Modern Distributed Power System Concepts

Power System Essay
The Distributed is electrical power generation in small scale (usually 1MW to 50MW) near the load
centre using either conventional techniques such as Diesel generators and micro turbines or using
non–conventional techniques such as Photo–Voltaic, wind turbines and small hydro power. This
modern concept of power system is very advantageous as it reduces the load on the grid, consumers
get a reliable power of better quality, and consumers can supply surplus power to the grid and earn a
considerable profit. Thus, adopting this modern concept of power system is not only beneficial for
consumers but also to the utilities. Figure 1.2 Modern Concept of Power System
1.3 PROBLAM STATEMENT
DES technologies have very different issues compared ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An active power (P) and a reactive power control (Q) independently
4. Power factor correction
5. Synchronization with the utility mains
6. System protections
2) Case II: Power Converters supplying power in a standalone mode or feeding it back to the utility
mains Fig. shows many diagram of power block converters for a standalone AC system or feeding
produce powers back to the utility mains. If all generators are directly connected to the loads, the
systems operate as a standalone AC system. Meanwhile, if these are connected in parallel to the
mains, these provide the utility grids with an electric power. Fig 1.5: Block diagram of power
converters connected in parallel
So, the above issues can be applied to distributed power systems similarly, and the recent research
focuses are summarized as follows: 1. Standardized DES modelling using the software tools 2.
Equal load sharing such as the real and reactive power, the load harmonic current among the parallel
connected inverters. 3. Connection capability of more DES to the utility mains in best conditions 4.
Independent P, Q control of the inverters 5. Power factor correction
1.4 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Transmitting electrical power is by high voltage transmission lines from sending end substation to
receiving end substation. At the receiving end substation, the voltage is stepped down to a lower
(say 66kV or 33kV or 11kV). Power from this
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Electric Grid Shutdown Paper
The U.S electric– power system provides power to over 300 million individuals and is comprised of
more than 200,000 miles lines of transmission, its generating capacity is over one million megawatts
and it is worth above $1 trillion (Markey & Waxman, 2013). The elements of the network are
greatly interdependent and, as demonstrated by history, a system failure of a line of outage can result
in fall in other areas. Markey & Waxman (2013) provides an example of a power failure that
occurred on August 14, 2003 when four hanging high– altitude lines of power in northern Ohio
clashed into trees and shut off. Together with an error in a computer system, the shut down lead to a
flow of failures that finally left over 50 million people in Canada and ... Show more content on
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When one grid's part fails, it can lead to cascading failure phenomenon whereby the entire network
progressively collapses. Kiger (2016) noted that; for a system that relies upon several critical nodes,
like the United States electric grid, such cascading failures are pretty much unavoidable.
Ramifications of an Electric Grid Shutdown
The vulnerability caused by the electric grid shutdown creates considerable risks to the economy
and national security of the United States and also on the private businesses conducted in the nation.
Consequences on National Security
The United States electrical grid is essentially divided into three electric networks covering Texas,
the West and the East. All these networks comprise many thousands of miles of lines of
transmission, substations and power plants, a hundred year old combination of domestic utilities
(Broick, 2013). Recently the system has been modernized and thus has been experiencing cyber–
attack threat. The increasing dependence on the communications based on the internet has raised the
vulnerability of the operation and control systems to hackers and spies. National security of the U.S.
reported that the Cyber spies have made a way into the electrical grid of the nation and left behind
software programs that would be applied to disrupt the system and maybe shut down areas of the
network for a considerably long period of time (Broick, 2013). A coordinated cyber–attack could
thus compromise security, blackout commerce and destroy the power grid of the United

Power Distribution System Protection Relay Technician
Power Distribution System Protection Relay Technician
To further my understanding and professional credentialing in Power Distribution System Protection
I am pursuing an Associate in Applied Science at Richmond Community College (RCC). I am
enrolled in the Electric Utility Substation and Relay Technology (A50510) program. My short term
goal is to secure entry level employment as a Relay Technician with an Original Engineering and
Manufacturer (OEM), a large public Utility, or a contract field service agency. My long term goal is
to offer contract commissioning and relay field service through my own corporation.
Contrary to prevailing conception of dynamism; the field of power distribution is slow to evolve and
even slower to alter itself. Thalus of Miletus stumbled onto static electricity by rubbing fur on amber
circa 600 BC (Timeline). It would be a twenty–two hundred years before English scientist William
Gilbert coined the term electricus in his 1600 A.D. text De Magnete (Etymology). "Electricus came
from the classical Latin electrum, amber, and perhaps from the Greek ἤλεκτρον (elektron), amber."
(Simpson) It would take an additional 250 years when in the 1800 's an explosion of knowledge
erupted from employing the scientific method of recording procedures to develop repeatable results
and saw proliferation of electrical laws and principles. In 1873 Belgian engineer Zenobe Gramme,
who developed the DC generator, discovered entirely by accident that a DC generator

Storm Water Management Personal Statement
While the operating voltage may have changed, from wiring my backyard shed to substation
protection design, my passion is as strong as my eight–year–old self with two wires and a
screwdriver. From that point forward, I was fascinated by the topic of electricity; this unseen energy
that can be harnessed and manipulated to serve thousands of people.
I am a sophomore Electrical Engineering major Mathematics minor attending South Dakota State
University. I am involved with the local IEEE branch, Navigators leadership, and Concert Band on
the euphonium. When I'm not on the job or at school, I love any motorsports depending on the
season, spending extended time outside hunting, fishing, camping or just hanging between the trees,
and sifting my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our ability to hunt and fish in midwestern waters and forests would be jeopardized. The
accessibility of our abundant snowmobile and four–wheel trails would diminish. Who I am, and the
activities that I love, is shaped and obtainable because of those before me that took the time to focus
on erosion and sediment control.
One example of someone who came before, and understood the importance of land conservation and
control is my father, who is the head of Stormwater Management for the city of Fergus Falls,
Minnesota. There are countless Sundays, on our morning paper and breakfast drives, that he took me
over to different construction sites and pointed out run–offs, elicit discharges, and lack of silt fences
and possible implications that could result.
I may not be pursuing a direct career involving stormwater management or erosion and sediment
control, but I would argue that I can assist in those areas through my power engineering degree and
active lifestyle. From start to finish, I will be on–site and have the knowledge to spot, maintain and
enforce proper erosion and sediment control. Our career fields do not have to be separate, for
without every piece of the puzzle, we cannot produce a result that serves our companies,
communities or family. Ignorance is not an excuse, and I want to help protect that which is dear

