1  Protective mechanisms of the respiratory tract  R.docx

1
region
-deficient atmosphere
-selective sampling

orker’s pneumoconiosis
EHST 3700/3701:
Industrial Hygiene
the human respiratory tract
ations of airborne
hazards
processes
with exposure to airborne contaminants

evaluate lung function and detect patterns of
lung damage
-deficient
atmospheres might exist
chemical asphyxiants
espiratory
system
airborne particulates
-deficient atmospheres
– metal atoms combined with
oxygen atoms (i.e. iron oxide or rust)
welding

symptoms mistaken for
flu
nausea, coughing and
wheezing, muscle
aches
2
Metal Organs/Systems Affected Metal Organs/Systems Affected
Aluminum Nervous system,
respiratory tract
Iron Nervous system, liver,
gastrointestinal tract,
respiratory tract,
hematopoietic system
Beryllium Respiratory tract, skin Lead Kidneys, nervous
system,

hematopoietic system, skin,
reproductive system
Cadmium Kidneys, nervous system,
respiratory tract, bones,
heart
Mercury Kidneys, nervous system,
respiratory tract
Chromium Kidneys, nervous system,
liver, respiratory tract,
skin, teeth
Nickel Nervous system, respiratory
tract, skin
Copper Gastrointestinal tract,
hematopoietic system
Thallium Kidneys, nervous system, liver,

respiratory tract
refining of aluminum
ammunition and explosives, abrasives,
ceramics
– corneal damage
Acute exposure: alveolar edema
bauxite lung
1 mg/m3 (resp)
ume or dust
(lead oxide)

cutting and welding on surface with lead,
manufacture or recycling of lead-
containing batteries, production of lead-
containing paint
lead-based paint in residential buildings
-20 years
ness

in the wrist
nstruction industry)
protection methods
(engineering, PPE)
n blood)
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_wQ-

RzstiwYM/R3EJO9gyyqI/AAAAAAAAAIg/en6iJdoZ29o/s1600-
h/burtonline_marked.jpg
3
corrosion-resistant coatings, batteries,
fungicides
Occupations at risk:
mouth

sure
damage
of chromate from ore, chemical and
refractory processing, manufacture of alloys
containing lead
Acute exposure
pain in breathing

by the inhalation of cotton dust or dusts from
other vegetable fibers such as flax, hemp, or
sisal
-like narrowing of airways
– exposure to
cotton, linen, hemp,
flax
–
exposure to spores from
fungi and molds
4

can be exhaled)
n
then pushed out of the lungs
machine that measures the volume of air
passing through the tube
-deficient < 19.5%

unconsciousness
death
aces
-enriched > 23%
5
inside
and chemical asphyxiants
Use of evaporative cleaning solvents in tanks
confined spaces
matter

simple asphyxiants
h the body’s absorption of
oxygen from the surrounding air
through reactions on a molecular level
lth effect
– condition within the body in which an
inadequate amount of oxygen is available to the
tissues
by competing with oxygen for binding to the
heme groups

CO O2
Canaries were
used by miners
as “living
oxygen
meters”.
ferrous state (Fe2+) to a ferric state (Fe3+)
significance include aluminum, lead,
chromium and cadmium.
which is used to measure specific volumes of
inhaled or exhaled air. Patterns may be

obstructive or restrictive.
chemical asphyxiants, which displaces air
and interfere with hemoglobin, respectively.
1
th Hazards
pressure, illumination, radiation
plants, animals

EHST 3700/3701:
Industrial Hygiene
the human respiratory tract
r classifications of airborne
hazards
processes
with exposure to airborne contaminants
evaluate lung function and detect patterns of
lung damage
-deficient
atmospheres might exist
chemical asphyxiants
on of the respiratory
system

airborne particulates
N
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h
a
ry
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g
io
n
T
ra
c
h
e

o
b
ro
n
c
h
ia
l
re
g
io
n
D
is
ta
l
re
g
io
n
Cilia lining the mucous membrane
2

Bifurcation of Airways The Alveoli
pneumocytes
nose and upper airways
ges
The Mucociliary Elevator
Sizes of Various
Airborne Particles
Micron (micrometer) –
one one-thousandth of a
millimeter (0.001 mm)
1 millimeter = 1/10 cm
shapes (i.e. dusts and fibers) to those with
regular shapes (i.e. droplets and mists)

spherical material with a unit density of one
that has the same settling velocity as the
contaminant particle
ve very different
sizes, shapes and density
d
3
at standard
temperature

pressure (760
mmHg)
state at standard
temperature
pressure (760
mmHg)
Toxicant Pulmonary Damage
Ammonia, NH3 Irritation
Coke oven emissions Lung cancer
Hydrogen fluoride, HF Irritation, edema
Nickel carbonyl, NiCO Nasal and lung
cancer; acute edema
Nitrogen oxides: NO, NO2, HNO3 Emphysema
Ozone, O3 Emphysema
Phosgene, COCl2 Edema

