence religion had in governance because a priest had the ability of being at the same rank as a king, and even if they were not, they were still
the second highest class provided with titles and wealth. One civilization that's dominate religion integrated with its social classes was the Mauryan
Empire in ancient India, in which Hinduism strongly believed in the caste system. The caste system categorized Hindus into four classes– Brahmin,
priests and intellectuals, Kshatriya, warriors and political leaders, Vaisya, merchants and landowners, and the Sudra, commoners, merchants, and
servants (Infobase). Hinduism gave kings and emperors an

China 's Most Strapping Religion
Desha Fleureme July 10, 2015 Taoism China 's most strapping religion, Taoism is an ancient tradition of philosophy and religious beliefs that have
been deeply rooted within the Chinese customs. It can also be referred to as Daoism, which is a more accurate way of saying the Chinese word in
English. The Tao in Taoism is usually translated as the Way. Despite the unknown of what the Tao really means, it upholds a significant importance to
the universe in the warmest regards. It is very difficult to determine the number of Taoist in the world, especially in the mainland of China where
religion was outlawed under the strict communist rule. However, it is estimated to have the range from 30 million to 300 million followers in China
alone. Many Taoist followers are located in small communities of Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and in Southeast Asia that make up a significant portion
of the 21st–century population. Nearly 2000 years ago, Taoism was created. However, the date it was founded on is obscure. During the 4th and 3rd
centuries BCE, Taoism was acknowledged by the religious system. Amongst the first, is the Celestial Master of the first organized school of thought,
Zhang Daoling. To date, there is a current Celestial Master that lives in Taiwan, Tianshi Dao. Most Taoist ideas come from the Chinese schools of
thought. Unfortunately, there is not an accurate way to distinguish between the ideas that are fundamentally Taoist and those that Taoism took from
other religions,

Spread Of Buddhism In China Dbq Analysis
The responses to the spread of Buddhism in China were positive, negative, and acknowledged the differences between Buddhism and other religions.
Buddhism reached China around the first century C.E., but Buddhist influence did not largely spread until the fall of the Han Dynasty. China was
deeply Confucian in the first century, and resisted the presence of Buddhism due to the many differences between the basic beliefs of each religion. The
Chinese population reacted differently to Buddhism depending on personal beliefs, which led to disagreement and conflict.
Buddhism caused many positive responses throughout China, especially during times of political instability. Buddhism increased in popularity as the
enforcement of laws in China decreased ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
China was greatly influenced by Confucian beliefs, especially during the Han Dynasty. Confucianists believe the key to harmony is good morals
throughout society and the acceptance and respect of unequal relationships. Chinese Confucianists thought that society would run smoothly, as long as
each person completed their respective tasks. Tang Emperor Wu stated that Buddhism allowed monks and nuns to not do their part in society, and
therefore Buddhism needed to be eradicated from Chinese society (Document 6). Emperor Wu's point of view does not reflect the viewpoint of the
lower classes, especially Buddhist supporters, because he is an emperor who lives a lavish life. Emperor Wu fully supports Confucianism and has been
educated using Confucian beliefs throughout his life, which further influences his negative opinion on Buddhism expressed in the proclamation. The
unequal relationships between ruler and subject, or father and son, were present throughout Chinese society and were important to the success of the
empire. Han Yu, a Confucian scholar, explained that the Buddha did not conform to Chinese laws or understand the unequal relationships present in
Chinese culture, in order to convince the population that Buddhism does not belong in China (Document 4). The intended audience of the statement by
Han Yu is the Chinese upper class in order to prevent further conversion and acceptance of Buddhism. Confucianism was most popular among the
upper classes, due to the extensive education the wealthy received based on Confucianism. Negative responses were common among the Chinese
population due to the many differences between Buddhist and Confucian

