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Essay On Load Shedding
To overcome problem of load shedding and making generating units available at the time of peak load and when there is shortage for the supply of
gas a lot of work has been done before. Different approach has been used to make maximum gas available to the generators. For that separate
modeling of the gas network has been done [1]. Studies tell us that there are differences between natural gas transmission system and electrical
system. Natural gas is the primary form of energy that we get straight form gas field whereas electrical energy is a secondary source of energy and is
what we get after we transform energy from primary source. Since natural gas is the primary source we must transfer it forms its source to make it
available to its...show more content...
The problem formulation in reference [4] was done as follows:
1)Power balance
2)Hourly generation bids
3)Must on area protection constraints
4)System spinning and operating reserve requirements
5)Minimum up and down time limits
6)Ramp rate limits
7)Startup and shutdown characteristics of units
8)Fuel and multiple emission constraints
9)Transmission flow and bus voltage limits
10)Load shedding and bilateral constraints
11)Limits on state and control variables
12)Scheduled outages
To obtain the optimal solution various method such as dynamic programming, Lagrangian relaxation, mixed integer programing, and expert system
were used. But mainly they worked on dynamic programming and Lagrangian relaxation and to deal with mixed integers they used mixed integer
programing, Benders decomposition were also used to solve the two stage UC problem. Where after solving the unit commitment problem for
generators when we check for the feasibility of transmission system and if the transmission system is not feasible then using benders cuts will be
generated and this bender's cut will be added to the master UC problem. To solve a unit commitment problem with AC constraints it creates a very
complex problem which needs lots of method to linearize the system which lead to an approximate solution.
A simpler way is
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Renewable Energy
It is easy to see the environmental and economic advantages of using the sustainable sources of energy but we must also consider all the disadvantages.
One disadvantage of the renewable energy is that it's difficult to generate the same amount of electricity that are as large as those produced by
traditional sources of energy, such as fossil fuel and coal powder plants generators. This may means that either we need to reduce the amount of energy
we use or we need to set up more such facilities to balance with the world's growing demand.
An other disadvantage of renewable energy is the reliability of supply. Renewable energy generally relies upon the weather for its sources of power.
Hydro–generators need a source of falling water or rain. Wind turbines rely on wind to turn the blades and solar panels need clear sky and sunshine.
When weather doesn't provide these kinds of climate conditions, it's impossible for renewable energy sources make energy from them. Government of
many countries have adopted comprehensive policy frameworks at national level to...show more content...
Although the price for installing Solar Powers Systems is high, in the future years solar panels have potential not only return on their investment, but to
save you significant amounts of money by not paying for electricity bills. Solar Panels or cells use photovoltaic effect to convert the energy of light
directly to electricity. Solar cells are constructed from a semiconductor material, that is usually silicon. Each solar cell contain many electrons. The
electrons are not able to carry an electrical charge in their natural state. Photons are being delivered within the suns rays, and when these photons reach
the electrons, the electrons are turned into conduction electrons, what means that they are able to carry electrical charge to the
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Current Technology on Winding Linear Generators Abstract
This paper is an overview of the materials and winding technology that is currently used on today's linear generators. It contains information on the
types of wire used as well as the epoxy used to hold the coil windings in place. Furthermore, it contains information on the possible orientations that the
coils can have with respect to the permanent magnets.
Introduction
Linear generators/motors have been around since the early 1900's with one of the first written references being in regard to Birkeland's Cannon, then
described as a tubular motor but is more accurately described as a reluctance motor. 1
Today linear generators/motors have more widespread, not to...show more content...
In the following examples the coil wires are shown to be perpendicular to the motion of the permanent magnet. The flux in the coils changes direction
as the permanent magnet passes through the coils in the Sandia Alternator Design. This change in flux with respect to time as well as direction induces
current in the coils in both directions.5
Another method for winding the coils involves the use of several separate coils connected by two bus wires. 6 Current is induced in the individual coils
as the permanent magnet and then routed to the output via the two bus wires.6
Epoxy Resins for Windings
The windings on the linear generator are almost always coated with some sort of epoxy similar to. This accomplishes two things: the first is to
secure the windings in place and the second is to provide for additional insulation. The windings need to be secured in order to prevent the wires from
separating due to the forces that each wire exerts on the other wires that surround it. This force is due to the current that passes through it. The
following is an explanation (found on Rare Earth Magnets.com) of the forces created by electricity flowing through a wire:
"The magnetic field force produced by a current–carrying wire can be greatly increased by shaping the wire into a coil instead of a straight line. If
wound in a coil shape,
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Electrical Power Of Ac Generators
Introduction
Power lines are cables that carry electrical power (Google definitions 2015). This electrical power is generated by Eskom, an electrical energy supplier
company, and carried via the power lines to many areas around the country.
To be able to produce so much current to the whole of country, AC generators are normally used (Horner, Davies & Toerien 2012). A generator is a
device that turns mechanical energy into electrical energy (Olivier 2015). A generator is usually either AC( alternating–current) or DC( direct current).
An AC basic principle is that the coil rotates mechanically in a uniform magnetic field; this magnetic field then induces an electrical field. Due to a
part of the coil always being connected to the same slip ring and brush it can be said that the brush is sometimes negative and sometimes positive
(Olivier 2015).
Although it's easier and cheaper to use AC generators one must take into consideration the health hazard that accompanies the use of power lines that
transports this alternating current.
Investigation Question
Is there a health hazard that accompanies the use if power lines in residential areas?
Hypothesis
The use of power lines in residential areas can be seen as a health hazard.
Literature Review
Source A: (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2014)
Is there a link between EMFs and health
This source explains that EMF ( electric and magnetic fields) are invisible forms
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The Stolen Generations
Introduction
The Stolen Generations are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who, when they were children, were taken away from their families and
communities as the result of past government policies. Children were removed by governments, churches and welfare bodies to be brought–up in
institutions, fostered out or adopted by white families.
The removal of Aboriginal children took place from the early days of British colonisation in Australia. It broke important cultural, spiritual and family
ties and has left a lasting and intergenerational impact on the lives and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
Methodology
In this report different source of references used to collect data which include a Governmental issued report, facts and figures from an organisation's
website and reading of newspaper articles written on related topic. All the data gathered is from authentic governmental documents, organisation
research and well known author's newspaper article.
Findings – Facts and figures
How Sorry We Are
Records about the Stolen Generations and their families were kept by governments, as well as by churches and missions. Record keepers all over
Australia hold a vast amount of records about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people but over time some have been lost due to fires, floods and
poor record management. Lost records and changes to government departments can make it very difficult for Stolen Generations to trace family
connections.
