The history of modern India starts after independence and the most important event of this history is the integration of all princely states. This presentation briefly discusses the integration stories of Junagadh and Kashmir states.

1. Integration of Indian States
foundation of modern India
Part - II
Source: Integration of Indian States by V. P. Menon

2. Integration of Junagadh
 Area: 8643 sq. km
 Population: 670,719 (Census of 1941)
 Hindus: 80%
 Prime state in Kathiwar
 No land connectivity to Pakistan
 Nawab signed accession to Pakistan against the will of citizens
 India was suggesting referendum

3. Integration of Junagadh
 Agitation started by people of Kathiwar
 Arzee Hukumat: Provisional government by people
 Sept 1947: Jungadh sent troops to neighboring states
 1st Oct 1947: Occupied Mongrol which had acceded to India
 India asked for removal of forces, but refused by Junagadh
 More than hundred thousands of Hindus fled

4. Integration of Junagadh
 Military action decided by India
 Food supply deteriorated, revenue decreased
 Nov 1947: Nawab fled to Pakistan with all treasury
 Forces of Arzee Hukumat occupied various parts of State
 7th Nov 1947: Dewan of Junagadh handed over administration to Arzee Hukumat
 9th Nov 1947: Indian government took over administration
 13th Nov 1947: Nawab ready to join India

5. Integration of Junagadh
 20th Feb 1948: Referendum in Junagadh
Registered voters: 201457
Total votes casted: 190870
Votes for Pakistan: 91
 Democratization of administration started
 1st
June 1948: Executive council set up to assist administration
 20th
Feb 1949: Administration handed over to Saurashtra Union

6. Integration of Jammu and Kashmir
Strategically important state:
 Himalayan ranges defence
 Major rivers flowing through the region
 Connects to middle Asia
 Majority Muslims citizens, but Hindu ruler
 Sheikh Abdullah led ‘National Conference' campaigning against ruler
 Didn’t accede to India or Pakistan, but Standstill agreement with Pakistan

7. Integration of Jammu and Kashmir
 Operation Gulmarg:
 22nd Oct 1947: Tribal invasion started in Kashmir
 24th Oct 1947: Captured Baramula and Power supply to Srinagar was cut
 Started advance towards Srinagar
 Operated from bases in Pakistan
 Obtained high quality military equipment from Pakistan army
 Pakistan started economic blockade of Kashmir
 Ghastly atrocities by raiders in Kashmir

8. Integration of Jammu and Kashmir
 24th Oct 1947: Maharaja made desperate appeal to India for help
 25th Oct 1947: Indian officials flew to Kashmir
 26th Oct 1947: Maharaja signed Instrument of Accession. Military operation was
decided.
 27th Oct 1947: Airlift of Indian troops to Srinagar started
 8th Nov 1947: Indian forces recaptured Baramula
 31st Dec 1947: India formally appealed to U.N. for Kashmir case
 1st Jan 1949: Cease-fire ordered by both nations
To be continued…

9. Next in this series
 Accession of Hyderabad
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