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Flexible AC Transmission...
A Power system is an connection of generators to load centres. Through H.V. electrical lines & in
general is controlled mechanically. It can be divided into 3 subsystems: Generation, X'mission and
Distribution–systems. The electric power demand is Growing and building of new generating units
& transmission circuits is becoming difficult because of environmental & economic reasons. So,
power utilities are forced to depend on utilization of existing generating units and to load existing
lines close to their heating limits.
In 1980s the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has introduced a new technology program
known as Flexible AC Transmission System (FATCS).
Idea of program was to increase controllability and optimization of utilization ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The current has larger values for lower and higher values of excitation. In between, the current has
minimum value corresponding to a particular excitation. The variations of I with excitation are
known as V curves.
For the same mechanical load, the armature current varies with field excitation over a wide range.
When over–excited, the motor supplies vars to the grid and when under–excited it absorbs vars from
the grid.
Disadvantages of Sync Condensers:
Considerable losses in the motor.
Maintenance cost is high due to rotating component.
At low power rating the cost is high compared to static capacitors method.
As the synchronous equipment is not self–starting, so extra excitation equipment is needed for that
purpose.
Hence we opt to use the SVCS instead of Synchronous Condensers.
2.3 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR–
Static VAR compensator– it's a set of devices to provide fast–acting reactive power on high–voltage
electricity X'mission networks. SVCs are part of the FACTS family, regulating voltage, power
factor; harmonics & stabilizing the system. SVC has no significant moving parts (except internal
switchgear).
SVC is an automated impedance matching device. SVCs are used for:
Connected to the power system, to regulate the transmission voltage ("Transmission

The Effect Of Distributed Generation On Power Quality Of...
The Effect of Distributed Generation on Power Quality of Iraqi power System Networks.
Abstract: The primary motivation behind this paper is to examine the essential comprehension of
power quality in connection to the distributed generation. Because of extensive cover between two
innovations, aggravations influencing the power quality, which are principally caused by the
expansion of Distributed Generation (DG) on the existing power system network. Infusion of the
DG into an electric power grid can influence the voltage quality. Distributed generation of various
voltage levels when associated with the power system network could impact the voltage regulation,
sustained interruptions, harmonics, sags, swells, and so on. All the data given here are gathered from
various references by remembering the understudies at the starting level of the concerned topic.
I. INTRODUCTION
The request of force is heightened in the realm of power.This development of interest triggers a need
of more power generation. DG utilizes smaller sized generators than does the ordinary central
station plant. Distributed generators are little scale generators found near purchasers; regularly
Distributed Generators are of 1 kW to 100 MW [1].
Meaning of DG [2].
Distributed generation in straightforward term can be characterized as a small scale generation. It is
an active power generating unit that is connected at distribution level.
IEEE characterizes the generation of power by offices adequately

Competency Demonstration Report On Electrical Engineering...
Competency Demonstration Report First Career Episode First Career Episode CE 1.1 Introduction
Project Name: Maintenance and Operations of 220/132KV Grid Substation Chronology: 2008 to
2012 Geographical Location: Karachi, Pakistan Organization: Hamdard University Karachi,
Islamabad Campus, Pakistan Title of Position: Electrical Engineering Student CE 1.2 Project
Background CE 1.2.1 Background of the Study Grid substation is particularly identified as the
station for generation of power through the incoming transmission line. The substation is
responsible for delivering electrical power via the feeders and the station controls power for separate
routers. The substation forms important part of transmission and power distribution over the power
system architecture. However, this project involves maintaining and operating the substations with
their individual characteristics. Moreover, the main functions of power substation are to receive the
transmitted energy from the generating stations with higher voltage reducing it. The stations provide
switching substations within different connections for different transmission lines; converts sub–
stations either converting AC to DC for higher to lower frequency. CE 1.2.2 Project Nature and
Study Requirements This particular project incorporates the circuit joining with components to bus
bar at substation. The substation contains power transformers, circuit breakers, relays, and others.
The project covers some essential

The Threat Of The United States
A threat is looming over the United States like the dense fog of an early fall morning. It promises
total chaos that will leave the population in the dark. Imagine everything that uses electricity, which
Americans take for granted, just stopped working. Lights, cell phones, running water, all of these are
gone in the blink of an eye. This threat has the potential to bring the United States to a grinding halt
with little to no casualties, at first. An EMP attack would cripple the United States by ending all
electronic usage. According to the Merriam–Webster Dictionary, an EMP (electromagnetic pulse) is
". . . high–intensity electromagnetic radiation generated by a nuclear blast high above the earth 's
surface and held to disrupt electronic and electrical systems." According to this definition, an EMP
attack will disrupt and possibly destroy all electrical systems. Just take a second to think of all the
structures Americans rely on that are electrical. Essentially everything. This is why an attack of this
kind is so terrifying. The United States is a very advanced country in terms of technology. One could
say that this is the nation's most vulnerable point. Over the last decade more companies have
allowed technology to replace fundamental items such as paper records, medical charting, all the
way down to the simplest aspect such as handwritten letters or notes. According to Republican
Senator from Arizona and chairman of the Senate Judiciary subcommittee on

Studying Electrical Engineering Benefits Humanity
Studying Electrical Engineering Benefits Humanity
Introduction
In 1882, the Physics Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) offered the
first optional course in electrical engineering (Berry, DiPiazza, & Sauer, 2003, p.467). Since that
time electrical engineers have led the way in fields ranging from communications to transportation,
computing and electricity generation. This means that the devices and systems that people take for
granted in their daily lives have come into existence due largely to the efforts of electrical engineers.
Televisions, cell phones, stereos, computers, robotics, medical technologies, and the Internet, along
with the electrical generation that powers them all, were made possible through the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though DC is still used in many devices, it is alternating current that delivers electricity into homes
and businesses throughout the world today. This may be the most important engineering feat of the
late 19th and 20th centuries. Brining electricity to customers throughout the world changed people's
lives forever. From simple electrical lighting to appliances such as refrigerators and ovens, life
changes in innumerable ways and these changes continued to accelerate as technology expanded and
was used in new and exciting ways. It was the engineers who led this charge and made the
technologies both safe and efficient. Today we take many of these changes for granted, but at the
time the impact was immediate and dramatic. It was only a generation earlier that many people had
to rely on carrying water to their homes and heating it over a fire for baths or cooking. They had no
way to keep food from spoiling in hot summer months. They had to light their homes and businesses
with dangerous open flame sources of light and heat. All of this changed rapidly with the
introduction of electricity into homes. Washers, dryers, dishwashers, radios, televisions, vacuum
cleaners and all other sorts of devices designed to improve and simplify lives would soon find