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Wind Energy : Wind Power
Wind energy is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electricity. Wind power has been used as long as
humans have put sails into the wind. Wind power is an alternative to burning fossils, is plentiful, renewable, clean, produces no greenhouse gas
emissions during operation, consumes no water, and uses little , or barely any land. Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from
year to year, but it has significant variation over shorter time scales. It is used with other electrical power resources to give a reliable supply. The
first windmill used for the production of electricity was built in Scotland in July 1887 by Professor James Blyth of Anderson's College. The
development of of electric power caused wind power to find new applications in lighting buildings remote from centrally generated power. Awind farm
is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of electricity. A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind
turbines distributed over an extended area, but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purpose. The Gansu Wind Farm is
the largest wind farm in the world, it has several thousand turbines. A wind farm may also be located offshore. Almost all large wind turbines have the
same design, a horizontal axis wind turbine having an upwind rotor with three blades, attached to a nacelle on top of a tall tubular tower. Offshore
wind power refers to
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Automatic Sentence Generator
AUTOMATIC SENTENCE GENERATOR SYSTEM FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION APPLICATIONS. JosГ© Luciano Maldonado. Universidad de
Los Andes, FACES, NГєcleo La Liria, edificio G, piso 1, Instituto de EstadГstica Aplicada y ComputaciГіn, IEAC, MГ©rida, Venezuela.
luzmalvy@telcel.net.ve maldonaj@faces.ula.ve Abstract. We describe an experimental computer program which can generate sentences automatically.
To do so, models are first created based on contexts of interest. These models incorporate word histories that are detected in a context dependent
training set of sentences. Not only will we be able to automatically generate sentences associated with the theme being modeled, but we will also be
able to help recognize phrases and sentences. In other words, this...show more content...
The training or modeling of the context consists basically of the search, coding and saving of the occurrence of contiguous word histories
corresponding to the sentences and paragraphs of the training corpus. We create coded blocks of word histories. The words in the histories are coded
by way of whole numbers. In figure 2, we give an idea of how we code the histories in the training corpus. The first word that appears in the first training
corpus (recall that we can work incrementally with various corpus) is assigned the number 1, then, the next different word is assigned the number 2,
and so on. The nth different word is assigned the number n. text to whole numbers histories of two words the origin ...................... ......................
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... the origin of ...................... ...................... ......................
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 9 10 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 9 10 11
.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. text to whole numbers histories
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Much of today's world relies almost entirely on the power of electricity to remain functional. From making a cup of coffee in the morning to brushing
our teeth in the evening, our daily activities are dependent on the incredible power that electricity provides. Needless to say, a world without electricity
would change our lives drastically. Growing up in a world of energy has made us accustomed to the luxuries that electricity provides, and I personally
feel as though I have become reliant on these luxuries physically, socially, and even mentally.
A life without electricity today would pose a variety of new challenges. Many of the mundane activities I perform daily are reliant on electricity. I rely
on its power to accomplish basic tasks that are necessary for survival. In this way, I have developed a physical reliance on electricity and its power.
Electricity has given us the luxury of microwaves, refrigerators, and electric stoves to name a few. These appliances which I have becomes so
accustomed to have made it increasingly simple to acquire sustenance. In fact, acquiring food has never been a major priority in my life. Refrigerators
and freezers ensure that I can always find something substantial to eat without having to leave the comfort of my house. When it is time to restock on
food, the grocery is only ever a short trip away, providing a vast variety of options that are kept fresh thanks to electricity. Living without electricity,
would without a doubt face me with
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Minecraft Essay
Minecraft is a game where the player uses their imagination to shape the world around them using the resources they find. In the world everything is
shaped like a block or a cube, this includes the trees, the dirt, the water, the clouds, even the sun, everything. This simple game hasn't even been
released yet but has already sold over one million copies. Minecraft was created by one man, Markus "Notch" Persson, and this is his story. What
makes the story of Minecraft so unique is that it was created by Notch and only Notch. Notch had a job before Minecraft, working on games for a
company. He started to work on Minecraft in his free time but after a giant popularity spike he realized that it could be a hit, so he quit his job and began
...show more content...
The game sells around 10,000 copies per day. It has become a cultural phenomenon and on January 12, 2011 sales passed the one million mark, but
they continued to rise. With popularity increasing, big name comics like "Penny Arcade" and "Hejibits" discovered the game too and published
comic strips about minecraft, leading to even further sales. Minecraft makes $250,000 a day and continues to do so. On June 13, 2011, Minecraft
passed 2.5 million sales. Today Mojang has 10 employees. Markus Persson, Jens Bergensten, Daniel Kaplan, Junkboy, Jakob Porser, Carl Manneh,
Tobias Mollstam, Aron Neiminen, Daniel Frisk, and Daniel Rosenfeld. These few people make up the team that continues to work towards
Minecraft's future. But with so few employees things take time. Even though the game has not been officially released, people who buy the game
get a copy of what it is right now as the updates are being pushed out. With such success Mojang is the target of some heavy criticism from blogs,
critics, and even their own fans. One speculation from fans is that Minecraft will be the company's 1 hit wonder. What happens if it truly is a one hit
wonder? Will the company go down under? Will it be the end of Mojang? Will they join a publisher in order to stay afloat and lose their title of
"indie?" Another speculation concerns Mojang's next game that has absolutely nothing to do with Minecraft, not even in the same genre. What if
nobody likes the game? What
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4.4 Types of Wind Generators
Various types of generators that are used for wind power generation are induction generators and synchronous generators. In this section a brief review
of different types of generators including their advantages and disadvantages are presented.
Generators suitable for Constant speed turbines:
пЃ¶Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) Generators suitable for variable speed turbines:
пЃ¶Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
пЃ¶Permanent Magnet synchronous Generator (PMSG).
4.4.1 Induction Generators
The induction machine is a well–established technology, as its application as a wind generator, using a gear drive to a generator with a low number of
poles. In general, because of its small air–gap, the induction...show more content...
Therefore, they may increase the maintenance cost. Another solution to improve the power factor is to insert a power converter in series with the
armature circuit. In this way, full control is obtained over the induction generator performance, but at the cost of a converter capable of handling the
full power of the generator.
4.4.1.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Generator
A squirrel cage induction generator is an asynchronous machine, with a squirrel cage rotor and stator, which is directly connected to the grid. Thewind
turbine rotor will be directly coupled to the generator through a gearbox, which matches the rotational speed of blades with that of the generator.
