This document defines research and outlines its key characteristics and processes. Research is defined as a systematic, objective investigation directed at developing generalizations through accurate observation and analysis. It involves identifying problems, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The goals of research are to expand knowledge through basic research and solve practical problems through applied research. The overall research process is described as a series of interconnected steps aimed at building understanding.

2. MEANING OF RESEARCH
 An activity which which is meant to acquire better
knowledge by “relearning what we already know
through systematic observation and experimentation
(F. Landa Jocano)

3. MEANING OF RESEARCH
 Acquiring new knowledge or perspective by
synthesizing into new forms the otherwise disparate
elements in the materials being examined (F. Landa
Jocano)

4. MEANING OF RESEARCH
 A systematic, controlled, empirical and critical
investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory
and hypotheses about the presumed relations among
such phenomena (Kerlinger, 1986)

5. MEANING OF RESEARCH
 A systematic and objective analysis and recording of
controlled observations that may lead to the
development of generalizations, principles or theories
resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of
events (Best and Khan, 1989)

6. MEANING OF RESEARCH
~RESEARCH is a systematic, objective and
comprehensive investigation which involves
accurate gathering and recording and critical
analysis and interpretation of all facts about the
phenomenon for theoretical or practical ends.

7. CHARACTERICTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Research is directed towards the solution of a
problem.
2. Research emphasizes the development of
generalizations, principles or theories that will be
helpful in predicting future occurrence.

8. CHARACTERICTICS OF RESEARCH
3. Research is based upon observable experience or
empirical evidence.
4. Research demands accurate observation and
description.
5. Research involves gathering new data from primary or
first hand sources using existing data for a new purpose.

9. CHARACTERICTICS OF RESEARCH
6. Although research activity may at times be somewhat
random and unsystematic, it is more often
characterized by carefully designed procedures that
apply rigorous analysis.
7.Research requires expertise.

10. CHARACTERICTICS OF RESEARCH
8. Research tries to be objective and logical, applying
every possible test to validate the procedures employed,
the data collected, and the conclusions reached.
9. Research involves the quest for answers to unsolved
problems.

11. CHARACTERICTICS OF RESEARCH
10. Research is characterized by patience and unhurried
activity.
11. Research is carefully recorded and reported.
12. Research sometimes requires courage

12. “Research springs from wonder, the
well-spring of all science and
ultimate wisdom”
~Aristotle

13. MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
~is the type of research which is conducted for the sake
of knowing
~a.k.a. theoretical research because it is designed to
add to one’s understanding and store of knowledge, but
without any particular practical goals ( Graziano and
Raulin, 2000)

14. MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
~the purpose is to obtain knowledge for practical
application or useful ends

15. MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH
 ~a.k.a. practical research, the intention of applied
research is not just to acquire knowledge but to use the
knowledge to solve problems or improve the prevailing
condition which in its present state is unsatisfactory,
or maybe satisfactory but which has still room or
possibility for development

16. MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH
The basic and the applied researches are not mutually
exclusive in the sense that any study that is theoretical
cannot have practical applications and vice versa (Bailey,
1987)
The ultimate goal is a study that is helpful in solving
social problems and at the same time makes valuable
contribution to the theoretical social-science literature

17. THE RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Problem Identification
2. Review of Related Literature
3. Objectives Formulation
4. Formulation of Hypothesis and Assumptions
5. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework Construction

18. THE RESEARCH PROCESS
6. Research Design Selection
7. Data Collection
8. Data Processing
9. Data Analysis and Interpretation
10. Report Writing
“Research is a system of interrelated activities.”

19. FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH
1. Research corrects perceptions as well as expands
them.
2. Research gathers information on subjects or
phenomena we lack or have little knowledge about.

20. FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH
3. Research develops and evaluates methods that test
concepts practices and theories.
4. Research also develops and evaluates methods that
test concepts, practices, and theories

21. FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH
5. Research obtains knowledge for practical purposes
like solving problems on population explosion, drug
addiction, juvenile dlinquency and the like.
6. Research provides hard facts which serve as bases for
planning, decision-making, project implementation.
Monitoring, and evauation.

22. FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH
Research is a human device invented and developed
not only to push far the limit of human knowledge
but to improve the quality of individual and group
life.

23. THE RESEARCHER FACTOR
1. Objectivity
2. Critical Mind
3. Openness
4. Resourcefulness
5. Patience
6. Logical Thinking
7. Being Ethical