Perchloroethylene, C2Cl4 Edema
Sulfur dioxide, SO2 Irritation
Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Sensitizer, edema
Xylene Edema
(i.e. crushing, polishing, grinding)
effects
liquids
introduced into a liquid, causing the
liquid to aerosolize

heated to the point where they become a
gas or vapor
100 um
or grinding
Fumes are NOT
gases or vapors.
4
c
http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635160379/Floor-solvent-
fumes-send-10-employees-to-hospital.html

http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2531.aspx?CategoryID=54&SubC
ategoryID=131
particles
Size
Fraction
Particle
Aerodynamic
Diameter, um
Site/ Region of
Deposition
Inhalable >10
Nasopharyngeal
region
Thoracic 5 – 10 Thoracic region
Respirable 0.5 - 4 Alveolar region

of dust
containing crystalline silica
that form in response to the dust
ted in hard rocks and minerals
than quartz in causing silicosis.
Tridymite Cristobalite Quartz
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Tridymite
_tabulars_-_Ochtendung,_Eifel,_Germany.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Quartz,_T
ibet.jpg
5
-crystalline silica
Form 2010 ACGIH
TLV
Equation to Calculate
OSHA PEL
Amorphous (non-
crystalline) silica
--- 80 mg/m3
% SiO2 + 2
Crystalline silica –
quartz (respirable)
0.025 mg/m3 10 mg/m3
% SiO2 + 2

quartz (total)
--- 30 mg/m3
% SiO2 + 2
cristobalite (resp)
0.025 mg/m3 ½ (10 mg/m3)
% SiO2 + 2
tridymite (resp)
--- ½ (10 mg/m3)
% SiO2 + 2
SCENARIO 1
% SiO2 + 2
SCENARIO 2

% SiO2 + 2
m3 _
% Quartz + 2 (%Crystobalite)
+ 2 (%Tridymite) + 2
inhaled coal particles
estos fibers
6

lungs that is caused by prior occupational
exposure to asbestos
occurring minerals that
are resistant to heat and
corrosion
construction before 1975
insulation for pipes, floor
tiles, building materials,
and in vehicle brakes and
clutches
Amphibole Serpentine
carcinoma

m of cancer
that develops from
the protective lining
that covers many of
the body's internal
organs
(mesothelium)
7
tory tract is a significant and
efficient route for airborne hazards to enter
the body.

mechanisms against airborne hazards.
vapors and particulates (dust, mist and
fumes).
-selective sampling is used to measure
the amount of specific sizes of airborne
particulates, considering that particle size is
associated with the site of deposition.
1
on

respirators
Air monitoring
and Emergency Response
(HAZWOPER)
IH Program

EHST 3700/3701:
Industrial Hygiene
hazards in the workplace
hazard
2

Occupational
Disease
Occupational
Injury
Occupational
Disease
hazardous to workers

ipment being
operated
equipment
the same time
spaces
What factors influence the noise
levels to which workers are exposed?
What occupational groups are
exposed to noise?
-arm
3

work environmental conditions can lead to
stress or illness from heat or cold.
Cold temperatures can lead to fatigue,
irregular breathing, confusion, and
hypothermia.
Heavy work in high temperatures can
cause muscle cramps, dehydration,
and heat stroke.
railroad repairs, commercial fishing,
recreational boating
manufacturing,
engine rooms, kitchen, bakeries, mines

s
• Heat stroke
• Heat exhaustion
• Heat syncope
• Heat cramps
• Heat rash
injuries
• Hypothermia
• Frost bite
• Raynaud’s phenomenon

ssure
4
sickenss (AMS)
-altitude
pulmonary edema
(HAPE)
-altitude cerebral
edema (HACE)
sickness (CMS)

ity
sickness
osteonecrosis
indirectly, when it interacts with matter
-Ionizing Radiation
ducing ions when it
interacts with matter
Non-Ionizing

radiation
magnetic fields
Ionizing
-rays
particles
Ionizing Radiation
duration)
necrosis

duration)
Non-Ionizing Radiation
-ionizing
-ionizing

ear plant workers
5
for tasks requiring fine detail
ermanent damage to the eye

fatigue); does not cause permanent damage
field that is brighter than the level of light to
which the eyes are adapted
visual performance and visibility
workplace which are capable of causing harm
tly regulates exposure to ~400
substances

information on >62,000 chemicals or
chemical substances
DS for >100,000 substances
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardoustoxicsubstances/index.htm
l
6
– breathed in; typically
the most common route of entry

– accidental swallowing
through eating, drinking or smoking
– absorbed through
contact with skin or eyes
– chemical enters the body by skin
puncture rarely occurs (e.g. paint from a high-
pressure spray gun); a minor route of exposure
in construction
HEALTH EFFECTS EXPOSURE EXAMPLE
ACUTE
Appears immediately
or within short time
following exposure,
(minutes or hours);
death possible from
some hazardous
substances
Typically

sudden,
short-term,
high
concentration
Headache,
collapse or
death from
high levels of
carbon
monoxide
CHRONIC
Usually develops
slowly, as long as 15-
20 years or more
Continued or
repeated for
a prolonged
period,
usually years
Lung cancer
from exposure
to asbestos
living cells or tissues and as a result of that
interaction propagating itself or its effects

Blood and other body fluids Waste and wastewater Animal
Origin
Food Vectors Natural or organic materials
7
1. Infectious diseases
-contagious
2. Hypersensitivity diseases

3. Poisoning or toxic effects
1. Working with people who might be
infectious
2. Working with animals and plants
3. Handling waste material that may be
contaminated
4. Working in an environment or with
equipment that may be contaminated
Occupation Associated Infectious Airborne Disease
Butcher Anthrax, Tularemia
Construction worker Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis
Farmer Anthrax, Q Fever, Brucellosis, Plague,
Leptospirosis, Tularemia,
Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplamosis,
Newcastle Disease, Psittacosis
Bird Handler Psittacosis, Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcosis
Meatpacker Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Q Fever

