THE HEALTH RISKS OF HIDDEN HEAVY METALS ,Sources and sinks of heavy metals. Human exposure at these sites may occur by a variety of pathways, including inhalation of dusts in air, ingestion of contaminated water or soil, or through the food chain.

1. THE HEALTH RISKS OF HIDDEN
HEAVY METALS
SANDEEP PATRE

2. Although there is no specific definition of a heavy metal, literature has
defined it as a naturally occurring element having a high atomic weight and
high density which is five times greater than that of water.
Heavy metals have received a paramount attention to environmental
chemists due to their toxic nature.
Heavy metals are usually present in trace amounts in natural waters
but many of them are toxic even at very low concentrations.
Metals such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury, chromium,
cobalt, zinc and selenium are highly toxic even in minor quantity.
Increasing quantity of heavy metals in our resources is currently an area of
greater concern, especially since a large number of industries are
discharging their metal containing effluents into fresh water without any
adequate treatment.

3. Heavy metals become toxic when they are not
metabolised by the body and accumulate in
the soft tissues.
They may enter the human body through food, water, air or
absorption through the skin when they come in contact with
humans in agriculture, manufacturing, pharmaceutical,
industrial or residential settings. Industrial exposure
accounts for a common route of exposure for adults.
Ingestion is the most common route of exposure in
children. Natural and human activities are contaminating
the environment and its resources, they are discharging
more than what the environment can handle.

4. Sources and sinks of heavy metals

6. Sources of heavy metals
 Heavy metals can emanate from both natural and anthropogenic
processes and end up in different environmental compartments
(soil, water, air and their interface)
 Natural processes : Different natural sources of heavy metals.
Under different and certain environmental conditions, natural emissions of
heavy metals occur. Such emissions include volcanic eruptions, sea-salt
sprays, forest fires, rock weathering, biogenic sources and wind-borne soil
particles. Natural weathering processes can lead to the release of metals from
their endemic spheres to different environment compartments. Heavy metals
can be found in the form of hydroxides, oxides, sulphides, sulphates,
phosphates, silicates and organic compounds. The most common heavy metals
are lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury
(Hg), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu).

7. Anthropogenic processes
Some important anthropogenic sources which significantly
contribute to the heavy metal contamination in the
environment Anthropogenic processes of heavy metals
have been noted to go beyond the natural fluxes for some
metals. Metals naturally emitted in wind-blown dusts are
mostly from industrial areas.
Potential sources of heavy metal poisoning include
mining, tailings, industrial wastes, agricultural runoff,
occupational exposure, paints and treated timber,
automobile exhaust which releases lead; smelting
which releases arsenic, copper and zinc; insecticides
which release arsenic and burning of fossil fuels which
release nickel, vanadium, mercury, selenium and tin.
Human activities have been found to contribute more to
environmental pollution due to the everyday manufacturing
of goods to meet the demands of the large population .

9. Arsenic
Environmental Occurrence, Industrial Production
and Use
 The major inorganic forms of arsenic include the trivalent
arsenite and the pentavalent arsenate.
 The organic forms are the methylated metabolites –
monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid
(DMA) and trimethylarsine oxide.
 Environmental pollution by arsenic occurs as a result of
natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and soil
erosion, and anthropogenic activities .
 Several arsenic-containing compounds are produced
industrially, and have been used to manufacture products
with agricultural applications such as insecticides,
herbicides, fungicides, algicides, sheep dips, wood
preservatives, and dye-stuffs.

10. Human exposure at these sites may occur
by a variety of pathways, including
inhalation of dusts in air, ingestion of
contaminated water or soil, or through the
food chain.

