1. Word Parts
Eu – true
Pro – before “No” good
Archea - ancient
Kary – nucleus
Nomen - name
Endo – inside
Exo – outside
Epi – top
Meso – middle
3. Scientist
Aristotle – developed the 1st
method of
classification based on environment of
plants and animals
Carolus Linnaeus – a Swedish
botanist who developed Binomial
nomenclature, a system of
classification we still use today.
4. The 8 Taxon (categories)
Domain – Largest taxon
Eukary – nucleus and multicellular
Bacteria – prokary and unicellular
Archaea – prokary and unicellular
Species - Smallest and most specific
taxon
Domain -Kingdom-Phylum-Class-
Order-Family-Genus-Species
5. Create a mnemonic to help you
remember:
1. Dumb King Philip Came Over From
Greece Singing
2. dear, kick poor cat off front gate
soon
3. You Create…
Species – individuals with similar
characteristics that can interbreed
(mate) and produce fertile offspring
Is a Liger or Mule a species?
7. Binomial Nomenclature
Which animal is larger? Cougar,
Panther, or Mountain Lion
Common names can be misleading
because different countries give the
same animal different names
8. Rules for writing a Scientific
Name using Binomial
nomenclature
1. The Genus is the 1st
name and
Species is the 2nd
name
2. Always capitalize the Genus
3. species name is always lowercase
4. Underline when handwriting and
italicize when typing
9. Benefits of Scientific Names:
1. Same Language – Latin – scientist
all over the world will know Latin
2. Avoids confusion when common
names are used (Horsefly)
3. Reflects the relation and
classification of organisms
12. 5 (1950s) or 6 Kingdoms (1990s)
in Classification?
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
In Monera divided into:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
13. Kingdom Monera
Eubacteria
True Bacteria
Identified by Shape
Reproduces
Asexually
First Species On
Earth
Archeabacteria
Lives in Ancient-like
Conditions
Salt Loving –
Haleophiles
Heat Loving –
Thermophiles
17. Viruses & Antibiotics
A virus is not a living thing so it can
not be killed by using an antibiotic.
Bacteria is a living thing so therefore
can be killed with a specialized
antibiotic.
18. Protista
Eukaryotes that are not members
of the Plant, Animal, or Fungi
kingdoms.
The odds and ends Kingdom.
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium,
Euglena
22. Fungi – Mushrooms & Yeast
Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs
that have cell walls
Their cell walls contain chitin, a
complex carbohydrate.
Known as the Great Decomposers!
But eat both the dead and living
24. Plantae
Multicellular eukaryotes that make
their own food by photosynthesis
(autotrophs/producers)
Two Types:
Bryophyte (nonvascular)
Tracheophyte (vascular)
26. Tracheophyte (vascular)
Plants that DO have a stem
Two Types:
Gymnosperms – naked seeds (cones)
• Examples: Pine Trees, Firs, Spruce
Angiosperms- covered seed plants
• Examples: Fruit or Flowering Plants/Trees
27. A Typical Plant (DRAW)
Roots:
• absorbs water
• anchor plants to
ground.
Stems:
• support system
• carries nutrients
• defense against
predators and disease.
Leaves:
• Photosynthesis/Energy
Flower:
•Reproduction
•After fertilization Ovaries turn
into Fruit
33. Parts of a Typical Flower
Ovary
Ovule
CarpelStyle
Stigma
Ovary
Filament
Anther
Stamen
Sepal
Petal
34. Animalia
Diverse multicellular eukaryotes
that feed on others
(heterotrophs/consumers)
Two Types: 95% of all animals are
invertebrates
Invertebrates – have no backbone
Vertebrates – have a backbone
35. What Is a Sponge?
Sponges are classified as animals because they are:
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• Have no cell walls
• Contain a few specialized cells
36. Form and Function in Sponges
Sponges are
asymmetrical;
they have no front
or back ends, no
left or right sides.
37. Sperm are released from one sponge and are
carried by water currents until they enter the
pores of another sponge.
38. Cnidarian
Phylum of mostly marine organisms
that contain over 10,000 aquatic
species.
41. What Is an Annelid?
Annelids are worms with segmented
bodies.
42. Mollusks are soft-bodied animals that usually
have an internal or external shell.
Mollusks include snails, slugs, clams, squids,
and octopi.
Many mollusks share similar developmental
stages.
What Is a Mollusk?
43. What Is an Arthropod?
Arthropods have a segmented body,
a tough exoskeleton, and jointed
appendages.