Health Care Provider Tuberculosis, Rubella and more
Child Care Provider Chicken Pox, Measles, Mumps, Rubella,
Colds, Influenza, Whooping Cough
Military Meningococcal meningitis, Pneumonia
on
Musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs)
• Upper extremities
• Lower back
Other effects
• Eye strain
• Headache
• Psychological stress
• Boredom
ies

electronic assemblers
operators
8
Hazards

1
nent variance
-weighted average (TWA)
-term exposure limit (STEL)

ule
(IDLH)
EHST 3700/3701:
Industrial Hygiene
stablishing
OSHA regulation
advisory committees and industry groups in
establishing health and safety regulations
to worker exposure to hazardous agents

To describe OSHA standards that have
significant impact on IH programs
2
dard_group?p_toc_level=1&p_part_number=1910
1. Hazard Communication
2. Respiratory Protection
3. Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response (HAZWOPER)
4. Confined Spaces
5. Noise
Standard (HCS) or Right-to-Know Standard

hazardous materials to which they are
exposed in the workplace
show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=1
0099
als in the
workplace
employees
they work with
in containers, pipings and vessels
s about the regulation
and its contents
requirements will be achieved

materials
elves from
hazardous materials
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owastand.display_standard_gr
oup?p_toc_level=1&p_part_number=1910
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_ta
ble=STANDARDS&p_id=10099
3

understandable to employees
2716
1. Assignment of program responsibility
2. Written standard operating procedures on
selection, use and care of respirators
3. Medical surveillance program
4. Employee training on respirator use, care
and limitations
5. Fit testing
6. Procedures for cleaning, storing,
maintaining and inspecting respirators
7. Periodic monitoring of contaminant levels
8. Periodic program review
work while wearing respirator

-evaluation
using negative or positive pressure tight-
fitting respirators
and whenever
a different respirator is used
differential inside and outside the mask

4
w_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9765
on industry)
working to characterize or clean up sites
where hazardous materials:
ased or dumped
http://www.osha.gov/html/faq-
hazwoper.html
1. Employee training
2. Medical surveillance program

3. Selection and use of PPE
4. Emergency and spill response; hazard
analysis of work sites
5. Air monitoring
6. Decontamination
7. Organizational structure
-the-job training under
the direction of a trained supervisor
-hr refresher training
hours of classroom training
-the-job training under
the direction of a trained supervisor
-hr refresher training
-time supervisor course
Full-time
Limited

http://www.osha.gov/html/faq-hazwoper.html
5
1. First responder awareness level
2. First responder operations level
3. Hazardous materials technicians
material release
4. Hazardous materials specialists

5. On-scene incident commander
– Permit-required confined
spaces
/owadisp.
797
Any space that:
employee to enter and
perform work
means for entry and exit
occupancy
Process vessels

A confined space
1. Containing a hazardous atmosphere
2. Containing a material that could engulf an
entrant
3. With a configuration that could trap an entrant
4. Containing any other recognized safety or
health hazard
The potential to develop
unsafe condition in a

space should also be
considered.
Welding
Painting
Use of
Solvents
6
identifier

entrance
personnel
used
.95: Occupational Noise Exposure
735

Duration per day, hours Sound level,
dBA, slow response
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1 ½ 102
1 105
½ 110
¼ or less 115
Table G-16 of 29 CFR 1910.95
-hr TWA = 85 dBA

7
hearing conservation program
iometric test requirements

of hearing protectors
process
of the OSHA standards that are
important parts of the IH program are:
Emergency Response (HAZWOPER)
1
Irritants

EHST 3700/3701:
Industrial Hygiene
OSHA regulation
To explain the role of NIOSH and other
advisory committees and industry groups in
establishing health and safety regulations
to worker exposure to hazardous agents
have
significant impact on IH programs

“To assure safe and healthful working
conditions for working men and women:
• By assisting and encouraging the States
in their efforts to assure safe and
healthful working conditions;
• By providing for research, information,
education, and training in the field of
occupational safety and health; and
• For other purposes
“To provide a workplace free
from the recognized hazards
that are causing or likely to
cause death or serious
physical harm.”
2

regulatory
standards for
controlling or
eliminating
workplace hazards
OSHA
for exposure sampling
and analysis
professionals
advisory committees
comments
or hearings

organization
Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH) -
http://www.osha.gov/dop/nacosh/nacosh.ht
ml
and Health -
http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
Proposed Rulemaking”
otice of Intended
Rulemaking”
Register

-90 days: public
response
drafting the proposed
standard
http://www.osha.gov/dop/nacosh/nacosh.html
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
3
effective date
standard

standard provision
exposure to a toxic agent or a physical
hazard
rule
that ensures workplace safety as if the
employer did comply with the OSHA
requirement

dard_group?p_toc_level=1&p_part_number=1910
lues that are applied to work
environments
hazards are unlikely to occur among most
exposed workers
4
Agency
8-hr
TWA
Term
Short-Term
Exposures
Instantaneous

Exposures
Enforceable
as
Regulation
OSHA PEL
Excursion
limit or
STEL
C (ceiling),
peak ceiling
Yes
NIOSH REL STEL C (ceiling) No
ACGIH TLV STEL C (ceiling) No
0 Table Z-1:
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.sho

http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/toc
/toc_chemsamp.html
s:
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/default.html
(TLV Booklet)
-weighted average (TWA)
-term exposure limit (STEL)
Action level
period during which the sampling took place

