Biology

1. General BiologyGeneral Biology
By Arsalan Khan
Doctor of Veterinary medicine
Gomal University

2. BiologyBiology
 Greek word Bio means life logos means studyGreek word Bio means life logos means study
 Word derived in 1736Word derived in 1736
 The study of life and living organisms is calledThe study of life and living organisms is called
biologybiology

3. CellCell
 Basic unit of life.Basic unit of life.

4. Cell
membran
e
Cell membrane

5. MicroscopeMicroscope
 Magnify the objectsMagnify the objects
 Early microscope made by Galilo in 1625Early microscope made by Galilo in 1625
 Types: Light, compound, Electron microscopeTypes: Light, compound, Electron microscope
 Instrument : MicroscopeInstrument : Microscope
 Process : MicroscopyProcess : Microscopy
 Object : Micro-organismObject : Micro-organism

7. Electron
microscope

8. ClassificationClassification
 Division of organisms into groups and subgroupsDivision of organisms into groups and subgroups
 ( Taxonomy )( Taxonomy )
 SpecieSpecie
 GenusGenus
 FamilyFamily
 OrderOrder
 ClassClass
 PhylumPhylum
 KingdomKingdom

9. Human classificationHuman classification
 Specie : Homo sapienSpecie : Homo sapien
 Genus : HomoGenus : Homo
 Family : HominidaeFamily : Hominidae
 Order : PrimatesOrder : Primates
 Class : MammaliaClass : Mammalia
 Phylum : ChordataPhylum : Chordata
 Kingdom : AnimaliaKingdom : Animalia

10. PhylumPhylum
 Unit of classificationUnit of classification
1.1. Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
2.2. Phylum ProtozoaPhylum Protozoa
3.3. Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera
4.4. Phylum CoelenterataPhylum Coelenterata
5.5. Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes
6.6. Phylum NematodaPhylum Nematoda
7.7. Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Annelida
8.8. Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca
9.9. Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda
10.10. Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Echinodermata

11. Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
 Posses notochordPosses notochord
 Develop into vertebral columnDevelop into vertebral column
 Include 5 classesInclude 5 classes
1.1. Class PiscesClass Pisces
2.2. Class AmphibianClass Amphibian
3.3. Class AvesClass Aves
4.4. Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
5.5. Class MammaliaClass Mammalia

12. PiscesPisces

13. AmphibiansAmphibians

14. AvesAves

15. ReptilesReptiles

16. MammalsMammals

18. Phylum ProtozoaPhylum Protozoa
 UnicellularUnicellular EukaryoticEukaryotic
 Mostly motile (locomotory organs)Mostly motile (locomotory organs)
 MicroscopicMicroscopic
 Examples are: Amoeba, Entamoeba,Examples are: Amoeba, Entamoeba,
Plasmodium, Trypanosomes etc.Plasmodium, Trypanosomes etc.
 Mostly parasites.Mostly parasites.
 Cause diseases like Dysentery, Diarrhea,Cause diseases like Dysentery, Diarrhea,
Malaria, Sleeping sickness respectively.Malaria, Sleeping sickness respectively.

19. paramecium

20. AmoebaAmoeba

21. PlasmodiumPlasmodium

22. Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera
 SpongesSponges
 MulticellularMulticellular
 Pores in bodies (Ostia)Pores in bodies (Ostia)
 Sessile aquaticSessile aquatic
 Feed on bacteria and waterFeed on bacteria and water
 Colonial or solitaryColonial or solitary
 Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatorySponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory
systemssystems
 Examples: Sycon, glass sponge, bath sponge.Examples: Sycon, glass sponge, bath sponge.