Essentially this is a constant speed wind turbine because the power converted from the wind is limited by designing the turbine rotor in such a way that
its efficiency decreases under high wind speeds. Induction generator is the most common generator in wind energy systems because of its simplicity,
ruggedness, low maintenance and low cost. The main drawback in induction generator is its consumption of reactive power for producing the real
power. The VAR compensation can be done with the help of fixed capacitance connected near the Induction generator. The fixed capacitance method of
VAR compensation is generally done when the torque applied to the induction generator is constant. In practice, most wind farms have fixed capacitor
banks installed to fulfill
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Generators–Primary Cooling Water Circuit functioning :
In order to distinguish the treated water from the secondary coolant (raw water, condensator etc.) it is named as primary water because it is used for
cooling stator winding, phase connectors and bushings . The secondary cooling absorbs the heat from the primary cooler when water is circulated in
a closed circuit by the primary water cooler. The pump is supplied with in primary water cooler. Water is supplied to the flow paths of the generator by
supplying it to the primary water tank i.e by supplying it to tht primary water cooler through the pump.
Flow path I :
Stator winding is cooled by Flow path I . This flow path passes through the stator bars via insulated barbefor this it passes through the water manifold on
the exciter end of the generator which is connected to thestatus bars by a separate hose.Cooling water flows through hollow strands inside the bars. At
the turbine end, the water return to the primary water tank which comes from another water manifold which in turn comes from the similar
hoses.Minimum temperature rise is obtained for both the bars and the coolers because the water folw is single pass through the stator. Movements are
relatively minimised which are caused due to the different thermal expansions between the bottom and the top bars.
Flow Path II :
Phase connectors and the Bushings are cooled by Flow Path II . The cooling water is circulated through the thick walled copper tubes of the
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Working of Wind Turbines
There are a large number of literatures available on the study conducted to improve the working of wind turbines. Some of these researches have been
implemented practically while others are still in experimental phase. A literature was prepared by Md. Mahfouz Sarwar, Nazia Nawshin, Muhammad
Ali Imam and Mohammad Mashudon on "A new approach to improve the performance of an existing small wind turbine by using Diffuser." They have
studied the improved effect of diffuser on the performance of a small wind turbine system. They have analyzed two hollow structures: Nozzle and
Diffuser. Also by experimental setup they have proved that the wind speed in diffuser was greatly influenced by diffuser open angle, and speed
increases near the inlet region of it.
3.1 Selection of Diffuser Shape
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET) had done smoke–wire analysis on two types of hollow–structure models, a nozzle and a
diffuser. The experiments revealed that a diffuser–shaped structure can accelerate the wind at the entrance of the body. They examined the inner flow of
two typical hollow structures, namely a nozzle–type model that reduces the inside cross section and a diffuser type model that expand the inside cross
section downstream. The diffuser model has a remarkable effect on the collection and acceleration of the approaching wind. It has been found that the
wind tends to avoid the nozzle type model, while the wind flows into the diffuser type model as it is inhaled.
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Have you ever wonder how Large Scale Generators work? Let's start with their history, the first Large Scale Generators was invented around August,
1895, the way it worked was with water being diverted through a pair of high–speed turbines that coupled to two 5,000 horsepower generators. But
before even that happened it all started from discoveries and inventions made years before in regards to the generation and transportation of electricity.
Michael Faraday; an English scientist help discover the diamagnetism, electrolysis and electromagnetic induction. Faraday was humble, since he was a
kid, he took an interest in energy and forced. Around 1832–1832, Faraday had an idea that an electromotive force is generated in an electrical
conductor which in fact encircles a magnetic flux, and was later called after him "Faraday's Law".
A lot of inventions happened during that time, for instance; the first electrical generator capable of delivering enough power to industry which was
called "Dynamo"; it consisted in rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a direct electric current. At the very
beginning Generators were built at the places where the power was more in demand, especially since there was no energy companies that operated
the power grid like we do now a days. Later on around the 1870's, other many inventors started using Faraday's principle to generate electricity
mechanically. There after two kinds of generators were created, one was
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Music in Generations Essay
All music has changed tremendously throughout the years. Each generation has several specific songs that defines that generation. Every song has
different lyrics that describe the emotions that the artists are feeling. The songs connect to each individual in many different ways. Lyrics to a song is
what makes music wonderful. Each song touches someone through ways like teaching a life lesson or touching your heart. Every generation has music
that impacts the world by motivating people to do certain things or defines a person's personality. Each generation has music that defines the
generation. When music is created, it integrates the cultural and emotional situations that occur in everyday life. People create dances to the...show more
content...
This generation has obtained a tremendous amount of accessible information through technology. Technology has progressed during this generation
which has corrupted the minds of teens everywhere. Since technology has become a huge factor in generation y's lives, the technology for music has
transformed as well. Just in generation y's period of time, the way to obtain music advanced from cassettes to downloading or pirating music. When
someone wanted to purchase a song, they would have to buy the whole cassette or cd. In reality, they spent way too much just to listen to that one or
two songs. Technology has created a way that people can buy or steal songs. Without technology generation y would be lost, technology helps music
define a generation. Generations before generation y think that television, music videos, and music in general has affected the kids in generation y.
Trends and habits are formed by listening or watching. Music has wonderful and meaningful effects on different people depending on how the music
is retained. Music videos affect generations differently because each generation has a different outlook and opinion on the lyrics. Each teen or adult
reacts to music videos differently. Most songs and music videos incorporate love along with heart breaks, life scenarios, money and the different styles
of life. Our generation's music is considered to be one of the best generations of
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Woke Essay Examples
Anugraha Joy
Professor Crawford
English 101
October 2, 2016
Essay 1 What does it mean to be "woke"? People who have no idea what the word "woke" mean by now are probably not woke. And many who are
using it are not using it right. Most of us are just seeing it as a new trending slang, but it is much more than that. The word is worth lives. Woke is
awareness about community issues and confronting social injustices, such as racial inequality. The term is commonly used to refer to the persistence of
racism in America. The Black Lives Matter movement is credited with popularizing the term as the rallying cry of racial injustice happened to blacks
in the past, is happening to them in present, and to prevent that from happening in the future. This should be the end. In the future, we don't want to see
what's happening to the black kids today happening to anyone "I have a six–year–old son, and I...show more content...
