Presenter: Prof. Francesc Robusté

1. Plan de Formación (40h)Plan de Formación (40h)
BIT research group
(Barcelona Innovative
Transportation)
Accessibilité et mobilité
Prof. Francesc Robusté

2. 2
BITAccessibilité et mobilité
ACCESIBILIDAD(def)
Característica de CERCANÍA o de POSSIBILIDAD de acceder a lugares de forma
FÍSICA superando el tiempo y la distancia de forma «conveniente».
Accessibility = measure of the capacity of a location to be reached by, or to
reach different locations
ACCESIBILIDAD UNIVERSAL: DERECHO de personas con limitaciones
físicas (Personas de Movilidad Reducida, PMR = 20% población) a acceder a
lugares y a transitar por espacios públicos SIN BARRERAS ARQUITECTÓNICAS.
ACCESIBILIDAD A VIVIENDA + TRABAJO + ESTUDIOS (+ COMPRAS +
CULTURA + OCIO?) COMO UN DERECHO HUMANO.
¿CÓMO SE MIDE LA ACCESIBILIDAD?
Indicadores: Accesibilidad punto A = SUMA para todos los destinos D1,
D2, … DN del PESO del destino Dj * atracción de VIAJES del destino Dj *
COSTE GENERALIZADO del origen A al destino Dj

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¿CÓMO SE REPRESENTA LA ACCESIBILIDAD?
Accessibilité et mobilité
1
2
2
1
Distance#oflocations
21 2
1
2
1
2
1
A
B
C
COSTE GENERALIZADO = COSTE ($$$) + TIEMPO (MIN) * VdT ($/MIN)
«Isochrones»: London

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Nelson, A. (2008) Estimated travel time to the nearest city of 50,000 or more people in year 2000. Global
Environment Monitoring Unit - Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra Italy.
Global Accessibility
Time to the nearest large (+50,000 inhabitant) city

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MOVILIDAD(def)
Fenómeno, deseo, necesidad de querer superar el tiempo y la distancia
(con ayuda de la información) tanto de personas (transporte de pasajeros)
como de mercancías (transporte de carca o logística).
Trafficonroadnetworks
CEDRE,DGVII
¿CÓMO SE MIDE LA MOVILIDAD?
Veh-km, ton-km, pax-km.
En zonas urbanas y metropolitanas
(congestión), contar el tiempo también.
Cantidad vs calidad. Externalidades.
¿CÓMO SE
REPRESENTA?
POSIBILIDADES DE LAS TIC:
trayectorias (GPS, bluetooth),
localización (GPS, twitter), big data…
Accessibilité et mobilité

6. 6
BITAccessibilité et mobilité
• Captive “demand” (no options)
• No money = walking or PT (overloaded and little safety), very low fares
(“cent war”) = no vehicle maintenance/renewal
• Low VoT: cheap but OK to go slow and overloaded (density + unsafe)
• Low value of life/accidents (high risks: no helmet, no belt…)
• Risk perception (motorcycles in India with lateral mirrors turned inside)
• SECURITY: robberies, assaults, terrorism (CO: vest & helmet with
license plate for motorcycles)
• System liability + reliability + credibility
• Poor that «cannot change their fate».
• Rural zones (isolated by orography and low density) + 1 large capital
• Informal systems:
• 30,000 “executive” (informal) + 10,000 “official” taxicabs in Quito
• No planning / coordination: “race”, “coffee for everyone”, “jungle”…
• No regulation or concessions for PT: territorial & “market” equilibria
MOVILIDAD «EN DESARROLLO»
MUCHA POBLACIÓN ESTÁ AISLADA (% en Haití?), SIN VIVIENDA, SIN EDUCACIÓN, SIN
TRABAJO Y SIN MEDICINAS/CUIDADOS PARA LA SALUD (y DESEMPLEO, PENSIONES,…
INFRAESTRUCTURAS = MOTOR DE DESARROLLO