23. SyconSycon

24. Sponges coloniesSponges colonies

25. Phylum CoelenterataPhylum Coelenterata
 Hollow bodiesHollow bodies
 Aquatic mostly marineAquatic mostly marine
 MulticellularMulticellular
 Diploblastic ( Ectoderm and endoderm)Diploblastic ( Ectoderm and endoderm)
 Tentacles around mouth capture foodTentacles around mouth capture food
 Examples: Jelly fish, sea anemone, Hydra,Examples: Jelly fish, sea anemone, Hydra,
obeliaobelia

26. Sea anemoneSea anemone

27. Jelly fishJelly fish

28. HydraHydra

29. Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes
 MulticellularMulticellular
 Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
 Alimentary canal with no anusAlimentary canal with no anus
 Flatworms and tapewormsFlatworms and tapeworms
 Mostly parasitesMostly parasites
 Hermaphrodite (bisexual)Hermaphrodite (bisexual)
 Examples: Planaria, liverfluke, tapeworm.Examples: Planaria, liverfluke, tapeworm.

30. LiverflukeLiverfluke

31. TapewormTapeworm

32. PlanariaPlanaria

33. Phylum NematodaPhylum Nematoda
 Round wormsRound worms
 Alimentary canal with anusAlimentary canal with anus
 Mostly free living some are parasitesMostly free living some are parasites
 Live in soil, river, sea etc.Live in soil, river, sea etc.
 Round bodies with pointed endsRound bodies with pointed ends
 Examples: Ascaris, Hookworm, filaria.Examples: Ascaris, Hookworm, filaria.

34. AscarisAscaris

35. HookwormHookworm

36. FilariaFilaria

38. Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Annelida
 Long cylindrical segmented bodiesLong cylindrical segmented bodies
 Excretory organs nephridiaExcretory organs nephridia
 Live in soil and waterLive in soil and water
 HermaphroditeHermaphrodite
 Possess tentaclesPossess tentacles
 Make the soil fertileMake the soil fertile
 Some are parasites mostly free livingSome are parasites mostly free living
 Examples: Leech, earth worm, neries.Examples: Leech, earth worm, neries.

39. LeechLeech

41. Earth wormEarth worm

42. Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca
 Multicellular soft bodiedMulticellular soft bodied
 Covered by calcium shellsCovered by calcium shells
 Live in water and moist placesLive in water and moist places
 No skeletonNo skeleton
 Excretory organs are nephridiaExcretory organs are nephridia
 Examples: Snail, Octopus, mussles.Examples: Snail, Octopus, mussles.

43. SnailSnail

44. OctopusOctopus

45. Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda
 ExoskeletonExoskeleton
 Jointed limbsJointed limbs
 UnisexualUnisexual
 MetamorphosisMetamorphosis
 Some are poisonous, parasites, beneficialSome are poisonous, parasites, beneficial
 Aquatic and terrestrialAquatic and terrestrial
 Mostly they can flyMostly they can fly
 Examples: Spider, cockroach, scorpion, wasp,Examples: Spider, cockroach, scorpion, wasp,
mosquito, insects, crab, prawn etcmosquito, insects, crab, prawn etc

46. SpiderSpider

47. MosquitoMosquito

48. ScorpionScorpion

49. CockroachCockroach

50. WaspWasp

51. Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Echinodermata
 Multicellular, marinesMulticellular, marines
 Well developed systemsWell developed systems
 Enclosed in shellsEnclosed in shells
 Sexes separateSexes separate
 Regeneration is commonRegeneration is common
 Some are carnivorous i.e. feeds on snailsSome are carnivorous i.e. feeds on snails
 Examples: Star fish, sea cucumber, sea urchin.Examples: Star fish, sea cucumber, sea urchin.

52. Star fishStar fish

53. Sea urchinSea urchin

54. Sea cucumberSea cucumber

55. OrganisationOrganisation
 CellsCells
 TissuesTissues
 OrgansOrgans
 SystemsSystems
 OrganismOrganism

56. Body SystemsBody Systems
 When different organs work together they formWhen different organs work together they form
a system. Some of them are;a system. Some of them are;
Reproductive System
Excretory system