1. Ema Keeton

2. Table of Contents
 Preterite
 Imperfect
 Por y Para
 Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
 Commands
 Subjunctive
 Verbs of Will and Influence
 Verbs of Emotion
 Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial
 Conjunctions
 Tu Commands
 Nosotros Commands
 Subjunctive in Adjective Clause
 Past Participles as Adjectives
 Present Perfect
 Past Perfect
 Future
 Conditional
 Past Subjunctive

3. Preterite Cucaracha
Verbs, Spock
Verbs, J- Verbs
Forma “yo”
tener tuve
estar estuve
ir fui
ser fui
poner puse
poder pude
traer traje
hacer hice
haber hube
saber supe
querer quise
decir dije
venir vine
ver vei
dar di
-ar -er / -ir
e í
aste iste
ó ió
amos imos
aron ieron
e imos
iste isteis
o ieron
Triggers
un día
una vez
dos veces
el año pasado
hace un mes
el lunes
el tres de abril
a las ocho
ayer
anteayer
anoche

4. Imperfect
-ar
aba ábamos
abas abais
aba aban
-er / -ir
ía íamos
ías íais
ía ían
Triggers
todos los días
a menudo
frecuentemente
cada día
siempre
nunca
los lunes
generalmente
mientras
muchas veces
a veces
de vez en cuando
rara vez
• Give background events in a story
• Habitual or repeated action
• Age
• Time/ date
• Event or action in progress
• No definite beginning or end
• Physical characteristics
• Descriptions/ feelings
• Mental or emotional states
• Interrupted activity (cuando)

5. Por y Para
Por Para
Motion or general location Destination
Duration of an action Deadline or specific time in
future
Object of a search Purpose
Means by which something is
done
Infinitive
Exchange or substitution Recipient of Something
Unit of Measure Comparisons or opinions
Employment

6. Possessive Adjectives and
Pronouns
Mi(s) Nuestro (a/os/as)
Tu(s) Vuestro (a/os/as)
Su(s) Su(s)
Mío(a) Nuestro(a)
Tuyo(a) Vuestro(a)
Suyo(a) Suyo(a)
Míos(as) Nuestros(as)
Tuyos(as) Vuestros(as)
Suyos(as) Suyos(as)

7. Commands
Tú Usted/ Ustedes
Affirmative Drop the “s”
(di, haz, ve, pon, sal,
sé, ten, ven)
Put it in the “yo”
form and change
to opposite vowel
Negative Put it in the “yo” form
and change to
opposite vowel, add an
“s”
Put it in the “yo”
form and change
to opposite vowel

8. Subjunctive
 Dos cláusulas
 La palabra “que”
 Un verbo “especial”
 Dos sujetos diferentes
Common verbs and expressions of emotion
Alegrarse (de) To be happy
Esperar To hope; To wish
Gustar To like
Molestar To bother
Sentir (e:ie) To be sorry
Soprender To surprise
Temer To be worried
Tener miedo (de) To be afraid of
Es extraño It’s strange
Es una lástima It’s a shame
Es ridículo It’s ridiculous
Es terrible It’s terrible
Es triste It’s sad
Ojalá (que) I hope that; I wish that

9. Verbs of Will and Influence
Verbs of
Will and
Influence
Aconsejar
(to advise)
Importar
(to be
important)
Insistir
(to insist)
Mandar
(to order)
Prohibir
(to prohibit)
Recomenda
r (to
recommend)
Rogar
(to beg)
Sugerir
(to suggest)

10. Verbs of Emotion
Alegrarse (de) To be happy
Esperar To hope; To wish
Gustar To like
Molestar To bother
Sentir To be sorry
Sorprender To surprise
Temer To be worried
Tener miedo (de) To be afraid of
Es extraño It’s strange
Es un lástima It’s a shame
Es ridículo It’s ridiculous
Es terrible It’s terrible
Es triste It’s sad
Ojalá I hope
• When the main clause
of a sentence expresses
an emotion or feeling,
use the subjunctive in
the subordinate clause
• Use the infinitive after
an expression of emotion
when there is no change
of subject
• Ojalá que is always
followed by the
subjunctives

11. Doubt, Disbelief, Denial
Expressions of doubt, disbelief, or
denial
Dudar To doubt
Negar To deny
No creer Not to believe
No estar seguro
(de)
Not to be sure of
No es cierto It’s not true
No es seguro It’s not certain
No es verdad It’s not true
Es imposible It’s impossible
Es improbable It’s improbable
No es posible It’s not possible
No es probable It’s not probable
•The subjunctive is used in the
subordinate clause when there is
a change of subjeect and the
main clause implies uncertainty
• Es probable and es posible
trigger the subjunctive
•Use the infinitive after an
expression of uncertainty, doubt,
disbelief, or denial when there is
no change of subject
• Quizás and tal ves are usually
followed by the subjunctive
•Use the indicitive when the main
clause expresses certainty
•Creer is followed by the
indicitive
• No creer is followed by the
subjunctive