Case Study Of ABB
Company Background ● ABB is a multinational corporation headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland.
It operates mainly in robotics and the power and automation areas. ● It is one of the largest
engineering companies in the world. ● It operates in around 100 countries, with approximately
150,000 employees in November 2013. ● ABB was first incorporated in India in 1949 and today it
has offices all over the country, with its head office in Bangalore, employing over 10000 employees.
● ABB India works with a multiple of projects and fixed manufacturing simultaneously. ● The level
of number of employees will vary with the current operations and will be widely differing in terms
of type of job and employees that they need. ● At ABB India, they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
○ Online Website ■ The most common way of getting applicants for the new positions is by posting
an advertisement on the company website. ■ This is their primary channel for application. ■ A detail
description of the position, location and the hiring process is mentioned. ■ The company website
also allows you to choose from the various openings they have for various positions and keep it as a
shortlist for later reference. ■ The portal allows the applicants to create a login ID and password and
upload their resume through the ID on the company portal. ■ The portal also asks to fill is basic
additional details like contact number , address etc.It takes 10 to 15 minutes to complete the online
application process. ○ Online Job Portals ■ Advertisements about the job openings are also posted in
few of the online job portals. ■ Though ABB does not depend on hiring through Agents but this
largely depends on local practice. ■ In India, Job advertisements for ABB appear in
Timesjob.com,Naukri.com and Indeed.com. ■ Job openings are also given on glassdoor.com. ■ The
process remain fairly the same. Uploading of Resume on the portal with basic additional

Engineering : An Essential Pillar For Industrial And...
Engineering has always been an essential pillar for industrial and technical development.
Engineering is what keeps our people moving and up–to–date with technology. It is a satisfying
career, both financially and mentally. The objective of this assignment is to interview a practicing
Engineer who has worked or is working in the area of project management. This assignment
provides a glance for future engineers into the daily routine of a professional and experienced
Engineer, and the approach he/she pursued in order to arrive at the position they presently occupy.
I recently interviewed Saeed Salim, a project manager at Al Barrak Electrical Contracting Company,
located in United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi. Saeed is my dad's friend. On ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He was supervising the installation of overhead lines and high voltage substations. Everything was
new for him, and he had to adapt to the various changes he encountered in U.A.E.
After ten years of working in the Water and Electricity department, Saeed received another job offer
in a private company named AL Barrak Electrical Contracting Company, where he was offered a
project manager position, which is his current position as well. He was more comfortable working
with the second company, as this opportunity allowed him to combine the technical aspects of a
position with management duties. Working in Al Barrak, he is capable of designing, maintaining and
developing electrical control systems and components to certain specifications, concentrating on
economy, quality, and sustainability. He is involved in projects from the idea and detail of the
specified design through to implementation, testing and handover. He is also involved in projects
that require people in his field to work as a team. The team would usually include engineers from
other specialist areas, as well as marketing staff, technicians and manufacturers. He sometimes
works with representatives from client organizations.
Working in a different company, Saeed had to take a bigger responsibility and work harder to prove
himself and show that he is capable of facing

Electric Power Transmission
Electric power transmission
"Electric transmission" redirects here. For vehicle transmissions, see diesel–electric transmission.
[pic]
[pic]
400 kV high–tension transmission lines near Madrid
Electric power transmission or "high–voltage electric transmission" is the bulk transfer of electrical
energy, from generating power plants to substations located near population centers. This is distinct
from the local wiring between high–voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to
as electric power distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become
high–voltage transmission networks. In the US, these are typically referred to as "power grids" or
just "the grid", while in the UK the network is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High–voltage overhead conductors are not covered by insulation. The conductor material is nearly
always an aluminium alloy, made into several strands and possibly reinforced with steel strands.
Copper was sometimes used for overhead transmission but aluminium is lower in weight for only
marginally reduced performance, and much lower in cost. Overhead conductors are a commodity
supplied by several companies worldwide. Improved conductor material and shapes are regularly
used to allow increased capacity and modernize transmission circuits. Conductor sizes range from
12 mm2 (#6 American wire gauge) to 750 mm2 (1,590,000 circular mils area), with varying
resistance and current–carrying capacity. Thicker wires would lead to a relatively small increase in
capacity due to the skin effect, that causes most of the current to flow close to the surface of the
wire.
Today, transmission–level voltages are usually considered to be 110 kV and above. Lower voltages
such as 66 kV and 33 kV are usually considered

Protection Scheme of a 3-Phase Induction Motor
PLC BASED PROTECTION SCHEME OF 3–Φ INDUCTION MOTOR
Authors
Muhammad Tariq 08–EL–85
Supervisor
Engr. Farhana Umer
Lecturer
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Year–2012
PLC BASED PROTECTION SCHEME OF 3–Φ INDUCTION MOTOR
By
Muhammad Tariq 08–EL–85
THESIS SUBMITTED TO UCE&T, ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY OF PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELORS IN ELECTRICAL (Power) ENGINEERING
Research Supervisor
Engr. Farhana Umer
Lecturer
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
University College of Engineering and Technology,
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

YEAR–2012
Table of Contents
Abstract ...........vii
Acknowledgement ix
List ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Power System fault is defined as undesirable condition that occurs in the power system. These
undesirable conditions such as short circuit, current leakage, ground short, over current and
overvoltage and over–temperature.
With the increasing loads, voltages and short–circuit duty in distribution system, over current
protection has become more important today. The ability of protection system is demanded not only
for economic reason but also consumers just expect 'reliable' service. In a Power System Protection,
the system engineer would need a device that can monitor current, voltage, frequency, temperature
and in some case over power in the system. Thus a device called Protective Relay is created to serve
the purpose. The protective relay is most often relay coupled with Circuit Breaker such that it can
isolate the abnormal condition in the system. In the interest of reliable

Power Grid Systems ( Essp 2015 )
Electricity Subsector What was once a novelty; energy is now the ultimate necessity for any modern
country. A sustain power grid is what separates a solvent nation from a third world country. The
scenario of one of the three power grids failing would cause chaos to that area but would be
sustainable with the capabilities of the remaining grid systems (ESSP 2015). A major sustain loss of
power grid across the United States would interrupt commerce of the food chain via manufacturing
and delivery of product, water systems, federal, state and local line of communications which would
paralyze law enforcement, civil unrest would spread across the nation.
The responsibility lies directly on the shoulders of federal government entities' and ... Show more
Since, they are controlled by remote means this makes the power grids susceptible to outside
influence. The federal and private sectors through safeguards within their departments are providing
critical infrastructure resilient, and security, which strengthens and maintains the power grids.
Pertaining to the power grid with the connected bodies of the federal government and private sector
the widespread accessibility via cyber space automated systems of power plants, distribution
systems in its self could be problematic...i.e. could contribute to incapacitating large areas of power
grids system via cyber–attacks. Possible consideration would be to isolate communications from
standard cyber space via secured lines (buzzle.com 2016). Less debilitating to grid system are
attacks as in one on one sabotage on individual power plants or remote distribution and substations
that would interrupt local areas. Assuming power plants have adequate security on site will
effectively reduce power plant attacks. In regards to distribution and substations in suburban or rural
areas all one has to do would be to take a drive through the countryside or down a neighborhood to
understand these are soft targets protect only by a chain–link fence.
All energy providers have set forth plans and actions to overcome natural disasters and human errors
resulting in loss of a