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ACCESSIBILITY THRESHOLDS DEFINE NETWORKS
Accessibilité et mobilité
TGV 2015: distortion of the
economic territory
High Speed Rail in Spain: “No
capital of province at more than 3h
from Madrid”
How many warehouses (and where they should be located) so that no capital
of province is further away than 300 km? 6 (location with cluster analysis)

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SUSTAINABLE LOGISTICS
Accessibilité et mobilité
Operations (SCM)
Stakeholders’
(predictable)
behavior
Economics
(micro & macro)
Appraisal
& regulation

9. 9
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STAKEHOLDERS’ ALLIANCE AND COOPERATION
Accessibilité et mobilité
Institutions,
Administrations
Logistics
operators,
corporations
Academia,
RDi
“customers”
society / environment
final users
added valuedata, $, know-how

10. 10
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ESTÁNDARES DE ACCESIBILIDAD PARA HAITÍ
Accessibilité pour Haïti
High Speed Rail in Spain: “No capital of province
at more than 3h from Madrid”:
- Regardless of distance
- Regardless of orography
- Regardless of demand (population)
- Non-linear costs wrt speed
NINGUNA CIUDAD/CONURBACIÓN/PUEBLO DE MÁS DE
XXX HABITANTES A MÁS DE YYY MINUTOS DE:
- un hospital/dispensario (de cierto nivel/jerarquía).
- una escuela (de primaria, secundaria, Universidad).
- empresas/fábricas/oficinas…
- PAP?
YYY (tiempo) depende de XXX (población), así como el
«nivel» o jerarquía de los servicios, la orografía, etc.
Análisis clúster (localización) + polígonos de Voronoi
ESTÁNDARES DE ACCESIBILIDAD A SERVICIOS, EDUCACIÓN, TRABAJO,
HOSPITALES, CULTURA, ETC.

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CRECIMIENTO EN «S»
Gabriel Dupuy, Urban networks
Curvas en «S»: «gap» temporal para países en desarrollo, pero hay condicionantes culturales,
locales….
Fidel Castro en la Cumbre de Río 1992 por el CLIMA: «No podemos saltarnos etapas del
desarrollo; si los países ricos quieren que preservemos la Naturaleza con desarrollo sostenible,
tendrán que pagarnos para ello».
NO ES NECESARIO REPETIR LOS MISMOS ERRORES QUE HEMOS COMETIDO TODOS!!!
% system
imple-
menta-tion
Time
Strategic OperationalTactical
Civil Industrial ICT
Haïti Europe
Technology and mobility

12. 12
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 City transformations: taking space
from cars and returning it to people
 Millennials: mobility as a utility 
ridesharing
 Seniors: door-to-door and individual
 Still basic constraints: water, energy,
emissions, health, safety and
security, rich-poor, social equity, etc.
European cities as a social project of integration
Old concepts New concepts
Functionalism Sustainability
Diffuse city (urban sprawl) Compact city
Specialization of land uses Multifunctional city
Direct costs of operation Ecological accounting
Pendulous mobility (commuting) Cloud-shaped mobility
Required (household-based) mobility Daily mobility
Transport policy Mobility policy and right to accessibility
Long distance Proximity
Longitudinal use of the street Cross-street use
Mutation in urban mobility
“The city of the future is…”
the Mediterranean city…
 “City” is a generic concept
 Seamless door-to-door mobility
 Democratization of the street
 Human city = for the people
 Diversity
 Integration
 Systems approach
 Technology (when is useful):
smart city = sensors & data

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European cities for the people
WALK
TRANSIT
CAR
Smart, livable and efficient cities
Europe,
quo vadis?

14. 14
BITSmart Mobility
Mobility in Smart Cities: sensors, real time info, smart phones with GPS,
internet, apps, pricing, managed lanes/speed limits/VMS, automatic (self-
driving) vehicles, electric vehicles, from congestion to emissions concern, etc.

15. 15
BITSmart Villages
A developed urban area that creates
sustainable economic
development & high quality of life
by excelling in multiple key areas:
economic, mobility, environment,
people, living & Government.
Regardless of human and social
capital, ICT infrastructure and
services play a key role.

