2. INTRODUCTION
The atmosphere of chaos and anarchy
prevailing in India, during the 18th century CE,
gave an opportunity to the European trading
companies to increase their power.
The Europeans gradually established their
hold, leading to colonisation of India by the
British.
3. EUROPEANS AS TRADERS
The discoveries of new sea routes led to the
establishment of trading companies of Europe.
The trading centres were known as ‘factories’ and the
officials of the companies were called ‘factors’.
These factories were engaged in trade.
Items exported to Europe from India were spices, silk
and cotton clothes, muslin, pearls and precious stones.
4.
5. Dutch East India Company
In CE 1602, the Dutch established the Dutch East
India Company to carry on trade with the east.
They established their trading centres at Surat,
Broach, Cambay, Ahmedabad, Cochin,
Nagapatam, Masulipatnam, Chinsura, Patna and
Agra.
6.
7. The French in India
The French East India Company was founded
in CE 1664 , for trading with India and East
Indies.
It was a Government owned body and needed
the home Government’s permission for
capital investment and wars.
Dupleix became the governor of the French
possessions in India in CE 1742.
8.
9. *From CE 1744 to 1763, The English and the French
East India Companies were engaged in 3 wars.
These wars are known as Carnatic wars.
*The English won these wars and established their
monopoly over Indian trade.
*The French were finally defeated in the Battle of
Wandiwash in 1760, when English General Sir Eyre
Coote defeated Lally.
*The French lost all the possessions in India.
10. BRITISH CONQUEST IN
BENGAL
BATTLE OF PLASSEY WAS FOUGHT IN 1740-1756 IN
PALASHI REGION OF WEST BENGAL. TROOPS OF
THE BITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY LED BY
ROBERT CLIVE, CAME UP AGAINST THE FORCES
OF SIRAJ-UD-DAUIAH, THE LAST INDEPENDENT
NAWAB OF BANGAL, AND HIS FRENCH THE
ALLIES
11. CAUSES OF WAR BETWEEN
ENGLISH AND THE NAWAB
IN 1756 SIRAJ-UD-DAULASH CAME TO POWER. HE FOUND
THE ENGLISH EAST COMPANY HAD STARTED TO FORTIFY
THEIR SETTLEMENTS IN BENGAL. HE WANTED TO CHEAK
THE GROWING OF THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY.SO
HE ASKED THE COMPANY NO TO FORTIFY THEIR
SETTLEMENTS. BUT THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
DID NOT PAY ANY HEED TO THE NAWAB’S REPETATED
REQUESTS.HENCE SIRAJ ATTACKED AND OCCUPIED THE
FORT WILLIAM IN CALCUTTA IN 1756.
WHEN THE NEWS OF CAPTURE OF CALCUTTA REACHED
MADRAS CILVE WAS IMMEDIATELY SENT TO CALCUTTA
AND THE NAWAB WAS FORCED TO COME TO TERMS.SIRAJ
HAD TO VACATE AND ALSO CALCUTTA AND ALSO PAY
INDEMNITY TO THE BRITISH.
12. THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY 1756
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY WAS A DECISIVE
VICTORY OF THE BRITISH INDIAN COMPANY
OVER THE NAWAB OF THE BENGALAND HIS
FRENCH ALLIES ON 23JUNE 1757 UNDER THE
LEADERSHIP OF ROBERT CILVE. THE VICTORY
WAS MADE POSSIDLE BY THE DEFECTION OF MIR
JAFER WHO WAS NAWAB SIRAJ-UD-
DAULAH’SCOMMANDER IN CHIEF.
13. BENGAL AFTER PIASSEY
-THE COMPANY HAD ALSO MADE HEAVY
DEMANDS WHICH THE NAWAB WAS UNABLE TO
MEET.
-THE COMPANY ALSO STARTED INTERFERING IN
THE DAY-DAY ADMINISTRATION.
- COMPANY DEPOSED MIR JAFER AND MIR QASIM
HIS SON IN LAW THE NEW NAWAB OF BENGAL.