The Production Of Electrical Energy
The production of electrical energy is considered a key of our present day society. The purpose of
this report is to discuss and explain a natural resource that is renewable which will be the production
of electrical energy in the future. Wind farms are Australia's most popular source of energy as for the
reason of being a sustainable renewable energy. Wind farms market in producing electricity across
AUS is only 3% but over a choice Australia would rather wind farms to be used more in producing
Australia's electricity .Wind farms is the lowest cost renewable energy that uses airflow to produce
electricity. This technology makes up 3% of Australia's electricity suppling over 1.3 million homes
with power according to origin energy that hold over 4.3 million customer accounts in Australia.
State Installed capacity (MW) Number of turbines Number of projects South Australia 1205 561 16
Victoria 939 454 13
Western Australia 491 308 21
New South Wales 282 170 9
Tasmania 310 124 7
Queensland 12.5 22 2
Northern Territory 0 0 0
Australian Capital Territory 0 0 0 3240 1639 68
Most wind turbines and wind farms are located in the southern parts of Australia. South Australia
and Victoria have the most installed wind farms across all states in Australia. This table displays the
frequency of wind turbines installed in each state with an amount of megawatts produced. Wind
farms are located in coastal areas near by the sea where the wind is fairly constant but always windy.

Substation Commissioning Manual
TABLE OF CONTENT
Application Areas 3
Safety Aspects 3
Cold Commissioning (GP – Step 108.4) 4
Check Readiness for Individual Tests (GP – Activity 108.4.1) 4
Perform Individual Tests (GP – Activity 108.4.6) 4
1. Outdoor Circuit Breaker (SF6) 4
2. Outdoor Disconnector 9
3. Current Transformer 11
4. Voltage Transformer 19
5. HV connections 23
6. Power Transformer 26
7. MV Cable 38
8. Substation Earthing Resistance 40
9. Interlockings 44
Hot Commissioning (GP – Step 108.5) 45
Check Readiness for Hot Commissioning (GP – Activity 108.5.1) 45
10. Start Up (GP – Activity 108.5.2) 46
Attachments 47
Application Areas
This manual is intended to act as a handbook for commissioning works at substation site. The
manual deals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All the related installation works should be finished and visually checked by the installation and
erection supervisor. The necessary requirements are listed in detail in the document 108.4.1 "Check
Readiness for Individual Tests".
Perform Individual Tests (GP – Activity 108.4.6)
1. Outdoor Circuit Breaker (SF6)
1.1 General
Make sure that the circuit breaker is filled with gas and that the first operation is already carried out.
Quite often the local operation of a circuit breaker is interlocked with the disconnector position on
the both sides of the breaker i.e. the related disconnectors have to in open position to enable the
local operation of the breaker. The thermostat for the dehydrate heater should be set approximately
to 10 C, if not otherwise stated in the manufacturer's manual. Close the spring charging motor

supply miniature circuit breaker. Generally the charging time should not exceed 15 seconds. Switch
the breaker for local control. Before connecting the control voltage on make sure that no wiring
mistakes are done, resulting a continuos voltage to be applied to the trip coils. 1.2 Necessary testing
equipment
*Micro–ohm meter for contact resistance checking (with supply cables)
*Timer for timing tests
*Gas filling equipment (hose, SF6–gas bottle, regulator, equal union cross)
*Adjustable DC–supply, Sverker or similar (0–220V)
*Set of hand tools
*Set of connection leads or some loose connection wire

My Job Responsibilities As A Junior Electrical Data...
Career Episode 3
Introduction
This career episode is about my job responsibilities as a Junior Electrical Data Analyst at American
Power Conversion by Schneider Electric. Schneider Electric is a French company which specializes
in electrical, automation and energy management. I am employed by Schneider Electric Philippines
on October 14, 2014 up to the present. I am currently based in Schneider Electric Philippines Cavite
Plant. Schneider Electric in Rosario, Cavite is situated in an economic zone with other international
companies within the vicinity. The Schneider Electric Cavite plant manufactures Uninterruptable
Power Supplies and Cooling Units for Data Centers. Although I was under the American Power
Conversion by Schneider Electric which mostly caters UPSs, racks and cooling units for data
centers, I was assigned to the Energy, Partner and Industry division of Schneider Electric which
caters Medium Voltage, Low Voltage and Automation products.
Background
CE 3.1 I am part of the traceability team that manages the Energy and Partner Installed Base of
Schneider Electric Australia. As a Junior Electrical Data Analyst, I track the medium voltage, low
voltage and automation products installed in different companies in Australia. Locally, there are only
two of us in the team. My senior and myself as a junior. We both report directly to our manager who
is based in Schneider Electric's office in Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia. I also interact with Field

Electrical Engineer Cdr
Career Episode 1
A) Introduction:
1.1 In the first career episode, I will describe my annual project during the fourth year of my
engineering study at the University of Aleppo, Syria.
"Three story building lighting system design Project" which happened in 2002.
I achieved this project as a under graduate student. The project started in June 1st, 2002 and was
finished by Sep, 2002.
B) Background:
About Aleppo University:
1.2 "University of Aleppo" is the second largest university in Syria and the leading university
offering specialized Engineering studies The university has joint co–operative programmes with
many international institutions of higher educations from the Arab World, USA and Australia,
1.3 The University provides the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.16 I prepared training material and presentation slides for the intermediate application and I was
responsible for training new teams on the intermediate application.
1.17 I wrote the Functional Design Specification (FDS) for the application that would migrate the
data from the intermediate database to Network Engineer geodatabase. And in this FDS, I specified
that the loader must be capable of migrating the data (models, structures, equipment, connections
and detail views) directly to NE default version in order to speed up the migration process as much
as possible.
1.18 I wrote the Test Procedure Plan for testing the migrated data after migration. And I set up
multiple meetings with IT team in order to cover all the test results.
1.19 I was the leader of the team which was responsible for applying the test procedure in order to
test the migrated data after migration to ensure that the spatial network data had been migrated to
NE geodatabase successfully and migrated data was not corrupted. Besides I was the
communication channel between the QC team and the IT team to solve any issue.
1.20 I wrote multiple FDS's for tools that would help the engineers during the migration process like
reporting tools, QC tools and custom tools built on top of Esri's GIS using ArcObjects (ArcObjects
is a framework that lets you create domain–specific components from other components), I also
wrote