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ICT is strategic for Europe, but is just operational in mobility
We move atoms with energy, electrons and photons
Bangemann Report
“Europe and the global
information society”
(Corfu, 1994):Telematics in all TERN in 2000
and in 30 metropolitan areas
”The end of distance”. 10
million teleworks in 2000
ITS, Smart Cities…. = better brains ?
• Brains of ITS and smart cities = R+D+i = ? !
Tracking obsession: Do we need to track all the rice grains in
real time to make a good “rice paella”? (Or “rice and beans”!!!)
Do we have sound behavioral models about how to improve the
cuisine with real time data? In most of the cases, we just need to
follow some principles….
Information saturation (big data): sometimes, more is less…
Trial-and-error guidelines: Do we need to know hydraulics
when taking a shower? Or just turning the faucet?

17. 17
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Ins and Outs in European cities 2050 scenario
F. Robusté (2010) The future of transport in urban areas,
European Parliament
− Pedestrians
− Bicycles, eBicycles, eBikes
− Buses, BRTs, netbus, proximity
bus
− eCars, eFreight distribution
− Carpool and shared vehicles
− Managed lanes, VVI, IVI
− Autonomous vehicles
− Pricing and fare integration
− Planning, land price, legislation,
governance…
− Elderly, handicapped & RMP
− Urban safety
• OUT
− Segways, eScooters, etc.
− Kickbicycles, tricycles, quadricycles
− Motorcycles with 3 wheels
− Lean cars
− PRT, AGT, monorails, people movers
− Tramways (= electric BRTs)
− Trolley buses
− Paratransit with buses
− AMW moving walkways
− Freight in tramways/ metros
− Speed
“In” and “Outs” for 2050 scenario
• IN
─ Cars? ;)

18. 18
BIT4 concepts for the future city
futureofcities.blog.gov.uk
High-tech city Digital city
Livable cityFortress city
John Urry

19. 19
BIT
• Vienna
• Toronto
• Paris
• New York
• London
• Tokyo
• Berlin
• Copenhagen
• Hong Kong
• Barcelona
Top 10 Smart Cities in the world

20. 20
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“Barcelona model” of mobility:
 Safety
 Sustainability
 Social equity
 Efficiency
 Agreement (deal) and social consensus
 Metropolitan mobility perspective
Barcelona “model”

21. 21
BITBarcelona Smart City
smartcity.bcn.cat Happy birthday Ona
(giraffe, cartoons for children)
Smart-city: “the city that innovates to improve
people’s life”.

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Ravindra Modi: 100 Smart Cities in India (2015)
100 Smart Cities for sacred cows?

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BITElectric, shared and autonomous
The future of urban personal vehicle is:
1. Electric
2. Shared
3. Autonomous
4. Less space and more expensive in the city
Coexisting with PT modes (electric buses,
tramways, subways, electric vans and trucks for freight
distribution), and Active Mobility (walking, bicycle)
NB B bTM R t

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BIT1. ELECTRIC
Thermic motor is dead. Transition to electric vehicle in 5 years….
Batteries will cost 1/7 of today’s cost and will increase x3 their capacity
in 10 years…
“Technological wall” due to
amortization plan for old
combustion motors?
“Golden shares”?
Some manufacturers
(BMW, Renault) are freeR
than others….

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BIT2. SHARED: Ridesharing
Mobility as a service (MaaS). Mobility is a commodity for Millennials…

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http://senseable.mit.edu/light-traffic/
Intersections with autonomous vehicles = no delays? Capacity x 2?
Big data in cities
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9E-rZfCKMA
3. AUTONOMOUS

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City transformations taking space to cars and “returning the city to people”
http://www.thisisinsider.com/urbi-public-space-transformations-2016-
10?utm_content=buffer23e62&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer%2F%2F/#the-
makeovers-vary-in-scale-an-alleyway-in-san-francisco-is-nearly-unrecognizable-after-an-outdoor-seating-area-is-installed-14
4. LESS SPACE FOR CARS
Less space and more expensive for cars in the city