Arthropods include insects, crabs,
centipedes, and spiders.
45. What Is a Fish?
Fishes are aquatic vertebrates. Most
fishes have paired fins, scales, and
gills.
Anal fin
Eye
Mouth
Dorsal finCaudal fin
Operculum
(gill cover)Pelvic fin Pectoral fin
Lateral line Scales
46. • Modern jawless fishes are divided into two classes:
lampreys and hagfishes.
Lamprey
Groups of Fishes
47. Sharks
• The class Chondrichthyes contains
sharks, rays, skates, sawfishes,
and chimaeras.
Bony Fishes
• Fish such as tuna, salmon, perch,
and catfish
52. Groups of Reptiles
The four surviving groups of reptiles
are:
• Lizards and snakes
• Crocodilians
• Turtles and tortoises
• Tuataras
53. Groups of Birds
(Aves)
There are nearly 30 different orders of
birds.
The largest order of birds is the
passerines, or perching birds.
Other groups of birds include:
pelicans, parrots, birds of prey,
cavity-nesting birds, herons, and
ostriches.
55. All mammals have hair, mammary
glands, breathe air, a 4 chambered
heart, and are endothermic.
In females, mammary glands
produce milk to nourish the young.
Endothermic – generate own body
heat
Mammals
56. Mammals
Monotremes – egg laying
Platypus / Anteaters
Marsupials – have pouch
Kangaroo / Koalas / Wombats
Placentals – fetal development in uterus
See List on Page 830
57. Placental Mammals
There are twelve orders of placental
mammals:
1. Insectivores (insect eaters with
long, narrow snouts and sharp
claws)
Examples include shrews,
hedgehogs, and moles
58. 2. Sirenians (large, slow moving mammals
that live in aquatic environments)
Examples include manatees and dugongs.
3. Cetaceans (aquatic mammals that must
come to the surface to breathe)
Examples include whales and dolphins.
59. 4. Chiropteran (winged mammals)
Examples are bats
5. Rodents (have a single pair of long, curved incisor
teeth)
Examples include mice, rats, voles, squirrels,
beavers, porcupines, gophers, and chipmunks
60. 6. Perissodactyls (hoofed mammals with an odd
number of toes on each foot)
Examples include horses, tapirs, rhinoceros, and
zebras
7. Carnivores (have sharp claws and teeth that they
use to catch, kill, and eat prey)
Examples are dogs, fox, bear, raccoon, and
walruses
61. 8. Artiodactyls (hoofed mammals with an even number
of toes on each foot)
Examples are cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, giraffe,
camels, antelope, and hippopotamuses.
9. Lagomorphs (herbivores with two pairs of incisors
and hind legs adapted for jumping)
Examples are hares and rabbits
62. 10.Xenarthrans (simple teeth without enamel, or
no teeth)
Examples include sloths, anteaters, and
armadillos
11. Proboscideans (mammals with trunks)
Examples are Asian and African Elephants
(Extinct: Mammoths)
63. 12. Primates (highly developed
cerebrum and complex
behaviors)
Examples are lemurs, tarsiers,
apes, gibbons, and humans
64. Animal Behaviors
Innate Behavior (instinct) – born with
knowledge
Learned Behavior(aquired) – developed
over time
Imprinting - Innate/Learned Combined
Social – interaction between individuals
65. 4 Types of Learned
Behavior
1. Habituation – ignoring
2. Classical Conditioning – mental
connection between reward or
punishment (Pavlov)
3. Operant Conditioning/Trial-and-Error
– repeated practice (Skinner Box)
4. Insight – reasoning
66. Social Behaviors
Territory – guarded area
Society – colonies, schools, packs
Communication
Visual – Puffer Fish
Sounds – Rattle Snake
Touch/Agression – Moose/Rams
Smell/Pheromones – Dogs/Humans
A bacterium such as E. coli has the basic structure typical of most prokaryotes: cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Some prokaryotes have flagella that they use for movement. The pili are involved in cell-to-cell contact. The cell walls of eubacteria contain peptidoglycan.
Euglenophytes are plantlike protists that have two flagella but no cell wall. The green structures inside the euglena shown are chloroplasts, which allow the organism to carry on photosynthesis. Like paramecia, euglenas expel excess water through a contractile vacuole.
In the Triassic Period, reptiles such as these lived in the forests. The herbivorous Plateosaurus (left), nibbling on leaves, was a dinosaur, as were the group of carnivorous Coelophysis (center). The large carnivorous Teratosaurus (right) was a reptile but not a dinosaur.