Advantages Of Model-Based Fault Detection Approach
Model–Based Approach The model–based fault detection approach employs a mathematical model
of the system under observation, by assuming that a fault in the system will lead to deterministic
changes in the model parameters. The model–based approach relies on comparing the model outputs
with the actual system outputs to generate a residual signal, and based upon the properties of the
generated residual signal, potential fault conditions are identified and useful information is extracted
(Ding 2008). The basic concept of a typical model–based fault detection approach is illustrated in
Fig. As indicated in Fig., there are two main stages in this approach, the first of which generates the
residual which is then passed to the residual evaluation stage. Throughout the fault–free operation,
the magnitude of the residual signal should be approximately zero, indicating that the proposed
model is accurately describing the current behavior of the system. If, however, the value of the
residual signal diverges from zero, appropriate processing and analysis techniques are applied to it
in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In such models since they are usually derived from first principles, using ordinary differential
equations, different elements of the model are related to actual physical properties. Therefore, the
main advantage of model–based techniques is the capability of detecting unanticipated faults as well
as the replacement of hardware redundancy by analytical redundancy (Vachtsevanos et al. 2006).
However, in many real world applications it is almost impractical to apply model–based diagnostic
approaches, since many physical processes are too complex to develop accurate model. This will
cause mismatch between the process and model outputs which, in turn, lead to large error signals
usually giving rise to false alarms (Ding

Standards For Power Electronics ( Ansi )
Standards for Power Electronics Gration D'silva Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA Telephone: (806) 773–4727; E–mail:
gration.dsilva@ttu.edu Abstract– this paper presents a brief overview of standards for power
electronics. All the standards presented in this paper are currently active and are approved by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer Standards Association (IEEE–SA) and American
National Standards Institute (ANSI). Keywords–IEEE Standards, ANSI, Power Electronics I.
INTRODUCTION The tremendous advancements in modern technology have necessitated the
regulation of these technologies so that they meet the required threshold as set by the
standardization bodies like the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer Standards Association
(IEEE–SA), American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Whenever a new product is launched it
has to meet the standards so that they perform as intended. This is very important for the safety of
the users and their environment, facilitate interoperability, uniformity in design, testing methods,
installation and help make our lives easier. The purpose of standards is to establish certain quality to
meet technical, safety, societal, regulatory and market needs. Also standards are the catalysts for
technological innovation which are developed based on guiding principles of consensus, due process
and within the ethical limits [1]. Standards help making our lives

Using Photovoltaic Pv Or Wind Turbine
Connecting any generator in parallel into the local final circuit with another source however has
several implications in terms of electric shock protection. The most important are the safety to the
service's staff, public and the users of the generator. In order to evade the risk of electric shock, the
users mentioned above should be informed of an operational generator (Small Scale Embedded
Generator SSEG) through labels, so they can take their precautions. The main source supply and
SSEG must be isolated prior to any electrical work installation/connection. The SSEG should not
have its own earth if connected parallel to another source (British Standard, 2008). The
recommended parallel connection with LV distribution systems for a type ... Show more content on
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This type of protection is known to be either a TT or TN systems. The TT System of Earthing is not
suitable where a TN–C–S system is available it's only used in old installation or rural parts of the
country where overhead cable supplies are used. The associated earth fault loops with the TT
System of Earthing is that the exposed conductive metalwork causes a fault current to flow through
it to earth and return to the source via a general mass of earth (Figure 1). It is anticipated that the
level of fault current will cause the RCD to trip or to blow the fuse in the time indicated in the ETCI
rules. At 230 Volts its 5 seconds for fixed equipment, 0.4 seconds for portable equipment, socket
outlets and 0.4 seconds for fixed equipment in bathrooms. The main disadvantage of the TT system
connection of protecting against indirect contact is that the earth fault path resistance could easily
allow a continual earth fault to exist which may well be lethal or causes fire. The TN–C–S system of
earthing has the main earth terminal connected to the supply neutral and the earth electrode. When
the load fault to earth occurs it turn into a fault to the incoming neutral and the fault route resistance
is a lot lower than the TT system. A large current will flow which causes the RCD to trip within the
specified time (Figure 2). f Question 2 It is required to comply with

Power Systems Of Electric Vehicles
I. INTRODUCTION Since the industrial revolution started, the acceleration of technology
development never stopped. However, with the development of new technologies, environment is
suffering the consequences. The rate of Carbon dioxide is increasing rapidly. To mitigate this
pollution, the concept of electric vehicle arose. The electric vehicles contribute in reducing the
carbon dioxide emissions[1]. Thus, the use of electric vehicles is getting more popular as time goes
by. As a result of that, electric vehicles must be integrated to the electric grid. They will be treated as
electric loads, which means that all concepts of power system will be applied on them. Therefore,
when electric vehicles are charged, they will cause voltage drop on the distribution feeders. Hence,
the presence of voltage regulators might change the voltage response of the system. II. VOLTAGE
REGULATION OVERVIEW. In power Systems Distribution, voltage regulation is an important
concept. It deals with ways to maintain a good voltage profile delivered to the customers. The
voltage level at the customer node has to be maintained within a specified range. There are many
standards that determine customer's voltage range. Some standards assume a variation of +10% or –
10%. However, it is determined by the utility based on their circumstances. III. VOLTAGE
REGULATION METHODS The concept of voltage regulation associated with the electrical
distribution system is caused by the radial

Sample Resume : Electrical Engineering
0
RELAY COORDINATION (UNIT I,II & SHREE POWER)
Student: Vishal Kasotia Project Guide: Mr Ajay Sharma. College: Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee Course: Electrical Engineering with Specialization in Power Electronics (EPE) Enrolment
Number: 12212014 Internship Period: May 11, 2015 – July 3, 2015
Summer Internship 2015
Submitted by
Vishal Kasotia
4th yr (IDD) in Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
May – July, 2015
Page | 1
Acknowledgement
I owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Ajay Sharma for being a source of inspiration through his thought–
provoking talks. As a role model, he taught by example and held even small details in great
importance, providing me with a new insight on being a better engineer and person, I'm also
thankful to Mr. Manoj Kumawat and Mr. Kapil paneri for helping and giving me the necessary
guidance required for carrying out this project, To my much beloved parents who are the real reason
behind anything I accomplish in my life.
Vishal Kasotia
Date: 12th August 2015
Page | 2
Certificate of Approval
The following Summer Internship report titled "Relay Coordination Of Unit I,II of beawar plant &
Shree Power" is hereby approved as a certified study, carried out in a manner satisfactory to warrant
its acceptance as a prerequisite for the award of B.Tech. for which it has been submitted. It is
understood that by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any
statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn