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BITCerdà is the father of city planning
Chamfered corners
Ildefons Cerdà, Civil Engineer,
“General Theory of Urbanization”,
1867. Broadening of Barcelona
(“Eixample”) in 1859.
Succession War 1714: BCN cannot
grow beyond the walls until 1841
Father of “Network Urbanism”
(Gadriel Dupuy, École des Ponts)
SOCIAL INTEGRATION
PROJECT THAT MIXED
CITY AND COUNTRYSIDE
AT HUMAN SCALERESILIENT CITY

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BITLeC is the father of “super‐blocks”

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Arq. Oscar Niemeyer and Brasilia:
A city is NOT just a large building
Arq. Le Corbusier and
Barcelona:

31. 31
BITCiudades y territorios RESILIENTES
EL CAMBIO ES POSIBLE Y ES URGENTE
No podemos evitar fenómenos naturales en el Caribe, pero se pueden PREVENIR y
SUAVIZAR con buena ACCESIBILIDAD (= buenas INFRAESTRUCTURAS, SERVICIOS,
VEHÍCULOS, y TIC), PROACTIVIDAD Y MENTALIDAD DE SERVICIO DE LAS
ADMINISTRACIONES, FORMACIÓN* (INGENIEROS, PLANIFICADORES, ECONOMISTAS,
ABOGADOS, etc.), PRÉSTAMOS EFICIENTES SOCIALMENTE de los bancos
internacionales (WB, BID, CAF, etc.: existen estudios Coste/Beneficio de las inversiones?), etc.
Otros países similares y cercanos han empezado el cambio…. Un país más accesible
es más RESILIENTE y recupera alteraciones de funcionalidad de forma
más rápida y con menos efectos negativos para la sociedad…
EL MUNDO GIRA AUNQUE NOSOTROS NO NOS MOVAMOS.
HAITÍ SE ESTÁ QUEDANDO ATRÁS…
Cada minuto perdido cuesta más de recuperar…
CAMBIO DESDE AHORA MISMO!!!!!
*ESPAÑA Autopista AP-7, zona montañosa «Montseny», años 1972-73. Inicio de la concienciación
ambiental. La concienciación debe abarcar a TODOS LOS ESLABONES DE LA CADENA. Trazadista
(austríaco Wolgang Pregel) plantea separar las calzadas de la autopista para salvar bosque frondoso de
pinos piñoneros … Concesionarios aceptan incrementar el coste de la inversión…. El proyecto contempla la
separación de calzadas…. El constructor, viendo esa separación, lo primero que hace es desbrozar ese
bosque de pinos para hacerlo servir de zona de estacionamiento de la maquinaria…..
HuracánMATTHEW:

32. Plan de Formación (40h)Plan de Formación (40h)
BIT research group
(Barcelona Innovative
Transportation)
f.robuste@upc.edu
Francesc Robusté
Prof. Francesc Robusté
Professor of Transportation (UPC,
BarcelonaTech). PhD in Civil Engineering
(1988), MSc in Operations Research (1987),
and MEng in Transportation (1986), University
of California at Berkeley. Director of Abertis
Chair on Transportation infrastructure
management. President of the Spanish
Transportation Engineering Society (2005-
2014). Director of the Civil Engineering School
(2004-2007). Founder and director of the
Center for Innovation in Transport (CENIT,
2006-2013). Coordinator of BIT research group
(Barcelona Innovative Transportation) at
BarcelonaTech.
Author of more than 370 publications, of
which 50 are books and book chapters, and
38 papers in SCI journals (h=15, 736
citations). Approved 4 six-year stretches
(24 years) of productivity in quality research
based on SCI papers. Director of 18 PhD
theses, and over 110 Masters and
graduating theses. Expert of OECD-ECMT
(2004-2012), UN-Habitat (2011-2013) and
World Bank (from 2012). He is specialist on
scientific analysis of transportation systems.
Research lines: urban mobility, logistics,
operations, and pricing.
Accessibilité et mobilité