It's not wishing that all these social injustices didn't happen, It's not sitting on your sofa thinking about a peaceful country, or writing an essay about
woke and just sitting there half asleep doing nothing. It's "wanting everyone to know correct you are" (Hess). It is fighting down these immoral
happenings in reality. You only win in this when you bring it on to other people "why black lives matter?" When you make someone realize how it
feels when you lose your friend, or your sister, or make those officers realize what they have done wrong, and take proper actions for what they have
done, that's "woke". But that's not what's been happening to our country, there has been no justice for the unarmed black people, brutally killed by the
police. It doesn't look like our government is doing anything about it. Just being able to change a racist person's mindset is being woke because that's
"waking up" someone from those social injustices they have been doing to the
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Money as a Motivator
Some people argue that money is a main motivator through business and job opportunity, but is not always completely true as there are others factors
to considers such as working conditions, environment and the peoples we work with. This essay discuss the arguments that are both for and against
money being the key motivator in Singapore.
In most organisation, money is often seen as a prime motivator for employee in the government and corporate sectors. It empowers them to perform
better and contribute to the organisation objective goals and productivity, however, following the shifting of economic conditions and social values,
people's desire is dramatically changing. Most employee may feel that they are affected by internal and external...show more content...
The productivity or added value of the unit is the ultimate output measure and this is a fair reflection of a employee's ability to gain results through
people.
The best people to judge how effectively a leader is leading are the followers, hence the strong emphasis on behavioural assessments, based on
capability frameworks and 360Ð’Ñ” feedback. The resulting summary of perceptions is also an output measure of leadership effectiveness, since the
style and behaviour of leaders will affect morale and motivation. Good systems of feedback will give more than a mere evaluation, but through open
comments offer examples that enable individuals to relate to the reality of how they are seen.
Conditions to maximise motivation
To determine how much an employee motivated in the organisation culture and working environment, a simple survey can be an effective tool for
measuring the factors between organisation and employee's understanding.
1.Do I know what is expected of me at work?
2.Do I have the materials and equipment I need to do my work right?
3.At work, do I have the opportunity to do what I do best every day?
4.In the last seven days have I received recognition or praise for good work? 5.Does my supervisor, or someone at work, seem to care about me as
person? 6.Is there someone at work who encourages my development?
7.At work, do my opinions count?
8.Does the mission/purpose of my company make me feel that my work is important?
9.Are my co–workers committed to doing
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Life Is A Daring Adventure Essay
This is a very famous quote by Helen Keller, "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing."
It all started by the relaxed and casual talks between my father and his best friends. I was elated to know that we were going for a vacation with five
other families. That time, I had entered my 7th Year but I can still recall the experience, I had during my Diwali vacations with my family friends as
we visited some thrilling, exciting and daring places in Sikkim & Darjeeling. The eastern parts of India have a refreshing and calm atmosphere with a
pollution free environment.
We began by traveling to Delhi and thereafter from Delhi we took a flight to Bagdogra. We had an exquisite travel to Sikkim by car where we stayed
for 2–3 days and went to all the distinctive places of nearby areas. Sikkim is a fairly compact city which is bordered by Bhutan, Tibet and Nepal
and it is a place of landscape and scenic beauty. The atmosphere of Sikkim was a little bit chilling but was very calm. In Sikkim, we visited Rumtek
Monastery which is ancient Gompa, where we saw the lifestyles of Buddhist. We visited Tshangu lake and Baba Harbhajan Singh Memorial Temple
which is popular because Baba Harbhajan...show more content...
Rafting was a real adventure. When we reached the end place we all were playing in the water when suddenly one of my aunt's leg hurt with a fish
hook at the bank of river. But doing rafting was a wonderful and dangerous adventure. Rafting in the river was very remarkable and pleasant as
initially I felt very scared but after some time I thought it was a savouring moment. We also went to Mirik that is Indo–Nepal Border. Mirik is a
picturesque tourist spot nestled in the serene hills of Darjeeling. Mirik has become a popular tourist destination for its atmosphere, characteristic
magnificence and easy
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Ac Generators and Motors
AC Generators and Motors Course No: E03–008 Credit: 3 PDH A. Bhatia Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony
Point, NY 10980 P: (877) 322–5800 F: (877) 322–4774 info@cedengineering.com CHAPTER 3 ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATORS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Describe the principle of magnetic induction as it applies to ac
generators. 2. Describe the differences between the two basic types of ac generators. 3. List the advantages and disadvantages of the two types of ac
generators. 4. Describe exciter generators within alternators; discuss construction and purpose. 5. Compare the types of rotors used in ac generators,
and the applications of each type to...show more content...
ROTATING–FIELD ALTERNATORS The rotating
–field alternator has a stationary armature winding and a rotating–field winding as shown in figure
3–1, view B The advantage of having a stationary armature winding is that the generated voltage can be connected directly to the load. A rotating
armature requires slip rings and brushes to conduct the current from the armature to the load. The armature, brushes, and slip rings are difficult to
insulate, and arc–overs and short circuits can result at high voltages. For this reason, high–voltage alternators are usually of the rotating–field type.
Since the voltage applied to the rotating field is low voltage dc, the problem of high voltage arc–over at the slip rings does not exist. The stationary
armature, or stator, of this type of alternator holds the windings that are cut by the rotating magnetic field. The voltage generated in the armature as a
result of this cutting action is the ac power that will be applied to the load. 3–3 The stators of all rotating–field alternators are about the same. The
stator consists of a laminated iron core with the armature windings embedded in this core as shown in figure 3–2. The core is secured to the stator
frame. Figure 3–2.–Stationary armature windings. Q2. What is the part of an alternator in which the output voltage is generated? Q3. What are the two
basic types of alternators? Q4. What is the main advantage of the rotating field alternator? PRACTICAL ALTERNATORS
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The Pros And Cons Of The Seebeck Effect
Energy loss is a problem encountered in every industrial process and everyday technology take power stations for example. Electricity is generated by
heat engines by which gas or steam powered turbines convert the heat to mechanical energy then into electricity, however 70% of this energy is lost as
heat energy. Similarly in all electronics devices energy is lost through heat.
So we know that electricity creates heat mainly because or electrical devices warm up during its use. But imagine how useful it would be to generate
electricity from this heat created, in other words using this lost energy which is in the form of heat to generate electricity so eventually you'd be using
every bit of energy to generate electric power. This objective can be reached by applying the Seebeck Effect.
The seebeck effect is a phenomenon by which a temperature difference between two conductors or semiconductors of...show more content...
It all started in 1981 when a German physicist called Thomas Johann Seebeck accidently found that a compass magnet would deflect when a circuit
with two different metals with different temperature junction. He concluded that that there is an induced electric current in the circuit that deflected the
magnet according to ampere's law. So the voltage that was due to the difference in temperature drives the current in a closed circuit.
In order To measure this voltage, a second conductor material which generates a different voltage under the same temperature gradient must be used.