11. Exposed to high concentrations of arsenic in their
drinking water and are displaying various clinio
pathological conditions including cardiovascular and
peripheral vascular disease, developmental
anomalies, neurologic and neurobehavioural
disorders, diabetes, hearing loss, portal fibrosis,
hematologic disorders (anemia, leukopenia and
eosinophilia) and carcinoma Arsenic exposure
affects virtually all organ systems including the
cardiovascular, dermatologic, nervous,
hepatobilliary, renal, gastro-intestinal, and
respiratory systems .
Research has also pointed to significantly higher
standardized mortality rates for cancers of the
bladder, kidney, skin, and liver in many areas of
arsenic pollution. The severity of adverse health
effects is related to the chemical form of arsenic,
and is also time- and dose-dependent.

12. Cadmium
Environmental Occurrence, Industrial
Production and Use
 Cadmium is a heavy metal of considerable environmental and
occupational concern. It is widely distributed in the earth's
crust at an average concentration of about 0.1 mg/kg.
 The highest level of cadmium compounds in the environment
is accumulated in sedimentary rocks, and marine phosphates
contain about 15 mg cadmium/kg.
 Cadmium is frequently used in various industrial activities. The
major industrial applications of cadmium include the
production of alloys, pigments, and batteries.

13. Human Exposure
 The main routes of exposure to cadmium are via inhalation or
cigarette smoke, and ingestion of food. Skin absorption is rare.
Human exposure to cadmium is possible through a number of
several sources including employment in primary metal industries,
eating contaminated food, smoking cigarettes, and working in
cadmium-contaminated work places, with smoking being a major
contributor . Other sources of cadmium include emissions from
industrial activities, including mining, smelting, and manufacturing of
batteries, pigments, stabilizers, and alloys.
 Cadmium is also present in trace amounts in certain foods such
as leafy vegetables, potatoes, grains and seeds, liver and kidney,
and crustaceans and mollusks. In addition, foodstuffs that are rich in
cadmium can greatly increase the cadmium concentration in human
bodies.

14. Human Exposure
 Cadmium is a severe pulmonary and gastrointestinal irritant, which can be
fatal if inhaled or ingested. After acute ingestion, symptoms such as
abdominal pain, burning sensation, nausea, vomiting, salivation, muscle
cramps, vertigo, shock, loss of consciousness and convulsions usually
appear within 15 to 30 min .
 Acute cadmium ingestion can also cause gastrointestinal tract erosion,
pulmonary, hepatic or renal injury and coma, depending on the route of
poisoning.
 Chronic exposure to cadmium has a depressive effect on levels of
norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine . chronic inhalation of cadmium
causes pulmonary adenocarcinomas . It can also cause prostatic
proliferative lesions including adenocarcinomas, after systemic or direct
exposure.
 several stress response systems are expressed in response to cadmium
exposure, including those for heat shock, oxidative stress, stringent
response, cold shock. cadmium induces cytotoxic effects at the
concentrations 0.1 to 10 mM and free radical-dependent DNA damage.

15. Cadmium is a weak mutagen when compared with other
carcinogenic Metals. This designation as a human carcinogen is
based primarily on repeated findings of an association between
occupational cadmium exposure and lung cancer, as well as on.
 The lung is the most definitively established site of human
carcinogenesis from cadmium exposure.
 Other target tissues of cadmium carcinogenesis in animals include
injection sites, adrenals,testes, and the hemopoietic system.
 In some studies, occupational or environmental cadmium exposure
has also been associated with development of cancers of the
prostate, kidney, liver, hematopoietic system and stomach.
Human Exposure

16. Chromium
Environmental Occurrence, Industrial Production
and Use
 Chromium (Cr) is a naturally occurring element present in the earth’s
crust, with oxidation states (or valence states) ranging from
chromium (II) to chromium (VI) . Chromium compounds are stable in
the trivalent [Cr(III)] form and occur in nature in this state in ores,
such as ferrochromite.
 Anthropogenic sources with the largest release coming from
industrial establishments.
 Industries with the largest contribution to chromium release include
metal processing, tannery facilities, chromate production, stainless
steel welding, and ferrochrome and chrome pigment production.
 The increase in the environmental concentrations of chromium has
been linked to air and wastewater release of chromium, mainly from
metallurgical, refractory, and chemical industries.