Ancient China Religion Research Paper
Religion? Culture? Ancient China had many distinct characteristics that made it so unique and memorable. Religion, culture, and many other attributes
served as a foundation for what we know as ancient China today. Ancient China had many distinct religious and cultural characteristics, but also had
huge amount of influence and impact to each other. Philosophy and the distinct way of life was defined by the many practices and beliefs within the
Chinese culture. Religious practices in China pushed people to gain god's favor, in other words do good deeds. China's almost too perfect geography
kick started the start of a new civilization.
The philosophy of Confucius's teachings brought prosperity, order, and allowed the advancement of the Chinese

The Buddha Was A Very Smart Man Named Siddhattha Gotama
The Buddha was a very smart man named Siddhattha Gotama. He passed up many great positions to continue on his journey. He tried his own
techniques and learned from them. Buddhism was not the first religion in China, it migrated from India. Buddhism is a vast and complex religious
philosophical tradition. Buddhism was the religion everyone in China mostly followed and a little bit of the previous one.
Buddha is not a name it is a title that means one who has woken up. You can not be called Buddha until you have reached enlightenment. The
Buddha's mother had a dream that the Buddha enters her side as a white baby elephant, she dies seven days later after his birth. The Buddha was born
in Terai lowlands in the Himalayas. When he was born... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Buddha practiced a breathing technique which involved retaining the breath for longer and longer periods of time, a headache was a result of this.
He moved on to a new technique which he only ate a teaspoon of bean soup a day, his hair started to fall out and he could not sit upright. After that
technique failed he realized that his appetite should be moderated. You should not deny it or indulge in excess. Canons are a collection of scriptures
that contains the Buddha teachings. The Buddha did not make himself a leader therefore he did not need a successor. After the Buddha was gone
everyone should follow the Dharma and the monks should hold on to this and the Vinaya, which is the rules he laid down for the regulation of
monastic life.
Buddhism reached China in the first century. At that time Han Dynasty had consolidated Chinese power in Central Asia.Confucianism was the
dominant ideology in China, which is socio–ethical principles deriving from the teaching of the sage. Buddhism seemed to conflict with some
Confucian values because Confucianism regarded the family as the foundation of society, and the Buddhist leave their families and renounce.
Buddhism seemed to take up where Confucianism left off, and described an unseen world about which Confucianism had little to say about. When the
people enquired about death, Confucius gave this answer: 'You cannot know about death before you know about life '. Confucianism left unanswered
questions about which many

Comparison Between Confucianism And Taoism
Confucianism and Taoism are often referred to as rival philosophies. Both religions emerged in ancient China around 5th–4th century BCE.
Confucianism was founded by Kong Qui, otherwise known as Confucius(Harbsmeier, 2013). Taoism was founded by Lao Tzu. Both of these
founders are considered two of the most influential philosophers and spiritual leaders native to China. Both emerged as a result of the fall of the Zhou
Dynasty (Sellman, 2006). Both of these religions encourage their followers to live well rounded lives. Taoism is centered in nature and how it can
make one's life better and Confucianism is based on harmony with society.
Confucianism is both a philosophy and a religion (Mei, 2017). Confucianism is focused on setting a good example (Harbsmeier, 2013). This is done
through five relationships; ruler and subject, wife and husband, older and younger sibling, friend and friend and father and son (Mei, 2017). It is an
all encompassing way of life focused on morals, humanity and ethics, and teaches that each person should behave virtuously in every social setting
(Mei, 2017). In contrast, Taoism focuses on living harmoniously with everyone. Taoism is also considered a philosophy and a religion which reaches
into every aspect of an adherent's life (White Paper, 2003). Taoism is based on the idea that the universe and everything in it moves because of a
mysterious force or control known as the "Tao" (Sellman, 2006). Tao is also used to describe human

Key Features &Amp; Religious Practices Of Chinese Popular...

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Key Features &Amp; Religious Practices Of Chinese Popular...

Similar to Key Features &Amp; Religious Practices Of Chinese Popular... (6)

More from Elena Nongos

More from Elena Nongos (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Key Features &Amp; Religious Practices Of Chinese Popular...