-MIR QASIM MISUSE OF TRADE REGULATIONS .
14. MIR QASIM TOOK THE MEASURES FOR THE
CONSOLIDATION OF HIS ADMINISTRATION 1
TRAINING HIS ARMY .
2 TRANSFER OF THE TEASURY FROM MURSHIBAD
TO MUNGHYR.
15. DUAL GOVERNMENT OR DYARCHY
1765-1772
THE NAWAB WAS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR
ADMINISTERING THE PROVINCE AND MAKING
THE LAW AND ORDER.
THE PERIOD WHICH FOLLOWED FROM 1765
AFTER THE GRANT OF DIWANI IS KNOWN FOR
ITS DUAL SYSTEM OR DYARCHY.THIS IS SYSTEM
CHARACTERISED BY THE TWO RULES NAWAB
AND THE COMPANY.
16. THE COMPANY CONTROLLED THE MILITARY AND
HAD THE RIGHT REVENUE OF BENGAL CALLED
THE DIWANI POWERS.
CILVE DUAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT RESTED
ON TWO PARALLE AUTHORITIES IN BENGAL-THE
NAWAB AND THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA
COMPANY.
17. THE REGULATING ACT 1773
THE ACT OF 1773 IS VERY SIGNIFICANT IN THE
MORDEN HISTORY.
IT CHANGED THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA
COMPANY FROM A TRADING COMPANY TO AN
ADMINISTRSTIVE BODY.
THE GOVERNOR OF BENGAL BECAME THE
GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF ALL THE BRITISH
TERRITORIES IN INDIA.
18. SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
LORD WELLESLY WAS THE BRITISH GOVERNOR
OF BENGAL FROM 1789-1805.
UNDER SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE THE NATIVE
RULER OF AN INDIAN STATE WAS COMPELLED TO
KEEP A PERMANENT BRITISH FORCE WITHIN HIS
TERRITORY AND PAY A SUBSIDY FOR ITS
MAINTENANCE.
19. ANGLO-MYSORE WARS
From CE 1767 to 1799 , the English and the rulers to
Mysore fought four wars. Mysore was and independent
state ruled by two very able rulers- Haider Ali and then
his son Tipu Sultan. These two rulers posed a serious
challenge to the English in India
FISRT ANGLO-MYSORE WAR (1769-69)
The first Anglo Mysore War was fought between Haider
Ali and the Alliance of British , Marathas and Nizam in
1769 . But in 1769 British were forced to sign peace treaty
according to which , both Haider and the British agreed
to help each other in case of any attack by a third power.
20. SECONDANGLO-MYSOREWAR(1780-84)
The terms of Peace Treaty of 1769 were not followed by British . When
Haider Ali was attacked by the Marathas, British forces did not help
Him. An angered Haider Ali declared war against the British in
1780.British Governor General ,Warren Hastings ,bribed Nizam to his
side and signed a peace treaty with the Marathas. Haider Ali died in
1782. Tipu Sultan, son of Haider Ali, continued the war against the
British. Tipu signed a treaty with the English and the second Anglo-
Mysore war came to an end. This is known as the Treaty of Mangalore
(1784)
THIRD ANGLO-MYSORE WAR(1790-1792)
The company won the support of two other powers against tipu_the
Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas .tips was completely defeated
by these three joints powers and was forced to sign the Tready of
Seringapatnam (Srirangapattam)in 1792.
21. FOURTHANGLO-MYSOREWAR(1799)
The treaty of Seringapatnam was short _lived . Lord
Wellesley , the governor _General, wanted the ruler of
Mysore , Tipu , to accept the subsidiary Alliance But Tipu
refused to do so . In 1799,the British went to war against
Tipu .the Nizam joined the British but the marathon
remained neutral and the French support never came
.Tips was killed in the battle on 4th May 1799.