Otherwise, if the same material is used for measurement, the voltage generated by the measuring conductor would simply cancel that of the first
conductor. The voltage difference generated by the two materials can then be measured and related to the corresponding temperature gradient. It is thus
clear that, based on Seebeck's principle; thermocouples can only measure temperature differences and need a known reference temperature to yield the
absolute
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Essay On Load Shedding

  • 1. Essay On Load Shedding To overcome problem of load shedding and making generating units available at the time of peak load and when there is shortage for the supply of gas a lot of work has been done before. Different approach has been used to make maximum gas available to the generators. For that separate modeling of the gas network has been done [1]. Studies tell us that there are differences between natural gas transmission system and electrical system. Natural gas is the primary form of energy that we get straight form gas field whereas electrical energy is a secondary source of energy and is what we get after we transform energy from primary source. Since natural gas is the primary source we must transfer it forms its source to make it available to its...show more content... The problem formulation in reference [4] was done as follows: 1)Power balance 2)Hourly generation bids 3)Must on area protection constraints 4)System spinning and operating reserve requirements 5)Minimum up and down time limits 6)Ramp rate limits 7)Startup and shutdown characteristics of units 8)Fuel and multiple emission constraints 9)Transmission flow and bus voltage limits 10)Load shedding and bilateral constraints 11)Limits on state and control variables 12)Scheduled outages To obtain the optimal solution various method such as dynamic programming, Lagrangian relaxation, mixed integer programing, and expert system were used. But mainly they worked on dynamic programming and Lagrangian relaxation and to deal with mixed integers they used mixed integer programing, Benders decomposition were also used to solve the two stage UC problem. Where after solving the unit commitment problem for generators when we check for the feasibility of transmission system and if the transmission system is not feasible then using benders cuts will be generated and this bender's cut will be added to the master UC problem. To solve a unit commitment problem with AC constraints it creates a very complex problem which needs lots of method to linearize the system which lead to an approximate solution. A simpler way is
  • 2. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 3. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Renewable Energy It is easy to see the environmental and economic advantages of using the sustainable sources of energy but we must also consider all the disadvantages. One disadvantage of the renewable energy is that it's difficult to generate the same amount of electricity that are as large as those produced by traditional sources of energy, such as fossil fuel and coal powder plants generators. This may means that either we need to reduce the amount of energy we use or we need to set up more such facilities to balance with the world's growing demand. An other disadvantage of renewable energy is the reliability of supply. Renewable energy generally relies upon the weather for its sources of power. Hydro–generators need a source of falling water or rain. Wind turbines rely on wind to turn the blades and solar panels need clear sky and sunshine. When weather doesn't provide these kinds of climate conditions, it's impossible for renewable energy sources make energy from them. Government of many countries have adopted comprehensive policy frameworks at national level to...show more content... Although the price for installing Solar Powers Systems is high, in the future years solar panels have potential not only return on their investment, but to save you significant amounts of money by not paying for electricity bills. Solar Panels or cells use photovoltaic effect to convert the energy of light directly to electricity. Solar cells are constructed from a semiconductor material, that is usually silicon. Each solar cell contain many electrons. The electrons are not able to carry an electrical charge in their natural state. Photons are being delivered within the suns rays, and when these photons reach the electrons, the electrons are turned into conduction electrons, what means that they are able to carry electrical charge to the Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 4. Current Technology on Winding Linear Generators Abstract This paper is an overview of the materials and winding technology that is currently used on today's linear generators. It contains information on the types of wire used as well as the epoxy used to hold the coil windings in place. Furthermore, it contains information on the possible orientations that the coils can have with respect to the permanent magnets. Introduction Linear generators/motors have been around since the early 1900's with one of the first written references being in regard to Birkeland's Cannon, then described as a tubular motor but is more accurately described as a reluctance motor. 1 Today linear generators/motors have more widespread, not to...show more content... In the following examples the coil wires are shown to be perpendicular to the motion of the permanent magnet. The flux in the coils changes direction as the permanent magnet passes through the coils in the Sandia Alternator Design. This change in flux with respect to time as well as direction induces current in the coils in both directions.5 Another method for winding the coils involves the use of several separate coils connected by two bus wires. 6 Current is induced in the individual coils as the permanent magnet and then routed to the output via the two bus wires.6 Epoxy Resins for Windings The windings on the linear generator are almost always coated with some sort of epoxy similar to. This accomplishes two things: the first is to secure the windings in place and the second is to provide for additional insulation. The windings need to be secured in order to prevent the wires from separating due to the forces that each wire exerts on the other wires that surround it. This force is due to the current that passes through it. The following is an explanation (found on Rare Earth Magnets.com) of the forces created by electricity flowing through a wire: "The magnetic field force produced by a current–carrying wire can be greatly increased by shaping the wire into a coil instead of a straight line. If
  • 5. wound in a coil shape, Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 6. Electrical Power Of Ac Generators Introduction Power lines are cables that carry electrical power (Google definitions 2015). This electrical power is generated by Eskom, an electrical energy supplier company, and carried via the power lines to many areas around the country. To be able to produce so much current to the whole of country, AC generators are normally used (Horner, Davies & Toerien 2012). A generator is a device that turns mechanical energy into electrical energy (Olivier 2015). A generator is usually either AC( alternating–current) or DC( direct current). An AC basic principle is that the coil rotates mechanically in a uniform magnetic field; this magnetic field then induces an electrical field. Due to a part of the coil always being connected to the same slip ring and brush it can be said that the brush is sometimes negative and sometimes positive (Olivier 2015). Although it's easier and cheaper to use AC generators one must take into consideration the health hazard that accompanies the use of power lines that transports this alternating current. Investigation Question Is there a health hazard that accompanies the use if power lines in residential areas? Hypothesis The use of power lines in residential areas can be seen as a health hazard. Literature Review Source A: (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2014) Is there a link between EMFs and health This source explains that EMF ( electric and magnetic fields) are invisible forms
  • 7. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 8. The Stolen Generations Introduction The Stolen Generations are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who, when they were children, were taken away from their families and communities as the result of past government policies. Children were removed by governments, churches and welfare bodies to be brought–up in institutions, fostered out or adopted by white families. The removal of Aboriginal children took place from the early days of British colonisation in Australia. It broke important cultural, spiritual and family ties and has left a lasting and intergenerational impact on the lives and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Methodology In this report different source of references used to collect data which include a Governmental issued report, facts and figures from an organisation's website and reading of newspaper articles written on related topic. All the data gathered is from authentic governmental documents, organisation research and well known author's newspaper article. Findings – Facts and figures How Sorry We Are Records about the Stolen Generations and their families were kept by governments, as well as by churches and missions. Record keepers all over Australia hold a vast amount of records about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people but over time some have been lost due to fires, floods and poor record management. Lost records and changes to government departments can make it very difficult for Stolen Generations to trace family connections. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 9. Wind Energy : Wind Power Wind energy is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electricity. Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind. Wind power is an alternative to burning fossils, is plentiful, renewable, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, consumes no water, and uses little , or barely any land. Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year to year, but it has significant variation over shorter time scales. It is used with other electrical power resources to give a reliable supply. The first windmill used for the production of electricity was built in Scotland in July 1887 by Professor James Blyth of Anderson's College. The development of of electric power caused wind power to find new applications in lighting buildings remote from centrally generated power. Awind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of electricity. A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines distributed over an extended area, but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purpose. The Gansu Wind Farm is the largest wind farm in the world, it has several thousand turbines. A wind farm may also be located offshore. Almost all large wind turbines have the same design, a horizontal axis wind turbine having an upwind rotor with three blades, attached to a nacelle on top of a tall tubular tower. Offshore wind power refers to Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 10. Automatic Sentence Generator AUTOMATIC SENTENCE GENERATOR SYSTEM FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION APPLICATIONS. JosГ© Luciano Maldonado. Universidad de Los Andes, FACES, NГєcleo La Liria, edificio G, piso 1, Instituto de EstadГstica Aplicada y ComputaciГіn, IEAC, MГ©rida, Venezuela. luzmalvy@telcel.net.ve maldonaj@faces.ula.ve Abstract. We describe an experimental computer program which can generate sentences automatically. To do so, models are first created based on contexts of interest. These models incorporate word histories that are detected in a context dependent training set of sentences. Not only will we be able to automatically generate sentences associated with the theme being modeled, but we will also be able to help recognize phrases and sentences. In other words, this...show more content... The training or modeling of the context consists basically of the search, coding and saving of the occurrence of contiguous word histories corresponding to the sentences and paragraphs of the training corpus. We create coded blocks of word histories. The words in the histories are coded by way of whole numbers. In figure 2, we give an idea of how we code the histories in the training corpus. The first word that appears in the first training corpus (recall that we can work incrementally with various corpus) is assigned the number 1, then, the next different word is assigned the number 2, and so on. The nth different word is assigned the number n. text to whole numbers histories of two words the origin ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... the origin of ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 9 10 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 9 10 11 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. text to whole numbers histories Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 11. Much of today's world relies almost entirely on the power of electricity to remain functional. From making a cup of coffee in the morning to brushing our teeth in the evening, our daily activities are dependent on the incredible power that electricity provides. Needless to say, a world without electricity would change our lives drastically. Growing up in a world of energy has made us accustomed to the luxuries that electricity provides, and I personally feel as though I have become reliant on these luxuries physically, socially, and even mentally. A life without electricity today would pose a variety of new challenges. Many of the mundane activities I perform daily are reliant on electricity. I rely on its power to accomplish basic tasks that are necessary for survival. In this way, I have developed a physical reliance on electricity and its power. Electricity has given us the luxury of microwaves, refrigerators, and electric stoves to name a few. These appliances which I have becomes so accustomed to have made it increasingly simple to acquire sustenance. In fact, acquiring food has never been a major priority in my life. Refrigerators and freezers ensure that I can always find something substantial to eat without having to leave the comfort of my house. When it is time to restock on food, the grocery is only ever a short trip away, providing a vast variety of options that are kept fresh thanks to electricity. Living without electricity, would without a doubt face me with Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 12. Minecraft Essay Minecraft is a game where the player uses their imagination to shape the world around them using the resources they find. In the world everything is shaped like a block or a cube, this includes the trees, the dirt, the water, the clouds, even the sun, everything. This simple game hasn't even been released yet but has already sold over one million copies. Minecraft was created by one man, Markus "Notch" Persson, and this is his story. What makes the story of Minecraft so unique is that it was created by Notch and only Notch. Notch had a job before Minecraft, working on games for a company. He started to work on Minecraft in his free time but after a giant popularity spike he realized that it could be a hit, so he quit his job and began ...show more content... The game sells around 10,000 copies per day. It has become a cultural phenomenon and on January 12, 2011 sales passed the one million mark, but they continued to rise. With popularity increasing, big name comics like "Penny Arcade" and "Hejibits" discovered the game too and published comic strips about minecraft, leading to even further sales. Minecraft makes $250,000 a day and continues to do so. On June 13, 2011, Minecraft passed 2.5 million sales. Today Mojang has 10 employees. Markus Persson, Jens Bergensten, Daniel Kaplan, Junkboy, Jakob Porser, Carl Manneh, Tobias Mollstam, Aron Neiminen, Daniel Frisk, and Daniel Rosenfeld. These few people make up the team that continues to work towards Minecraft's future. But with so few employees things take time. Even though the game has not been officially released, people who buy the game get a copy of what it is right now as the updates are being pushed out. With such success Mojang is the target of some heavy criticism from blogs, critics, and even their own fans. One speculation from fans is that Minecraft will be the company's 1 hit wonder. What happens if it truly is a one hit wonder? Will the company go down under? Will it be the end of Mojang? Will they join a publisher in order to stay afloat and lose their title of "indie?" Another speculation concerns Mojang's next game that has absolutely nothing to do with Minecraft, not even in the same genre. What if nobody likes the game? What Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 13. 4.4 Types of Wind Generators Various types of generators that are used for wind power generation are induction generators and synchronous generators. In this section a brief review of different types of generators including their advantages and disadvantages are presented. Generators suitable for Constant speed turbines: пЃ¶Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) Generators suitable for variable speed turbines: пЃ¶Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) пЃ¶Permanent Magnet synchronous Generator (PMSG). 4.4.1 Induction Generators The induction machine is a well–established technology, as its application as a wind generator, using a gear drive to a generator with a low number of poles. In general, because of its small air–gap, the induction...show more content... Therefore, they may increase the maintenance cost. Another solution to improve the power factor is to insert a power converter in series with the armature circuit. In this way, full control is obtained over the induction generator performance, but at the cost of a converter capable of handling the full power of the generator. 4.4.1.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Generator A squirrel cage induction generator is an asynchronous machine, with a squirrel cage rotor and stator, which is directly connected to the grid. Thewind turbine rotor will be directly coupled to the generator through a gearbox, which matches the rotational speed of blades with that of the generator. Essentially this is a constant speed wind turbine because the power converted from the wind is limited by designing the turbine rotor in such a way that its efficiency decreases under high wind speeds. Induction generator is the most common generator in wind energy systems because of its simplicity, ruggedness, low maintenance and low cost. The main drawback in induction generator is its consumption of reactive power for producing the real power. The VAR compensation can be done with the help of fixed capacitance connected near the Induction generator. The fixed capacitance method of VAR compensation is generally done when the torque applied to the induction generator is constant. In practice, most wind farms have fixed capacitor banks installed to fulfill Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 14. Generators–Primary Cooling Water Circuit functioning : In order to distinguish the treated water from the secondary coolant (raw water, condensator etc.) it is named as primary water because it is used for cooling stator winding, phase connectors and bushings . The secondary cooling absorbs the heat from the primary cooler when water is circulated in a closed circuit by the primary water cooler. The pump is supplied with in primary water cooler. Water is supplied to the flow paths of the generator by supplying it to the primary water tank i.e by supplying it to tht primary water cooler through the pump. Flow path I : Stator winding is cooled by Flow path I . This flow path passes through the stator bars via insulated barbefor this it passes through the water manifold on the exciter end of the generator which is connected to thestatus bars by a separate