3. HISTORICAL DESIGN
The focus is in the past events or conditions (What was)
Nevins (1978) defines history as any integrated narrative of past
events or facts written of critical inquiry for the whole truth.
Funk and Wagnalls (1976) history is a branch of knowledge concerned
with past events especially those involving human affairs
Good and Scates (1972) history is the search for knowledge and truth
Historical research is a scientific critical inquiry of the whole
truth of past events using the critical method in the
understanding and interpretation of facts which are applicable
to current issues and problems (Calmorin and Calmorin, 2007)
4. USES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Useful in searching through the past for solutions to contemporary
problems and needs
Used to throw light on the present
Gives people a sense of continuity
Enables communities to grasp their relationship wit the past to the
current issues
Chronicles events of enduring worth which confer upon the
individual consciousness of unit and the feelings of important of
human achievement
5. MAJOR STEPS IN HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
Collection of
Data
Criticism of data
collected
Presentation of the
facts in readable form
Considering documents and remains
or relics of primary and secondary
sources, of bibliographical procedure
and organization of materials
Includes processes of internal and
external criticisms
Involves problems of
organization,
composition, exposition
and interpretation
6. SOURCES OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
Sources
Primary Secondary
Documents
(Written)
Remains
(Artifacts and
Relics)
Other materials that do
not directly supply
information but just
complement the data
gathered
7. SOME EXAMPLES OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH DESIGNS
A Study on Reconstructing Practices in the Teaching any content area
in both elementary and secondary during the past fifty years
History of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines
Philippine education since 1950
8. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
The study focuses on the present conditions. The purpose is to find
new truth. Finding new truths may take the form of:
Increased quantity of knowledge
New generalization
New “law”
Increased insights into factors
Discovery of new relationship
9. USES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
1. Provide facts on which scientific judgements may be based
2. Provide essential knowledge about the nature of objects and
persons
3. For closer observation into the practices, behavior, methods and
procedures
4. For formulating policies in the local, national and international
levels
10. TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
1. Descriptive-survey. When a researcher wants to collect a large
number of current information using a small number of respondents
2. Descriptive-census. What a researcher wants to collect a small
number of current information using the whole population.
3. Descriptive-normative survey. When a researcher intends to collect
a large number of current information to ascertain the normal or
typical condition under study or to compare results with a state of
national norm.
4. Descriptive-status. This seeks to answer questions to real facts
relating to existing conditions. It determines the prevailing conditions
in a group of cases chosen for study.
11. 5. Descriptive-analysis. This method determines or describes the
nature of an object by separating it into parts. Its purpose is to
discover the nature of things. In other words, the research
determines the composition, structure, substructure that occur as
units within the larger structure. He also determines the individual
parts and units integrated into an internal system. He should consider
the forces that hold them together.
6. Descriptive-comparative. This is a design where the researcher
considers two variables and establishes a formal procedure to
compare and conclude that one is better than the other.
7. Correlational survey. This is designed to determine the relationship
of two variables .
8. Longitudinal survey. This involves much time allotted for
investigation of the same subjects of two or more points in time.
12. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
It is a problem solving approach that the study is described in the
future on what will be when the variables are carefully controlled or
manipulated.
It is a type of research wherein the researcher manipulates and
controls one or more independent variable for variation concomitant
to the manipulation of the dependent variable.
13. TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
1. Single Group Design- this involves a single treatment with two or
more levels.
Example: If the investigator wishes to determine the effectiveness of
teaching English using three methods to a single group of pupils like
Grade V pupils in Tabaco Couth Central Elementary School.
2. Two Group Design- two comparable groups are employed as
experimental and control groups or two comparable groups are both
experimental groups.
