3. OBJECTIVES: ATTHE END OFTHE LESSON
THE STUDENTS CAN:
Identify the various types of research
Differentiate qualitative and
quantitative types of research.
4. GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH
(DEFINETHE PURPOSE AND APPROACH OFTHE STUDY)
1. Scientific research – explain naturally occurring phenomena in
the natural world by generating credible theory.
2. Research in the humanities – purpose of human existence by
tapping into historical facts and future possibilities.
3. Artistic research – provides alternative approaches to
established concepts by conducting practical methods as
substitutes for fundamental and theoretical ones.
5. RESEARCH DESIGN
Enables the researcher to organize the components of his or her research in an orderly
and coherent manner.
1. clearly identify and describe the research problem or topic, and justify the selection of
the appropriate design to be used.
2. review and synthesize previous studies and literature related to the topic.
3. clearly identify hypotheses that are significant to the problem
4. determine the data necessary to test the hypotheses and explain how data will be
obtained.
5. described the methods of analysis that will be used on the gathered in order to
evaluate the hypotheses of the study.
7. 1. ACTION RESEARCH
Follows cyclical process.
Identifies the problem and determine the plan of action
Action plan is implemented and date gathered to determine the effects of the action
implemented.
The information gathered during implementation phase is analyzed and evaluated in
order to better understanding of the problem and determine the effectiveness of the
solution.
Pragmatic and solution – driven, and any information gathered is use to identify and
implement a solution a problem.
It requires the researcher to directly relate with his or her subjects and community.
8. 2. Casual Design.
This research explores how a specific change impacts a
certain situation.
Employs hypotheses that seek to establish a cause – and
– effect relationship between variables.
Seeks to determine whether ‘ variable X causedY’.
9. 3. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN.
This design answers who, what, when, where,
and how questions related to a particular
research problem.
Used to obtain information about the present
situation to gain understanding of a certain
phenomena.
10. 4. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The researcher controls the factors and
variables related to a certain
phenomena and tries to change or
manipulate one or several factors to
determine the possible effects.
11. 5. EXPLORATORY DESIGN
Focuses on the topics or problems which have had
little or no studies done about them.
The purpose of this design is to gain information and
insight that can be used for later researches.
This design is often use to determine which method
or approach to use for a certain topic or problem.
12. 6. COHORT DESIGN
Identifies a group of people sharing common
characteristics who are then studied for a period of
time.
The researcher seeks to identify how these groups
are affected by certain factors or changes and relates
the information gathered to the research topic.
13. 7. CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
Looks into a large group of people, composed of
individuals with varied characteristics.
Researcher seeks to determine how these
individuals are affected by a certain variable or
change and gather data at a specific period of
time.
14. 8. LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
Follows a group of people over a long period of time.
Throughout the period of study, observations are made on
the group to track changes over time and identify factors
that may have caused them.
This design also allows causal relationships over time and
determines how long these relationships last and the
extent of their effects on the group being studied.
15. 9. SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
Carried out in stages to gather sufficient data to test the
hypothesis.
This design is often combined with a cohort or cross-
sectional study as it identifies specific groups for each
stage, data is collected and evaluated.
If there is insufficient data, the researcher then proceeds to
the next stage with new group or subjects.
16. 10. MIXED – METHOD DESIGN
Combines aspects of various research designs and
methods.
It primarily combines qualitative and quantitative
research methods to gain complete pictures of the
research problem and gather data that will fully
determine the validity of hypothesis.