Digital Technology Case Study
CAREER GOAL: To contribute the knowledge of Trending Technology in Protection and Control
systems of Power Substations with electric utilities by designing and implementing a more reliable
digital Automation scheme to overcome the existing Analog relays in our substations and Line bays
in the Grid system. In other to achieve a maximum Protection and Control of HV Transmission lines
and Power Substations after Power and Control Cables laying and Terminations and Interfacing of
the Control and the Protection panels to the outdoor switchyard equipment through the marshalling
Kiosk or Junction Boxes, the following processes have to be in place also for an effective system
Viz: Configuration of the Relays, Configuration of the BCU's, ... Show more content on
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BACKGROUND: The power system, built on century–old technology and approaches, was
designed to deliver electricity from large, remote power plants across significant distances to the
cities and towns where electricity is used. For that reason, there is great need for an effective
Protection and Control of the System to complete the chain of Generation, Transmission and
Distribution to the users. FIG 1:1 ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM INTERCONNECT
MODULE METHODOLOGY: We shall use the devices; PCS–9881 and PCS–9882 Ethernet switch,
RCS–9698G/H Communication Gateway, RCS–9700 automation system, RCS–9785 GPS
Synchronization Clock and RCS–9794A/B Protocol Converter and the Automation Architecture
module to achieve the maximum Protection and Control of he Substation and the 2x132kV HV
Transmission lines from the Bay extension to the Substation. PCS–9881 and PCS–9882 Ethernet
switch PCS–9881 and PCS–9882 Ethernet switch is intended for interconnection of 10/100/1000M
adaptive Ethernet devices using twisted wire/Fiber optical connection in substation automation
system. It adopts industrial level components and chips to ensure the reliable and high–speed data
exchange, which makes it a compensation of insufficient application of commercial switch in a
substation automation system. PCS–9881 and PCS–9882 are fully compatible with IEC 61850 and
GOOSE communication in a digital substation automation system with distributed

What Is Empirical Studies On The Factors That Influence...
Empirical studies on the factors that influence performance of electricity networks have been done
in different contexts and have been conceptualized differently with other variables, which could
explain the reason for inconclusive findings. Solomoni Karanja Kariuki did a study on maintenance
practices and performance of power in Kenya in 2013.This study did not consider other independent
variables like involvement of maintenance staff and external factors like regulation and economic
factors in the theoretical framework. The other research was done on Managing reliability risks of
transmission transformers with use of condition based maintenance in Power systems done by
Hongzhi Ding &Simon Ryder, in 2009 in UK. This study did not ... Show more content on
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Ogundipe in 2013 on Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in Nigeria at University of
Dundee, Dundee in United Kingdom which was also different from the current study.
None of the studies done in developed countries and Africa considered all the factors included in
this study as independent variables in relation to the network performance as dependent variable of
electricity networks in their conceptualization. It would therefore be concluded that none of the
above studies, has sought to operationalize the constructs of the current study in the context of
Central and East African Community.
1.5 The Aim and Objective of the study
The Main objective of the study would be to assess factors that influence performance of ESCOM
electricity network.
1.6 The specific objectives of the study were as follows;
1) To assess the effect of maintenance practices on performance of ESCOM electricity network
2) To establish the influence of training and management skills on performance of ESCOM
electricity network
3) To assess the effect of operation efficiency on performance of ESCOM electricity network
4) To determine the effect of External factors on performance of ESCOM electricity network
1.7 The research questions of the study were as follows;
1) What is the effect of maintenance practices on performance of ESCOM electricity network?
2) What is the influence of training and management skills on performance of ESCOM electricity
network?
3) What

An Interconnection Of Distributed Generations ( Dgs )
A microgrid is an interconnection of distributed generations (DGs), either a set of dispatchable
generating sources such as, gas turbines and fuel cells or non–dispatchable generators such as, wind
turbines and photovoltaic sources, integrated with electrical and thermal energy storage devices to
meet the customers' local energy needs, operating as a single system and small–scale, on low–
voltage distribution systems providing both power and heat. To ensure that the microgrid is operated
as a single aggregated system and meets power quality, reliability and security standards, power
electronic interfaces and controls need to be applied [1–2]. A microgrid should be capable work in
two modes, grid–connected or islanded. The DGs are usually power electronics interfaced and in the
grid–connected mode of operation, a microgrid is supported by the main grid's voltage and
frequency. In the island mode, the DG control is responsible for frequency regulation. Moreover, the
control is also responsible for managing the active and reactive power contributions of the DG
system, such that the load power is properly shared amongst the DG systems of the microgrid.
Centralized control approaches, however, require remarkable data transfer capacities and reliable
communication links [3], [4] and [5]. As such, they may be suitable for small–scale microgrid in
which the DG systems are close together. For DG systems that are scattered over a large geographic
span, decentralized droop control

Recruitment Of Electrical Engineers For Various Core...
CE 3.1 Introduction
1. Name of the Organization : B3 Brain Behind Brand, Kolkata, W.B, India
2. Title of the Position : Non–IT technical Recruiter
3. Period : 11th February to 21st December, 2013
CE 3.1.1 In this description I am unfolding my role as a technical recruiter focusing on the
recruitment of Electrical engineers for various core engineering companies on behalf of B3.
CE 3.2 Background
CE 3.2.1 B3 is located in Kolkata , West Bengal is a growing manpower consultancy which provides
recruitment solution to various industries in India and overseas. The company provides various
kinds of recruitment solutions to the industries such as, construction and infra–structure, cement
steel, electrical and electronics, manufacturing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And after few selections telephonic interviews would be conducted, of which the pre–technical
round would be conducted by the recruiters and short listed by them. The final technical interview
was taken by another set of technical questions the current position.
CE 3.2.5 The resumes of the selected candidates would be forwarded in the next step .If the
candidates qualifies from the technical round then their resume would be sent to the client for the
selection and so on. It may seem that the need for technical recruiter to have current update in the
engineering domain; however, tertiary knowledge in technical interviewer is as important as the
interviewee. Thus while working for B3, recruiters had to attend technical seminar's, training and
workshops to keep ourselves updated on the latest technical innovations.
CE 3.2.6 Most of the national and overseas clients, hiring graduate engineers were the primary
aspect especially the candidates having adequate knowledge in power sector. As most of the clients
were Middle East based, the need for electrical engineers was the core requirements.
CE 3.3 Personal Engineering Activity
CE 3.3.1 This company consisted of eight recruiters including me. Since I was the technical requite
for