hose.Cooling water flows through hollow strands inside the bars. At the turbine end, the water return to the primary water tank which comes from another water manifold which in turn comes from the similar hoses.Minimum temperature rise is obtained for both the bars and the coolers because the water folw is single pass through the stator. Movements are relatively minimised which are caused due to the different thermal expansions between the bottom and the top bars. Flow Path II : Phase connectors and the Bushings are cooled by Flow Path II . The cooling water is circulated through the thick walled copper tubes of the Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 15. Working of Wind Turbines There are a large number of literatures available on the study conducted to improve the working of wind turbines. Some of these researches have been implemented practically while others are still in experimental phase. A literature was prepared by Md. Mahfouz Sarwar, Nazia Nawshin, Muhammad Ali Imam and Mohammad Mashudon on "A new approach to improve the performance of an existing small wind turbine by using Diffuser." They have studied the improved effect of diffuser on the performance of a small wind turbine system. They have analyzed two hollow structures: Nozzle and Diffuser. Also by experimental setup they have proved that the wind speed in diffuser was greatly influenced by diffuser open angle, and speed increases near the inlet region of it. 3.1 Selection of Diffuser Shape Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET) had done smoke–wire analysis on two types of hollow–structure models, a nozzle and a diffuser. The experiments revealed that a diffuser–shaped structure can accelerate the wind at the entrance of the body. They examined the inner flow of two typical hollow structures, namely a nozzle–type model that reduces the inside cross section and a diffuser type model that expand the inside cross section downstream. The diffuser model has a remarkable effect on the collection and acceleration of the approaching wind. It has been found that the wind tends to avoid the nozzle type model, while the wind flows into the diffuser type model as it is inhaled. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 16. Have you ever wonder how Large Scale Generators work? Let's start with their history, the first Large Scale Generators was invented around August, 1895, the way it worked was with water being diverted through a pair of high–speed turbines that coupled to two 5,000 horsepower generators. But before even that happened it all started from discoveries and inventions made years before in regards to the generation and transportation of electricity. Michael Faraday; an English scientist help discover the diamagnetism, electrolysis and electromagnetic induction. Faraday was humble, since he was a kid, he took an interest in energy and forced. Around 1832–1832, Faraday had an idea that an electromotive force is generated in an electrical conductor which in fact encircles a magnetic flux, and was later called after him "Faraday's Law". A lot of inventions happened during that time, for instance; the first electrical generator capable of delivering enough power to industry which was called "Dynamo"; it consisted in rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a direct electric current. At the very beginning Generators were built at the places where the power was more in demand, especially since there was no energy companies that operated the power grid like we do now a days. Later on around the 1870's, other many inventors started using Faraday's principle to generate electricity mechanically. There after two kinds of generators were created, one was Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 17. Music in Generations Essay All music has changed tremendously throughout the years. Each generation has several specific songs that defines that generation. Every song has different lyrics that describe the emotions that the artists are feeling. The songs connect to each individual in many different ways. Lyrics to a song is what makes music wonderful. Each song touches someone through ways like teaching a life lesson or touching your heart. Every generation has music that impacts the world by motivating people to do certain things or defines a person's personality. Each generation has music that defines the generation. When music is created, it integrates the cultural and emotional situations that occur in everyday life. People create dances to the...show more content... This generation has obtained a tremendous amount of accessible information through technology. Technology has progressed during this generation which has corrupted the minds of teens everywhere. Since technology has become a huge factor in generation y's lives, the technology for music has transformed as well. Just in generation y's period of time, the way to obtain music advanced from cassettes to downloading or pirating music. When someone wanted to purchase a song, they would have to buy the whole cassette or cd. In reality, they spent way too much just to listen to that one or two songs. Technology has created a way that people can buy or steal songs. Without technology generation y would be lost, technology helps music define a generation. Generations before generation y think that television, music videos, and music in general has affected the kids in generation y. Trends and habits are formed by listening or watching. Music has wonderful and meaningful effects on different people depending on how the music is retained. Music videos affect generations differently because each generation has a different outlook and opinion on the lyrics. Each teen or adult reacts to music videos differently. Most songs and music videos incorporate love along with heart breaks, life scenarios, money and the different styles of life. Our generation's music is considered to be one of the best generations of Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 18. Woke Essay Examples Anugraha Joy Professor Crawford English 101 October 2, 2016 Essay 1 What does it mean to be "woke"? People who have no idea what the word "woke" mean by now are probably not woke. And many who are using it are not using it right. Most of us are just seeing it as a new trending slang, but it is much more than that. The word is worth lives. Woke is awareness about community issues and confronting social injustices, such as racial inequality. The term is commonly used to refer to the persistence of racism in America. The Black Lives Matter movement is credited with popularizing the term as the rallying cry of racial injustice happened to blacks in the past, is happening to them in present, and to prevent that from happening in the future. This should be the end. In the future, we don't want to see what's happening to the black kids today happening to anyone "I have a six–year–old son, and I...show more content... It's not wishing that all these social injustices didn't happen, It's not sitting on your sofa thinking about a peaceful country, or writing an essay about woke and just sitting there half asleep doing nothing. It's "wanting everyone to know correct you are" (Hess). It is fighting down these immoral happenings in reality. You only win in this when you bring it on to other people "why black lives matter?" When you make someone realize how it feels when you lose your friend, or your sister, or make those officers realize what they have done wrong, and take proper actions for what they have done, that's "woke". But that's not what's been happening to our country, there has been no justice for the unarmed black people, brutally killed by the police. It doesn't look like our government is doing anything about it. Just being able to change a racist person's mindset is being woke because that's "waking up" someone from those social injustices they have been doing to the Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 19. Money as a Motivator Some people argue that money is a main motivator through business and job opportunity, but is not always completely true as there are others factors to considers such as working conditions, environment and the peoples we work with. This essay discuss the arguments that are both for and against money being the key motivator in Singapore. In most organisation, money is often seen as a prime motivator for employee in the government and corporate sectors. It empowers them to perform better and contribute to the organisation objective goals and productivity, however, following the shifting of economic conditions and social values, people's desire is dramatically changing. Most employee may feel that they are affected by internal and external...show more content... The productivity or added value of the unit is the ultimate output measure and this is a fair reflection of a employee's ability to gain results through people. The best people to judge how effectively a leader is leading are the followers, hence the strong emphasis on behavioural assessments, based on capability frameworks and 360Ð’Ñ” feedback. The resulting summary of perceptions is also an output measure of leadership effectiveness, since the style and behaviour of leaders will affect morale and motivation. Good systems of feedback will give more than a mere evaluation, but through open comments offer examples that enable individuals to relate to the reality of how they are seen. Conditions to maximise motivation To determine how much an employee motivated in the organisation culture and working environment, a simple survey can be an effective tool for measuring the factors between organisation and employee's understanding. 1.Do I know what is expected of me at work? 2.Do I have the materials and equipment I need to do my work right? 3.At work, do I have the opportunity to do what I do best every day? 4.In the last seven days have I received recognition or praise for good work? 5.Does my supervisor, or someone at work, seem to care about me as person? 6.Is there someone at work who encourages my development? 7.At work, do my opinions count?