-hour
-min
-min
TWA =
�� +⋯ ��
8
time interval Tx
Measured Amount Sampling Time
Sample 1 8 mg/m3 3 hours

http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/toc/toc_chemsamp.h
tml
tml
tml
5
-minute sampling
interval
�� +⋯ ��
?

time interval Tx
at any time during the work shift
allowed by OSHA for a specific limited time
during the workshift
exposure during which concentration is low
enough so that the cumulative 8-hr TWA is
below the PEL
exposed to 2 or more substances that
affect the same organ or cause the same
disease or impairment

�� =
�1
��1
+
�2
�� 2
+ ⋯
��
��3
– measured concentration of a
contaminant
– OSHA PEL for the contaminant
Solvent OSHA PEL 8-hr Measured
Exposure
Ethyl acetate 400 ppm 245 ppm
Benzyl chloride 1 ppm 0.65 ppm
allowed
level under the OSHA mixture rule?

certain provision of a regulation
medical surveillance
Hazard PEL Action Level
Vinyl chloride 1 ppm 0.5 ppm
Lead 50 ug/m3 30 ug/m3
-minute TWA exposure limit that cannot
be exceeded during the workday
– 1.0 f/cc averaged
over a sampling period of 30 minutes
6
ams per cubic meter (mg/m3)
-TWA

normal 8-hr workday, 40-
hr week, to which it is
believed nearly all
workers may be
repeatedly exposed, day
after day, with no
adverse effect TLVs for Chemical Substances
and Physical Agents
(“TLV Booklet”)
-STEL
-min TWA that should not
be exceeded
each successive exposures
at STEL range
-C
during any part of the work

day
TLVs for Chemical
Substances and Physical
Agents
(“TLV Booklet”)
(IDLH)
h the skin is considered
to be a significant route for the material
to enter the body
concentration, but the entire process (i.e.

work habits, use of PPE, etc.)
tective gloves, aprons and
impermeable clothing
chemical that is absorbed into the body
individuals, and then analyzed for a specific
chemical
– indicator chemical
the chemical
7

Chemicals Determinants BEI
Carbon
monoxide
Carboxyhemoglobin
in blood
3.5% of
hemoglobin
Chromium
(VI)
Total chromium in
urine
25 ug/L
Lead Lead in blood 30 ug/100 mL
Parathion Total p-nitrophenol
in urine
0.5 mg/g
creatinine
Toluene O-cresol in urine 0.5 mg/L

Source: TLVs for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
worker could escape without loss of life or
irreversible health effects
sure to airborne
contaminants that is likely to cause death,
immediate or delayed permanent adverse
health effects, or prevent escape
Substance IDLH Value
Acrolein 2 ppm
Chlorine 10 ppm
Acetic acid 50 ppm
Benzene 500 ppm
Carbon monoxide 1,200 ppm
Ethyl alcohol 3,300 ppm

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/intridl4.html
causing cancer in exposed humans
“potential occupational carcinogen”
OSHA Regulated- Carcinogens
2- Acetylaminofluorene 4-Nitrobiphenyl
Methyl chloromethyl
ether
Benzidine alpha-Naphthylamine
Ethyleneimine beta-Naphthylamine
Category Description
A1 Confirmed human carcinogen
A2 Suspected human carcinogen
A3 Animal carcinogens
A4 Not classified as human
carcinogen based on
inadequate data for humans

and animals
A5 Not suspected as human
carcinogens
*ACGIH classification
ssure
safe and healthful working conditions.
worker protection under the general duty
clause.
-hr TWA, STEL or
ceiling limits.
L,
ACGIH TLVs and NIOSH REL.
the skin notation, BEI, IDLH and
carcinogenicity.
1

-response relationship
ive toxicity
Prospective cohort

EHST 3700/3701:
Industrial Hygiene
-response relationship and
the concept of threshold dose
iscuss how toxins enter the body and are
transported to different organs and tissues
resulting from substance exposure
detoxified, and eliminated from the body
enumerate different classes of toxins
-Response Relationship

oxins
2
(i.e. site of contact)
– most severe response
on and tissue damage

Chemical burn by acid
resulting from
repeated exposure
following more than one exposure event to a
substance
nces that stimulate a
response from the immune system
+
Toxin
(hapten)
Protein
Hapten-protein
complex
Antibodies

organ systems
Systemic Toxin Systemic Effect
Vinyl chloride Liver damage
Liver cancer
Cadmium Kidney damage
Benzene Blood marrow damage
Leukemia
negative effect on the
nervous system
ability, motor control,
and regulation of
breathing and
heartbeat
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral
Substances Associated with
Central Nervous System

Effects
Substances Associated with
Peripheral Nervous System
Effects
Organic solvents
Lead and lead components
Asphyxiant gases
Carbon monoxide
Cyanide compounds
Arsenic
Organic mercury
Organochloride compounds
Organophosphate
compounds
Manganese
Arsenic
Organic mercury
Methanol