The Request Of Force Is Heightened Within The Realm Of Power
I. INTRODUCTION
The request of force is heightened in the realm of power. This development of interest triggers a
need of more power generation. DG utilizes smaller sized generators than does the ordinary central
station plant. Distributed generators are little scale generators found near purchasers; regularly
Distributed Generators are of 1 kW to 100 MW [1].
Meaning of DG [2].
Distributed generation in straightforward term can be characterized as a small scale generation. It is
an active power generating unit that is connected at distribution level.
IEEE characterizes the generation of power by offices adequately littler than central plants, for the
most part, 10 MW or less, to permit interconnection at about any point in the power system, as
Distributed Resources.
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) characterizes distributed generation as generation from a
couple of kilowatts up to 50 MW.
International Energy Agency (IEA) characterizes DG as "Power generation equipment and system
utilized for the most part at distribution levels and where the power is fundamentally utilized locally
on site".
The International Council on Large Electricity Systems (CIGRE) characterizes DG as generation
that is not midway arranged, halfway dispatched at present, typically connected to the distribution
network, and smaller than 50–100 MW.
These generators are appropriated all through the power system nearer to the load. The DG
penetration in the grid postures new difficulties

Hvc Essay
Advantages and Limitations of HVDC and HVAC Transmission System in the Environment.
1. Effect of Electric Fields
The electric field generated by the HVDC transmission line is a mixture of electrostatic field created
by the line voltage and the field of space charge because the charge generated by corona line. Study
of environmental influence of the electric field around the HVDC transmission line is occur in
Canada and Russia have shown that discomfort to people who usually felt under the HVAC
transmission line is not observed under HVDC line. This discomfort ascends from the release of the
human spark to shrubs, grasses, and other plants. Although emissions also happen under the
influence of an electric field of HVDC transmission line, the disposal is quite rare in contrast to
emissions caused by rise HVAC transmission lines, which may amount to 100 departures per
second. Subjective, the sensations felt by humans standing under HVDC overhead lines usually do
not go beyond electrostatic stimulation of hair on the head of the movement. Such results suggest
that the electrostatic field under HVDC transmission lines is limited and generally not harmful to
humans. A study in Canada found ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then the result is, HVDC online radio interference produced only by positive charged of conductor,
while the HVAC interference produce by the three–phase AC. Weather the conditions have an
adverse impact on online radio interference due to AC and DC. AC line contributes up (decibels) 10
dB improvement in radio interference in the rain, while online radio interference DC decreases
during the rainy day. DC radio interference level may be limited to an acceptable level by limiting
the electric field gradient to around 64 kV / inch. The level of radio interference from HVDC line is
usually 6–8 dB lower than HVAC lines with the same

Abb Company Power And Automation Technology
ABOUT ABB ABB is a multinational corporation headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland operating in
Robotics and mainly in the power and automation technology areas. ABB is one of the largest
engineering companies as well as one of the largest conglomerates in the world. ABB has operations
in around 100 countries, with approximately 150,000 employees in November 2013, and reported
global revenue of $40 billion for 2011. ABB Ltd provides power and automation technologies for
utility and industrial customers worldwide. The company Power Products segment offers
switchgears, circuit breakers, capacitors, surge arresters, cable accessories, high voltage
components, reclosers, fuses, contactors, relays, sensors, motor control centers, ring main units, and
modular systems; and power, traction, distribution, and other special transformers. Its Power
Systems segment provides integrated power and automation solutions; alternating current (AC) and
direct current transmission systems; flexible AC systems technologies; land and submarine cables,
as well as accessories and services for medium–to high–voltage AC and DC systems; air–and gas–
insulated substations; and network management solutions. This segment also offers support
agreements and retrofits, spare parts, service, and training; and consulting services. The company
Discrete Automation and Motion segment provides motors, generators, variable speed drives,
programmable logic controllers, robots and robotics, solar inverters, wind

The Deregulation Of Generation Facilities Essay
INTRODUCTION . Centralization of generation facilities give way to smaller, more distributed
generation partially due to loss of traditional economies of scale.Penetration of distributed
generation across U.S has not yet reached significant levels. However that situation is changing
rapidly, requires attention to issues related to high penetration of distributed generation within the
distribution system.Distributed generation encompasses wide range of prime mover technologies,
such as IC engines, gas turbines, microturbines, photovoltaic, F.C(fuel cell), wind–power. Most
emerging technologies such as micro–turbines, photovoltaic, F.C's, gas internal combustion engines
with permanent magnet generator require an inverter to interface with electrical distribution system,
These emerging technologies have lower emissions, potential to have lower cost negating traditional
economies of scale.All applications include power support at substations, deferral of T&D upgrades,
onsite generating. Indiscriminant application of individual distributed generators can cause as many
problems as it may solve. better way to realize emerging potential of distributed generation is to take
system approach which views generation, associated loads as subsystem or "microgrid". This
approach allows for local control of distributed generation thereby reducing or eliminating need for
central dispatch. During disturbances, generation, corresponding loads can separate from
distribution system to isolate

What Is My Ambition In Ambition Essay
"You need to go one step ahead" a constant thought that incited me to aim/experience/ go for/ take
up higher education. Right from the school days the experiences, knowledge and the learnings have
strongly reinforced my career goals. "Growth is the most important career goal that a person must
look into" I believe. Hence in order to unceasingly grow in my line of work and to serve the society
in best possible way, I desire to pursue my graduate education in electrical.
The fact that there are so many engineers in my family, had inspired me to take up electrical
engineering. Right from childhood I was very engrossed in finding out alternative solutions to real
life problems. Gradually, I started building interest in the logic behind the working ... Show more
I took a gap of 1 year after high school to enter into the institution and get a course of my study
interest. Quality has always been my first priority and I didn't want to compromise for any less than
I deserve. (I don't know if this is to be pointed out.)
I secured All India Rank of 10,044 out of 10 lakh students, in the All India Engineering Entrance
Examination, one of the toughest engineering entrance exams in India. I was fortunate enough to get
admission into one of the most reputed government colleges of India–National Institute of
Technology, Surat.
When I entered college, I realized that I was surrounded by students who were at–least as good as
me. Competition was tough. It first dawned on me when I cleared first semester with a CGPA of
7.94. I started working hard, semester after semester, and that is evident in my gradually increasing
CGPA, which was 8.28 by the end of completion year. I finished my undergraduate with department
rank 14, out of 91

The Construction Of Smart Grid
Introduction:
Improve the efficiency of power supply have become crucial to satisfying the demands of people
increasing day by day in the life and the development of social production. The world has
accelerated the development of smart grid technology and effectively promote the smart power grid.
The Smart grid has become the new trend of the future power grid development [1]. The
construction of smart grid is based on economic development, to meet the needs of people, and it is
the inevitable result of advanced science and technology development to a certain degree. State Grid
Corporation proposed to speed up the construction of high voltage network power grid as the
backbone network, with informatization, automation, interactive of characteristics of the
coordinated development of power at all levels of the strong and smart grid, and strive to achieve the
power grid from the traditional power grid to a high effective, economical, clean and interaction of
modern power grid upgrades and cross, actively promoting clean energy development, focusing on
from generation, transmission, substation, power distribution, power, scheduling, communication
information, seven aspects such as to study the key technology of Intelligent power grid [3]. A Smart
grid includes STG (Smart Transmission Grid) and SDG (Smart Distribution Grid). A lot of literature
introduced smart grid basic concepts and techniques, but per the literature of SDG is relatively
small. Smart Distribution Grid