  • 20. 8.Does the mission/purpose of my company make me feel that my work is important? 9.Are my co–workers committed to doing Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 21. Life Is A Daring Adventure Essay This is a very famous quote by Helen Keller, "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing." It all started by the relaxed and casual talks between my father and his best friends. I was elated to know that we were going for a vacation with five other families. That time, I had entered my 7th Year but I can still recall the experience, I had during my Diwali vacations with my family friends as we visited some thrilling, exciting and daring places in Sikkim & Darjeeling. The eastern parts of India have a refreshing and calm atmosphere with a pollution free environment. We began by traveling to Delhi and thereafter from Delhi we took a flight to Bagdogra. We had an exquisite travel to Sikkim by car where we stayed for 2–3 days and went to all the distinctive places of nearby areas. Sikkim is a fairly compact city which is bordered by Bhutan, Tibet and Nepal and it is a place of landscape and scenic beauty. The atmosphere of Sikkim was a little bit chilling but was very calm. In Sikkim, we visited Rumtek Monastery which is ancient Gompa, where we saw the lifestyles of Buddhist. We visited Tshangu lake and Baba Harbhajan Singh Memorial Temple which is popular because Baba Harbhajan...show more content... Rafting was a real adventure. When we reached the end place we all were playing in the water when suddenly one of my aunt's leg hurt with a fish hook at the bank of river. But doing rafting was a wonderful and dangerous adventure. Rafting in the river was very remarkable and pleasant as initially I felt very scared but after some time I thought it was a savouring moment. We also went to Mirik that is Indo–Nepal Border. Mirik is a picturesque tourist spot nestled in the serene hills of Darjeeling. Mirik has become a popular tourist destination for its atmosphere, characteristic magnificence and easy Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 22. Ac Generators and Motors AC Generators and Motors Course No: E03–008 Credit: 3 PDH A. Bhatia Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony Point, NY 10980 P: (877) 322–5800 F: (877) 322–4774 info@cedengineering.com CHAPTER 3 ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATORS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Describe the principle of magnetic induction as it applies to ac generators. 2. Describe the differences between the two basic types of ac generators. 3. List the advantages and disadvantages of the two types of ac generators. 4. Describe exciter generators within alternators; discuss construction and purpose. 5. Compare the types of rotors used in ac generators, and the applications of each type to...show more content... ROTATING–FIELD ALTERNATORS The rotating –field alternator has a stationary armature winding and a rotating–field winding as shown in figure 3–1, view B The advantage of having a stationary armature winding is that the generated voltage can be connected directly to the load. A rotating armature requires slip rings and brushes to conduct the current from the armature to the load. The armature, brushes, and slip rings are difficult to insulate, and arc–overs and short circuits can result at high voltages. For this reason, high–voltage alternators are usually of the rotating–field type. Since the voltage applied to the rotating field is low voltage dc, the problem of high voltage arc–over at the slip rings does not exist. The stationary armature, or stator, of this type of alternator holds the windings that are cut by the rotating magnetic field. The voltage generated in the armature as a result of this cutting action is the ac power that will be applied to the load. 3–3 The stators of all rotating–field alternators are about the same. The stator consists of a laminated iron core with the armature windings embedded in this core as shown in figure 3–2. The core is secured to the stator frame. Figure 3–2.–Stationary armature windings. Q2. What is the part of an alternator in which the output voltage is generated? Q3. What are the two basic types of alternators? Q4. What is the main advantage of the rotating field alternator? PRACTICAL ALTERNATORS Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 23. The Pros And Cons Of The Seebeck Effect Energy loss is a problem encountered in every industrial process and everyday technology take power stations for example. Electricity is generated by heat engines by which gas or steam powered turbines convert the heat to mechanical energy then into electricity, however 70% of this energy is lost as heat energy. Similarly in all electronics devices energy is lost through heat. So we know that electricity creates heat mainly because or electrical devices warm up during its use. But imagine how useful it would be to generate electricity from this heat created, in other words using this lost energy which is in the form of heat to generate electricity so eventually you'd be using every bit of energy to generate electric power. This objective can be reached by applying the Seebeck Effect. The seebeck effect is a phenomenon by which a temperature difference between two conductors or semiconductors of...show more content... It all started in 1981 when a German physicist called Thomas Johann Seebeck accidently found that a compass magnet would deflect when a circuit with two different metals with different temperature junction. He concluded that that there is an induced electric current in the circuit that deflected the magnet according to ampere's law. So the voltage that was due to the difference in temperature drives the current in a closed circuit. In order To measure this voltage, a second conductor material which generates a different voltage under the same temperature gradient must be used. Otherwise, if the same material is used for measurement, the voltage generated by the measuring conductor would simply cancel that of the first conductor. The voltage difference generated by the two materials can then be measured and related to the corresponding temperature gradient. It is thus clear that, based on Seebeck's principle; thermocouples can only measure temperature differences and need a known reference temperature to yield the absolute Get more content on HelpWriting.net