Ethylene glycol
Lead
n-Hexane
Organophosphate compounds
Organochloride compounds
3
h the transmittal of nerve
impulses
nerve impulses
nerves
production of or inhibiting the enzyme
acetylcholinesterase

process
sed number of sperm
t interact with the DNA
One-hit theory:
A single exposure
could be enough

to trigger cancer.
to the development of cancer
ers
activates the development of cancer
Chemical
sensitizers, systemic toxins, neurotoxins,
reproductive toxins and carcinogens.
sensitizers is the involvement of the immune
system.
peripheral nervous system through different
mechanisms.

and promotion.
4
Explain the toxicity cases in terms of the
following:
tion?
1

ticipation/recognition of health hazards

Walkthrough Survey
an IH Program
keeping
EHST 3700/3701:

Industrial Hygiene
-response relationship and
the concept of threshold dose
transported to different organs and tissues
resulting from substance exposure
detoxified, and eliminated from the body
-Response Relationship

2
chemicals and living organisms
Dose
R
e
sp
o
n
se
Threshold Dose
substance
administered

a substance
therapeutic drug
dosage
respiratory tract
irritation
which the adverse
effects of a
substance are not
expressed by the
exposed
population

adverse effect
level (NOAEL)
(NEL)
Dose
R
e
sp
o
n
se
Threshold Dose
Dose
R
e
sp
o
n
se
Threshold Dose
Dose
R
e
sp

o
n
se
Dose
R
e
sp
o
n
se
Dose
R
e
sp
o
n
se
A B
3
use harm

or adversely affect an organism
50% of the exposed population
death in 50% of the exposed population
5 mice
10 mice
Death
effectiveness in 50% of the exposed
population
produce effectiveness in 50% of the
exposed population
5 cured mice 10 sick mice

Agent LD50 (mg/kg)
Ethyl alcohol 10,000
Sodium chloride 4,000
Morphine sulfate 900
Strychinine sulfate 2
Nicotine 1
Hemicholinium-3 0.2
Dioxin (TCDD) 0.001
Botulinum toxin 0.00001
exposure to a high level of dose
exposure to a relatively low level or dose;
carcinogenicity
Associated with exposures or doses that are

below LD50 but still high enough to cause a
toxic response
Toxicity
Classification
LD50
Oral mg/kg
LD50
Inhalation
mg/kg
LD50
Skin mg/kg
Supertoxic <5 <250 <250
Extremely
toxic
5–50 250-1,000 250-1,000
Very toxic 50-500 1,000-10,000 1,000-3,000
Moderately
toxic

500-5,000 10,000-30,000 3,000-10,000
Slightly toxic >5,000 >30,000 >10,000
Route of
Administration
Pentobarbital1
LD50 mg/kg
Procaine1
LD50 mg/kg
DFP2
LD50 mg/kg
Oral 280 500 4.0
Subcutaneous 130 800 1.0
Intramuscular 124 630 0.9
Intraperitoneal 130 230 1.0
Intravenous 80 45 0.3
1 Mouse toxicity data
2 Di-isopropylfluoro phosphate; rabbit toxicity data

4
Animal tests are not
designed to prove that a
substance is “safe”.
Animal tests are
used to determine
the toxic effects
that a substance
will produce.
Species Route of
Administration
LD50
Rat Oral 10 mg/kg
Rat Intravenous 6.6 mg/kg
Mouse Oral 117 mg/kg
Mouse Intravenous 87 mg/kg
Dog Oral 1,200 mg/kg
Dog Intravenous 51 mg/kg

lowest anticipated human exposures and
the lowest levels of exposures tested on
animals
Animal data are
extrapolated with
caution to ensure
conservation
application of test
data between
species.
exposure

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
5
a Liver
b Stomach
c Duodenum
d Ileum
e Colon
f Longitudinal
section of the ileum

g Detail of fold
h,i Circular muscles
j Serosal membrane
k Detail of villi
m Microvilli
1. Compound must be
fat-soluble.
2. Compound must not
be ionized.
3. There must be a
concentration
gradient across the
cell membrane.
Facilitated diffusion

needs a specific carrier
molecule on the cell
membrane.
cell
carrier molecule
molecule by the cell
membrane
materials
6
chemically altered to make them easier to

eliminate
-soluble
Increased size and weight
Acetaminophen
Toxic
Metabolite
Liver Damage
Blood
Bile
The functions of the liver
make it vulnerable as a
target organ.
Acinus

a
Substance
Hepatotoxic Effect
Necrosis Steatosis Cirrhosis Cancer
Acetaminophen +
Beryllium +
Carbon
tetrachloride
+ + + +
Chloroform + + +
Ethanol + +
Phosphorus + +
Tetrachloroethane + +
Urethane +
Vinyl chloride +
Urine
Exhaled breath
Feces

Sweat
7
Nephron: functional unit of the kidney
¼ of cardiac
output
Urine
Small, water-soluble
molecules
Volatile compounds
Classes of toxins
-response relationship, threshold dose
and LD50 may be used as indicators of
relative toxicity of a substance.
irritation to permanent injury to death.

e or
chronic.
inhalation, absorption, ingestion and
injection.
distributed, metabolized and excreted.
1
EHST 3700/3701:
Industrial Hygiene
industrial hygienist and industrial
hygiene
hygienist
used in industrial hygiene practice

contributions to industrial hygiene in the past
hazards
es of an industrial hygienist
profession
1. Recognition
2. Evaluation
3. Control
are
created or exist in a workplace
hazards to develop, rather than seeing the
hazards after they occur

hazards
omic
Occupational
Disease
2
Different types of energy which
may be hazardous to workers