12. Conjunctions
Conjunctions that require the
subjunctive
A menos que Unless
Antes (de) que Before
Con tal (de) que Provided that
En caso (de) que In case that
Para que So that
Sin que Without
Conjunctions used with the
subjunctive or indicative
Cuando When
Después (de) que After
En cuanto As soon as
Hasta que Until
An pronto como As soon as
•Use the indicative if the verb
expresses an action that habitually
happens or happened in the past
• Use the subjunctive is the main
clause expresses a future action or
command
• Use the infinitive after antes
de, para, sin when there is no
change in subject

13. Tu Commands
 Affirmative tú commands usually have the same form
as the usted form of the present indicative
 Negative tú commands have the same form as the tú
form of the present subjunctive
Infinitive Affirmative Negative
Cuidar Cuida No cuides
Tocar Toca No toques
Temer Teme To temas
Volver Vuelve No vuelvas
Insistir Insiste No insistas
pedir pide No pidas
Irregular tú commands
Decir Di
Hacer Haz
Ir Ve
Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Ser Sé
Tener Ten
Venir Ven

14. Nosotros Commands
 Both affirmative and negative nosotros
commands are generally formed by using the
nosotros subjunctive form
 Object pronouns are attached to the end of
affirmative nosotros commands, and an accent
is added
 When nos or se is attached, the final s of the
command verb is dropped (mono verbs)
Ir
Vamos No vayamos
Vámonos No nos vayamos

15. Subjunctive in Adjective Clause
 The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause that refers
to a person, place, thing, or idea that either doesn’t exist or
whose existence is uncertain or indefinite
 The indicative is used when the adjective clause refers to
a person, place, thing, or idea that is clearly known or
certain
Indicative Subjunctive
Necesito el libro que tiene
información sobre
Venezuela.
Necesito un libro que
tenga información sobre
Venezuela.
Quiero vivir en esta casa
que tiene jardín.
Quiero vivir en una casa
que tenga jardín.
En mi barrio, hay una
heladería que vende
helado de mango.
En mi barrio, no hay
ninguna heladería que
venda helado de mango

16. Past Participles as Adjectives
 -ar verbs end in -ado
 -er/-ir verbs end in -ido
 To be used as adjectives, the
verb estar comes before the
adjective
 The past participles of -er
and -ir verbs whose stems
end in -a, -e, or -o have an
accent mark on the i in -ido
Caer Caído
Creer Creído
Leer Leído
Oír Oído
Reír Reído
Sonreír Sonreído
Traer Traído
Irregular
Past
Participles
Abrir
abierto
Cubir
cubierto
Decir
dicho
Escribir
escrito
Hacer
hecho
Morir
muerto
Poner
puesto
Resolver
resuelto
Romer
roto
Ver
visto
Volver
vuelto
Ir
ido

17. Present Perfect
 The present perfect is used to talk about what
someone has done
 It is formed with the present tense of haber and a past
participle
he hemos
has
ha han
Haber + Past Participle
-ar verbs end in -ado
-er/-ir verbs end in -ido
Irregular Past
Participles
Abrir Abierto
Cubir Cubierto
Decir Dicho
Escribir Escrito
Hacer Hecho
Morir Muerto
Resolver Resuelto
Poner Puesto
Romper Roto
Ver Visto
Volver Vuelto
Ir Ido

18. Past Perfect
 The past perfect is used to talk about what
someone has done or what has occurred before
another past action.
Imperfect form of Haber + Past Participle
Había Habíamos
Habías
Había Habían
-ar verbs end in -ado
-er/-ir verbs end in -ido
Irregular Past
Participles
Abrir Abierto
Cubir Cubierto
Decir Dicho
Escribir Escrito
Hacer Hecho
Morir Muerto
Resolver Resuelto
Poner Puesto
Romper Roto
Ver Visto
Volver Vuelto
Ir Ido
It is often used with the word ya, which means
already

19. Future Tense
é emos
ás
á án
Irregulares
Decir Dir-
Hacer Har-
Poder Podr-
Poner Pondr-
Querer Querr-
Saber Sabr-
Salir Saldr-
Tener Tendr-
Venir Vendr-
The future tense endings for ar/er/ir verbs are the
same
The future of
hay is habrá

20. Conditional Tense
ía íamos
ías
ía ían
Irregulares
Decir Dir-
Hacer Har-
Poder Podr-
Poner Pondr-
Querer Querr-
Saber Sabr-
Salir Saldr-
Tener Tendr-
Venir Vendr-
The conditional tense endings for ar/er/ir
verbs are the same
The future of
hay is habriá

21. Past Subjunctive
ra ramos
ras
ra ran
Put the verb in the usted form of the preterite.
Then drop the -ron ending and add the
following endings.
Irregulars
dar die-
decir dije-
estar estuvie-
hacer hicie-
ir fue-
ser fue-
poder pudie-
poner pusie-
querer quisie-
saber supie-
tener tuvie-
venir vinie-
Stem Changing Verbs
preferir prefirie-
repetir repitie-
dormir durmie-
conducir conduje-
creer creye-
destruir destruye-
oír oye-