Tipu fought valiantly and died defending his Capital,
Seringapatnam the British and her ally the Nizam of
Hyderabad, shared between themselves half of Mysore’s
territories. The other half of Mysore kingdom was restored
to the ruler of Mysore from whom Haider Ali had snatched
power .it took the British four wars over a period of thirty
years.
22. First ANGLO-MARATHA WAR(1775-1782)
The English went to War against the Marathas for the First
time in CE 1775. this War is known as the First Anglo-
Maratha War.it was fought over the issue of succession to
the Throne of peshwa.
The war was fought when warren Hastings was the
governor- general of India. The first Anglo-Maratha war
came to an end in 782 with the signing of the TREATY OF
SALBAI.
SECOND ANGLO-MARATHA WAR (1803-1806)
The second Anglo-Maratha war was fought when lord
Wellesley was the governor-general of India. In 1803,Baji
Rao Ⅱ signed with the English East India Company a
Subsidiary Alliance, know as the TREATY OF BASSEIN.
23. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1819) was the final and
decisive conflict between the English East India Company and the
Maratha Empire in India. The war left the Company in control of
most of India. It began with an invasion of Maratha territory by
British East India Company troops , and although the British were
outnumbered, the Maratha army was decimated. The troops were led
by Governor General Hastings, supported by a force under General
Thomas Hislop. Operations began against the Pindaris, a band of
Muslim mercenaries and Marathas from central India.
THIRD ANGLO-MARATHA WAR(1817-
1818)
24. ANGLO-SIKH RELATIONS
The Khalsa (OR the army) became very powerful and made and
unmade kings , Dalip Singh, the minor son Ranjit , became the
ruler under the protection of his mother – maharani Jindan
kaur . Rani jindan instigated the Khalsa againsted the agaist
the British and this led to the first Anglo –Sikh war (December
,1845 ). They were defected and had to sign the Treaty of
Lahore in 1846 . The Sikhs lost territory , and had to keep a
British Resident . They had to sell Kashmir to Raja Gulab Singh
of jummu for a sum of one million sterling pounds, to pay for
the war.
25. BRITISH EXPANSION UNDER LOAD DALHOUSIE(1848-
1856)
The method of expansion in this period was annexation. the
person who masterminded it was lord Dalhousie , the governor-
general(1848-1856).like Wellesley . Dalhousie was an
aggressive administrator. His expansionist policy gave the final
touch to the British empire in India.
Dalhousie used three chief methods to expand British rule in
India.
These were
(i)Wars and conquests
(ii)Doctrine of Lapse
(iii)Maladministration or Misgovernance
26. DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
If Clive’s name is associated with the “Dual Government” and
Wellesley’s name with the “subsidiary Alliance,” Dalhousie’s
name is associated with the “Doctrine of Lapse.” Dalhousie
introduced this system which enabled him to annex vast
territories . According to this doctrine, if the ruler of a
dependent state died without leaving a natural heir , the state
would automatically pass over to the British. The Doctrine of
lapse did not recognise adopted children as rightful heirs.
Satara , Sambalpur , Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed under the
Doctrine of Lapse.
27. ABOLITION OF THE TITLES AND PENSIONS
Dalhousie also abolished the titles and pensions of
childless Indian rulers after their death and thereby
annexed their territories.
Arcot and Tanjore were annexed in this manner . Nana
Saheb , the adopted son of peshwa Baji Rao Ⅱ , was
not even given a pension and the imperial title of the
Mughal emperor was discontinued after Bahadur Shah
Ⅱ.
28. Dalhousie also carried on his expansionist policy through
annexation of states on the basis of misgovernance . Awadh was
the only state that was annexed in 1856 on the ground of
misgovernance. The Nawab of Awadh was given a pension 12
lakh rupees a year and sent to Calcutta. The excuse Dalhousie
had given for annexing Awadh was that he wanted to free the
people from the Nawab’s mismanagement , but , in practise ,
the people got no relief.
Other states annexed by Dalhousie were Sikkim , Berar, Pune,
Tanjore , Carnatic.
ANNEXATION ON THE BASIS OF
MISGOVERNANCE