Existence of occupational
hazards
Risk to acquire disease
caused by the hazard
– inherent potency to cause harm
to a person
– probability of being exposed to a
hazard
3
health hazards

concern
preventing potential hazards from developing
rchy of control strategies
exposure to a chemical
th a non-hazardous or
less-hazardous material

Use of Enclosures
are exposed
Implementation of procedures
Safe Work Practices
protective equipment to reduce worker
exposure to hazards when other means for
reducing exposure have been employed to
the extent possible

4
cian and
nurse regarding employee’s working
conditions
symptoms
employee’s symptoms
medical surveillance program
c hearing tests to detect noise-induced
hearing loss

-ray and lung capacity measurements to
detect scarring of the lungs due to asbestos
exposure
1. Anticipation/ recognition of health hazards
2. Evaluation of health hazards
3. Control of health hazards
4. Recordkeeping
5. Employee training
6. Periodic program review, changes, and
updates
responsibilities
be used in meeting its stated
goals and requirements

detailed recordkeeping and
records retention
receive benefit of the program
through education and training
Industrial Hygiene
Program
A preliminary survey
(i.e. observational
survey) involves a
walking tour of the
workplace
5
employee exposures

-up
operation
control methods in place
Remain under
control
Identified and
evaluated
Protect worker
health
-through

and drips)
ithout covers
dust, chemicals)
lant Layout

l
6
-ups to assure control implementation
Industrial Hygiene
Program
concerned about potential health hazard
Assures provision of
health and safety
features in the process

Requiring
retrofitted features
cost
• New processes
• Proposed changes to existing processes
planning stages
process flow
used in the process
examine process
machinery prior to shipment to plant
-up during the initial weeks of production

schedule of periodic walk-through surveys
ent that visualizes and
analyzes the various systems and
procedures within a process
indicate the general flow of plant
processes and equipment
Raw
materials
Processes
Finished
products
7
Rubber Manufacturing Process
Rubber stock
Carbon black
Chemical additives

RAW MATERIALS
Compounding
and Mixing
Dust, fume,
mist, noise
BANBURY
MIXER
Roll milling
Sheets
Dust, fume, mist,
noise, gas, vapor
Dust
Anti-tack
slurry
properties

hazards
limits
handling and use
aid procedures
or last change to SDS
telephone number of
a responsible party
Occupational Process Health Hazard
Woodworking Noise, dust
Spray painting Noise, vapor, dust,
mist

Quarrying Noise, dust, heat
Welding Gas, fume, dust, non-
ionizing radiation
Health Hazards
data on the level of hazards present
8
Health Hazard /
Environmental Factor
Examples of Instruments Units
1. Temperature Thermometer °C, °F
2. Humidity Psychrometer % R.H.
3. Pressure Barometer mm
4. Illumination Light meter / lux meter Footcandle,
lux
5. Noise Sound level meter Decibel
(dB)

6. Particulate matter Air sampling pump, flow meter,
filter
mg/m3
7. Gases and vapors Air sampling pump, flow meter,
collection media; Detector
tubes
ppm,
mg/m3
8. Ventilation Anemometer; Kata
thermometer
fpm, m/s
Thermoanemometer Heat Stress Monitor Air Sampling Pump
Psychrometer Lux meter Sound level meter
employees by the hazard
Method used for gathering and evaluation

Administration (OSHA)
ccupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH)
http://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/toc.html
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
9
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/2549.pdf
with existing occupational exposure limits
(OELs):
(MACs)

Instrumentation calibration and readings
Hygiene
Program
ministrative control
identifying and evaluation workplace hazards
exposure monitoring strategy

limit
Records”
ion records
10
for employees working with hazardous
materials

rate engineering controls
equipment
-on training
of an industrial hygienist is described
as the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of
health hazards.
administrative controls, and personal protective
equipment.

identified and quantified using
sampling and measurement techniques that involve the
use of specialized equipment.
hygienist for implementation.
and structure for ensuring protection of worker health
and meeting regulatory requirements.
1
EHST 3700/3701:
Industrial Hygiene
� To define industrial hygienist and industrial
hygiene
� To identify responsibilities of an industrial
hygienist
� To identify areas of applied science that are
used in industrial hygiene practice

� To identify persons who have made significant
contributions to industrial hygiene in the past
� To discuss the 3 elements of industrial hygiene
� To list the 3 basic control strategies for health
hazards
� To describe the key elements of an IH program
�Definition of industrial hygiene
�Responsibilities of an industrial hygienist
�Contributors to industrial hygiene
�Industrial hygiene as a recognized
profession
�Elements of an industrial hygiene program
� Industrial hygiene
� Occupational safety
� Occupational therapy
� Occupational toxicology
� Occupational medicine
� Occupational health nursing
� Ergonomics
� Workplace sanitation