Case Study Of Schneider Electric
Schneider Electric India Pvt. Ltd is a 100% subsidiary of Schneider Electric industries, a globally
known company whose energy efficient solutions are benefitting major population of the world and
also (( is a global specialist in energy management. )) The company's dynamic performance has
already set a standard in the global market and in India its plan to meet the energy standards as well
as corporate social responsibility is ambitious. Schneider has been in India for more than 50 years
and since inception its focus on sustainability and CSR has been aligned to its business process. In
India the company stepped into its first project with a joint venture between Merlin and Gerin with
Tata sons and Voltas in 1963 and in 1995 it became a 100% ... Show more content on
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The purpose of this policy is to ensure total satisfaction for all of our customers, shareholders and
employees through the continuous development and improvement of products, services and the
skills of our employees. Our policy of dynamic quality is built on seven principals Constantly
listening to our customers to ensure the sustainable improvement of their satisfaction. Commitment
from all levels of management and employees. Openness of communication. Systematic
measurement and communication of performance. Control and improvement of processes, products
and services. Recognition of exemplary actions. Sharing our quality policy with our internal and
external partners. Dynamic quality is planned Specific plans are deployed through our Annual
Quality Assessment and the progress is measured

How Is Voltage Used In Australia
Voltage represents electric potential energy per unit charge. If a unit of electrical charge was placed
in a location, the voltage indicates the potential energy of it at that point. Basically, it is a
measurement of the energy contained within an electric circuit or electric field at a given point.
The voltage used in households in Australia is 230V 50Hz.
How is electricity supplied to homes
Australia is self–sufficient in energy resources for electricity generation. The black coal is used to
supply electricity in New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia, while the brown coal is
used in Victoria. Australia also has hydro centrals, used to produce hydro–electric energy for
Tasmania. States such as South Australia and Northern Territory

Logistics And Operation Of Bts Power System
A. Introduction CE 1.1.1 I joined Grameenphone Ltd. on 25th October 2007 in the Position,
"System Engineer" in Regional Operation & Maintenance Unit under Operations Department of
Technology Division. As a field engineer, I had to move Rangpur, a major city in Bangladesh where
my main objective was to do Preventive Maintenance and Operation of BTS Power System. I
worked there till 30th June 2011. CE 1.1.2 Grameenphone Ltd. is countrywide GSM Network
operator in Bangladesh. Started in 1997, they have the succeeded to have highest number of market
and revenue share. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor (55.8%), the largest
telecommunications service provider in Norway with mobile phone operations in 12 other countries,
and Grameen Telecom Corporation (34.2%), a non–profit organization of Bangladesh. The other
10% shares belong to general retail and institutional investors. B. Background Knowledge base CE
1.2.1 From my child hood my surrounding makes me interested on different kind of tools, uses of
electricity and their basic theorem, different mechanical combination. From my high school, I have
an enthusiasm for science and mathematics. I used to read different science magazine, from which I
always tried to acquire as much knowledge as possible. After finishing my college education with
good result I set my aim to be an engineer and admitted in to Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(EEE) in Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh

Supply Of Good Quality Electrical Power
The customer must be satisfied that a solution to his problem is found getting a secure, safe and
continuous supply of good quality electrical power. The main concerns related to the supplied power
were: that voltage levels were too low and variations too high (i.e. not within ±5% tolerance),
regular power failures, and phase reversal issues on certain days. To address these concerns the
initial plan was to determine if the claims made by the customer were true and then find ways in
which to first address it without the least inconvenience to the customer. I sat down with the Head of
Network and Plant Performance and worked out that I needed to arrange for: Voltage levels to be
measured and adjusted it if possible (by adjusting tap positions on transformers, switching in of
Capacitor banks or voltage regulators), remove unnecessary loading on supply feeders to the Taung
Substation and reconfigure the network where possible to provide alternative paths for load to flow,
measure the three phase load balance and reconfigure connected loads to provide an even spread of
loads across the three phases. If these actions couldn't resolve the problems then proceed with
recruiting a team of subject matter experts to conduct more detailed investigation to ascertain the
physical condition of the Taung Village 11kV feeder, then verify and record what hardware was used
in the construction of the feeder and also the standard to which the structures were build and the
hardware used.

Connecting Frame Of Electrical Equipment
INTRODUCTION
Grounding or earthing explain the concept of connecting frame of electrical equipment (non–current
carrying part) or some electrical part of the system (e.g. neutral point in a star of the system, one
conductor of the secondary of a transformer) with the respect to the earth. In electrical engineering,
ground or earth is the reference point in an electric circuit from which voltage is measured, a
common path for electric current, or direct physical connection to the earth. Bear in mind that this
connection to earth may be through a conductor or some other circuit element which may be;
resistors, circuit breakers depending upon the situation.
In electricity supply system, an earthing (grounding) system defines the electrical potential of the
conductors relative to that of the earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system has
implications for the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply.
Electrical circuit may be connected to ground (earth) for several reasons:
In main powered equipment, exposed metal part are connected to ground to prevent user contact
with dangerous voltage if electrical insulation fails.
Connection to ground limits the build–up static electricity when handling flammable product or
electrostatic–sensitive device.
EARTHING SYSTEMS
Earthing (grounding) system defines the electrical potential of the conductors relative to the earth's
conductive surface. Regulations may be vary considerable between

ABB Organizational Structure
CHAPTER 2: PROFILE OF THE COMPANY
ABB is a multinational organization headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, operating mainly in
robotics and the power and automation technology areas. It ranked 158th in the Forbes Ranking
(2013).
ABB is one of the largest engineering companies as well as one of the largest conglomerates in the
world. ABB has operations in around 100 countries, with approximately 150,000 employees in
November 2013 and reported global revenue of $40 billion for 2011.
ABB is traded on the SIX Swiss Exchange in Zurich and the Stockholm Stock Exchange in Sweden
since 1999, the New York Stock Exchange in the United States since 2001, September 2005 on
London Stock Exchange and in November 2005 on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. ... Show more
The Indian subsidiary of ABB has a market capitalization of over $4 billion.
Organizational structure
ABB is the world's largest builder of electricity grids and is active in many sectors, its core
businesses being in power and automation technologies. The company has one corporate division
and five production divisions since reorganization in January 2010. ABB is one of the few large
companies that have successfully implemented the matrix structure in their organization.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_Group, 2015)
1. Corporate and Other
The Corporate and Other department of ABB deals with the overall management and functioning of
the company as well as asset management and investment. It supports

Modern Distributed Power System Concepts

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