17. Human Exposure
 Even though the principal route of human exposure to chromium is through
inhalation, and the lung is the primary target organ, significant human
exposure to chromium has also been reported to take place through the
skin.
 Occupational and environmental exposure to Cr(VI)-containing compounds
is known to cause multi organ toxicity such as renal damage, allergy and
asthma, and cancer of the respiratory tract in humans.
 The main health problems seen in animals following ingestion of chromium
(VI) compounds are irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine,
anemia, sperm damage and male reproductive system damage. Chromium
(III) compounds are much less toxic and do not appear to cause these
problems. Some individuals are extremely sensitive to chromium(VI) or
chromium(III), allergic reactions consisting of severe redness and swelling
of the skin have been noted. An increase in stomach tumors was observed
in humans and animals exposed to chromium(VI) in drinking water.
 Accidental or intentional ingestion of extremely high doses of chromium (VI)
compounds by humans has resulted in severe respiratory, cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, hematological, hepatic, renal, and neurological effects.

18. Lead
Environmental Occurrence, Industrial Production
and Use
 Lead is a naturally occurring bluish-gray metal present in
small amounts in the earth’s crust.
 Although lead occurs naturally in the environment,
anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuels burning,
mining, and manufacturing contribute to the release of
high concentrations.
 Lead has many different industrial, agricultural and
domestic applications. It is currently used in the
production of lead-acid batteries ammunitions, metal
products (solder and pipes), and devices to shield X-rays

19. Human Exposure
 The nervous system is the most vulnerable target of lead poisoning.
Headache, poor attention spam, irritability, loss of memory and
dullness are the early symptoms of the effects of lead exposure on
the central nervous system.
 Lead is the most systemic toxicant that affects several organs in the
body including the kidneys, liver, central nervous system,
hematopoetic system, endocrine system, and reproductive system.
 In children, these studies have shown an association between blood
level poisoning and diminished intelligence, lower intelligence
quotient-IQ, delayed or impaired neurobehavioral development,
decreased hearing acuity, speech and language handicaps, growth
retardation, poor attention span, and anti social and diligent
behaviors.

20. Human Exposure
 In the adult population, reproductive effects, such as
decreased sperm count in men and spontaneous
abortions in women have been associated with high lead
exposure.
 Acute exposure to lead induces brain damage, kidney
damage, and gastrointestinal diseases, while chronic
exposure may cause adverse effects on the blood,
central nervous system, blood pressure, kidneys, and
vitamin D metabolism

21. Mercury
Environmental Occurrence, Industrial Production
and Use
 It is unique in that it exists or is found in nature in three forms
(elemental, inorganic, and organic), with each having its own
profile of toxicity.
 Mercury is utilized in the electrical industry (switches,
thermostats, batteries), dentistry (dental amalgams), and
numerous industrial processes including the production of
caustic soda, in nuclear reactors, as antifungal agents for
wood processing, as a solvent for reactive and precious
metal, and as a preservative of pharmaceutical products.

22. Human Exposure
 This increase in concentration was shown to
correlate with the severity hepatotoxicity and
nephrotoxicity.
 Mercury-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity may
be cell-, organ- and/or species- specific.

24. A comprehensive analysis indicates that heavy metals such
as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury, occur
naturally. However, anthropogenic activities contribute
significantly to environmental contamination.
These metals are systemic toxicants known to induce adverse
health effects in humans, including cardiovascular
diseases, developmental abnormalities, neurologic and
neurobehavioral disorders, diabetes, hearing loss,
hematologic and immunologic disorders, and various
types of cancer.
The main pathways of exposure include ingestion, inhalation,
and dermal contact. The severity of adverse health effects is
related to the type of heavy metal and its chemical form, and
is also time- and dose-dependent

25. REFERENCES
https://www.intechopen.com/books/heavy-
metals/environmental-contamination-by-
heavy-metals.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC4427717/.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals

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