� Occupational health nurses
� Occupational medicine physicians
� Industrial hygienists
� Safety professionals
� Workers compensation specialists
� Ergonomists
� Toxicologists
� Epidemiologists
� Lawyers
� Engineers
� Human resources
� Ultimate Goal: To reduce the amount of
disease and injury, premature death and
disease/injury produced discomfort, disability
and cost
� Uniqueness lies in the approach of each
discipline
2
� Science and art devoted to the anticipation,
recognition, evaluation, prevention, and
control of those environmental factors or
stresses arising in or from the workplace
which may cause sickness, impaired health
and well being, or significant discomfort
among workers or among citizens of the
community (AIHA)
In the workplace, industrial

hygienists
Recognize
Evaluate
Control
environmental factors that may
cause health and safety problems
1. Anticipate and recognize the environmental
factors and understand their effects on
people and their well-being
2. Evaluate, on the basis of experience and
with the aid of quantitative measurement
techniques, the magnitude of these stresses
in terms of the stressor’s ability to impair
human health and well-being
3. Prescribe methods to eliminate, control, or
reduce such stresses when necessary to
diminish their effects
� Ultimate goal: To prevent
occupational diseases among workers
Industrial hygienists
unite management
and workers behind
the common goal of
having a healthy and
safe workplace.
Everyday, an average of:

�9,000 U.S. workers
sustain disabling injuries
on the job
�16 workers die from an
injury at work
�137 workers die from
work related diseases
(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
3
� On-the-job injuries cost $156.2 billion in
2003, of which $78.3 billion was wage and
productivity losses. (National Safety Council)
� For every $1 invested
in safety, a company
saves between $3 and
$6. (Liberty Mutual
Research Institute)
� Solves occupational health problems by a 3-
step approach: i.e. recognition, evaluation
and control
� Acts as a liaison between the medical group
and actual production/ service people
� Is an epidemiologist concerned with the
etiology of occupational disability

� Is a risk assessor
Disciplines Involved Applications in Industrial Hygiene
Physics, mathematics, human
anatomy, and physiology
Hazard evaluation of: noise, illumination,
lasers, radiation, and ergonomics
Chemistry, anatomy and physiology,
toxicology
Toxic chemical exposure evaluations of:
carcinogen and reproductive hazard
assessments
Physics, chemistry, statistics Measuring exposures to chemical
and
physical agents; interpreting laboratory
analytical reports; use of direct-reading
instruments
Statistics, epidemiology, physics,
chemistry, anatomy and physiology,
toxicology, language skills
Interpreting study and laboratory results;
critical review of research; performing
research
Language skills Interactions with workers, management and
clients; report writing; preparing manuscript
or original research studies for publication;
design and delivery of employee education
programs

Industrial Hygienist
� Evaluation of
workplace exposures
� Identification of
workers at risk
based on evaluation
of workplace
exposures
� Implementation of
controls
� Compliance with
medical restrictions
Medical Doctor
� Conduct of medical
examinations; note
screenable health
effects
� Reporting of
medical results to
workers
� Prescribe medical
restrictions to
affected workers
Analysis of Results

Determine Relationships
(Exposure data and medical examinations)
Industrial Hygienist Medical Doctor
Occupational
Safety
“Safety”
“Injury”
Safety
Professionals
Occupational
Health
“Health”
“Illness”
Industrial
Hygienists
4
�c. 460-370 BC
�First recorded mention
of occupational diseases
� Lead poisoning in
miners and
metallurgists

�Provided more frequent
allusions to this group of
diseases
� a.k.a. Pliny the Elder
� 1st century AD
� Described dangers to workers
exposed to zinc and sulfur
� Identified use of animal bladders intended to
prevent inhalation of dust and lead fume
� Refers to the control of work hazards
“Minimum refiners... envelop their faces
with loose bladders, which enable them to
see without inhaling the fatal dust.”
� a.k.a. Georg Bauer
� 1494 - 1555
� Early chronicler of occupational hazards and
control measures
� Described the prevalent diseases and
accidents in mining, smelting, and refining
� Described prevention
measures including the

need for ventilation of
mines
� De Re Metallica
� A 12-volume set published in 1556
� Topics included
| Mining geology
| Environmental contamination
| Management techniques
| Mine ventilation
| Ergonomics
| Illnesses suffered by miners
� De Re Metallica
� State-of-the-art text on mining, smelting
and refining operations
� Described diseases suffered by the miners:
lungs, joints and eyes
� Examples of diseases
| Silicosis
| Tuberculosis
| Lung cancer

� Included many illustrations of methods to
provide ventilation in hazardous atmosphere
5
� Included many illustrations of protective
equipment used by mine and smelter workers � 1567
� Described respiratory diseases
among miners
� Father of toxicology
� Dose-response relationship
“All substances are poisons; there is
none which is not a poison. The right
dose differentiates a poison and a
remedy.”
� On the Miner’s Sickness and Other Diseases
of Miners
� Differentiated between chronic and acute
poisonings
� Physical and behavioral effects on mercury-
exposed workers
� Wrote a 40-chapter book, De Morbis
Artificum Diatriba (Diseases of Workers)

� Published in 1713
� First book considered a complete treatise
on occupational diseases
� Accurately described occupations, their
hazards, and resulting diseases
� “Of what trade are you?”
� Recommended some specific and general
preventive measures
� Workers should cover their faces to
avoid breathing dust
� Most of his control recommendations
were therapeutic and curative
� Father of Industrial Medicine
�1775: Found an association between
exposure to soot and a high incidence of
scrotal cancer in English chimney sweeps
An English chimney sweep
(mid-1700s)
A German chimney sweep
(mid-1700s)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Paracelsu
s.jpg
6

�First scientist to demonstrate that a
cancer may be caused by an
environmental carcinogen
�Demonstrated the first occupational link
to cancer
�Contributed to the science of
epidemiology and the Chimney Sweeper's
Act of 1788
�1900’s
�Investigated dangerous
occupations
�Studied occupational illnesses
and the dangerous effects of
industrial metals and chemical
compounds on the human body
�Interested in the diagnosis and
treatment of illnesses in
industrial workers, and in
hazard control to prevent
further cases
�Had tremendous influence on
early regulation of
occupational hazards in the
United States
�1919: First woman faculty
member at Harvard

University
�Wrote “Exploring the
Dangerous Trades: The
Autobiography of Alice
Hamilton, M.D”
� 1833: English Factory Act was passed
(compensation for workers injured on the job)
� British Factories Act of 1864: Required the use of
dilution ventilation to reduce air contaminants
� British Factories Act of 1878: Specified the use of
exhaust ventilation by fans
� British Factories Act of 1901: Provided for the
creation of regulations to control dangerous trades
� Investigation of workplace hazards
� Enforcement of control measures
� 1900s: Workers’ compensation in the U.S.
� 1970: OSH Act was passed
�2008 AIHA Salary Survey
� $81,000 or less (25%)
� $120,000 or more (25%)
� $81,000 – 120,000 (50%)
� Mean: $94,947.00
� Median: $90,000.00
� Maximum: $375,000.00
https://www.aiha.org/get-

involved/outreach/Documents/Industrial%20Hygiene_Profession
%20with%20Many%20Options.pdf
7
�2013 AIHA Compensation Survey
� Mean: $105,166.00
� Median: $100,000.00
� 90th percentile: $150,000.00
� <35 y.o. - $75,233 (average)
� t65 y.o. - $143,445 (average)
� $81,000 – 120,000 (50%)
https://www.aiha.org/membership/Documents/2013-
Compensation-Survey-Summary.pdf
� 2013 AIHA Compensation Survey : Average
Annual Salary
� Pharmaceuticals/Biotechnology - $117,106
� Construction - $112,579
� Manufacturing - $106,396
� Energy - $116,404
� Other Industry - $104,597
� Government/ Military - $96,291
� Consulting Firm
| Employee - $102,328
| Independent - $135,023
� Academia - $96,587
� Other - $100,953

https://www.aiha.org/membership/Documents/2013-
Compensation-Survey-Summary.pdf
� American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)
� American Academy of Industrial Hygiene (AAIH)
� American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
� Purpose:
� To promote the field of industrial hygiene
� To provide education and training
� To provide a forum for the exchange of ideas
and information
� To represent the interests of industrial
hygienists and those they serve
� Membership
� Professional IH
� Students
� Health care professionals
� Others in an interest in IH
� Member services:
� Government affairs
representation
� Input to Congress on

proposed health and safety
regulations
http://admin.aihaaccreditedlabs.org/accredprograms/IHLAP/Pag
es/default.aspx
� Aimed at ensuring
analytical accuracy
for lead, asbestos,
metals, silica and
organic solvents
www.aiha.org
8
The Right Thing to Do video (7:20):
https://www.aiha.org/publications-and-
resources/TheSynergist/AIHANews/Pages/AIHA-Celebrates-
NAOSH-
Week-with-Informative-Video-about-Industrial-Hygiene.aspx
� Mission: To promote excellence in
occupational and environmental health
� Began as an organization of industrial
hygienists employed by federal, state and
local government health and safety agencies
� 1938: National Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists

� 1946: Changed name to ACGIH
� Signature Publications
� Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances
and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices
� “TLV booklet”
� Non-profit professional organization whose
members are individuals who have
successfully met the certification
requirements for industrial hygiene as set by
ABIH
� Purpose:
� To recruit and train industrial hygienists from
among graduates of scientific and engineering
disciplines
� To promote recognition of industrial hygiene
practices
� To promote the ABIH Certification as a basic
qualification for employment as an IH
professional
� To establish guidelines for ethical conduct in the
practice of industrial hygiene
� An independent organization that
administers certification programs for
industrial hygiene professionals

� Certified industrial hygienist (CIH)
http://www.abih.org/
NAOSH-Week-with-Informative-Video-about-Industrial-
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx

Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx

Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
Hygiene.aspx
9
� Certification process
� Review of applicant’s education and

experience
� Passing of a written exam
� Certification maintenance process
� CIH must earn points to keep certification
in good standing
� Several people had significant contributions
to the beginnings of industrial hygiene.
� Industrial hygiene has evolved to a multi-
disciplinary science with its primary focus on
preventing occupational health problems.
� The primary mission of an industrial hygienist
is described as the anticipation, recognition,
evaluation and control of health hazards.
� The industrial hygienist has an important role
in worker training programs, which ensures
effective application of necessary hazard
controls.
EHST 3700 Exam 1 Study Guide
The exam will have questions of the following types: multiple
choice, enumeration, true or false, problem
solving, short answers.
Please review all lecture materials, specially the topics I
mention every “Last Session Review”. Pay extra

attention on the following:
Intro to IH
dustrial hygiene
-through surveys (MSDS, process flow
chart, plant layout)
ing 1
st
lab
Toxicology
-response relationship,
threshold dose, LD50, acute vs chronic, no-
threshold, safety factor, determinant)
or the distribution of toxin

-hit, initiation, promotion,
no-threshold)
etc.)
Occupational standards
Program
Airborne hazards

-selective sampling
(silicosis, etc.)
Do not forget to bring your scientific calculators during the
exam. The use of cellphones will not be
allowed. Good luck!

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