2. •The
development / the application of
specific residential forms predetermines the
Model of Urban Development.
•Every
Model of Urban Development is
characterized by sets of features
•Certain
features of a model automatically
and inevitably generate other features

3. For instance:
• Single-family housing is always associated with over-
•
•
•
•
expanded and inefficient road networks and technical
infrastructure
Rigid zoning is typical for single-family housing areas
Multi-family housing types stimulate the mix of urban
uses – residential and services, high-income and low
income housing, etc.
Small scale urban services are not typical for lowdensity housing forms
Urban planning in low-density areas deals mainly with
zoning and urban activities, while in high-density areas
it deals with mainly with physical dimensions and scales

4. • Residential forms are the main element of a Model
of Urban Development
• Residential densities and, respectively, housing
densities and the floor space ratio are the main
(integral) factors, describing an Urban Model
Urban forms (towns and cities) exist to provide optimal
contacts and efficient communications between human
activities. Therefore residential densities are of critical
importance for the provision of short communications
and the efficient performance of any human/ social
activity and the way that the city and , respectively, the
society function.

5. 
Basic dwelling form is the
single-family detached
house – 1, 1.5, 2 rarely 3floor high.

6. 
Historically – the first urban
model

7. 



Regional scope –
Most widely
spread. Typical for
all villages and
urban outskirts all
over the world
Extremely low
density of
development –
Floor Space Ratio
(FSR):
0.05 to 0.15 is
typical for the USA,
Canada, Australia;
0.1to 0.3 is typical
for Europe

8. This model often covers
huge territories – “housing
seas”. A most typical
feature is the overexpenditure of land for
streets, parking lots,
infrastructural networks
 Public services (commerce
and services) are
concentrated in large
shopping centers, often
huge malls
accommodating hundreds
of shops, restaurants,
cinemas, entertainment
premises, etc.


9. This model encourages
residents’ responsibility for
the immediate environment,
they consider the portion of
the street in front of their
property to be an individual
part of the common space.
This stimulate competition
between households for
improvement, greenery and
better management of the
space in front of their house.
 This model encourages
connections between
neighbors, but also residents
are very concerned about
the social status of the
neighborhood


10. 

Main type of
housing is the
urban block
housing –
buildings
“connected” in
rows by their
side walls along
the perimeter of
an urban block.
This urban model
developed from
the Low-density
Model in result of
densification.

11. 

Regional
scope –
mainly in
towns and
cities all over
the world,
however, most
typical in
Europe
Medium to
high density of
development
– Floor Space
ratio (FSR)
between 1.0
and 1.8- 2.0.

12. 

Multi-family
buildings – with
apartments and
maisonettes
(duplexes).
Services and
public activities
normally
accommodated
in the ground
floor and
sometimes in
upper floors

13. Inhabitants of multi-family
buildings usually do not
consider the surrounding
as a space that is strongly
connected to their
dwellings and the
building. That is why it is
believed that multi-family
stimulate careless attitude
to environment
 On the other hand multifamily buildings
encourage social
integration, since these
buildings are typically
inhabited by households
of different social strata.


15. An urban model
that is typical for
new large
developments –
estates on new
territories
 Typical housing
forms – mainly
medium and highrise multi-family
buildings with point
access, free
standing or section
buildings in rows,
residential towers,
etc.


16. 

Historically
these
developments
appeared in
the 1930s, but
were most
widely spread
(all over the
world) after
WW2 ,
especially in
the 1960s –
1970s
Average FSR –
0.7 to 1.2,
though it may
grow
significantly.

17. The difference from the
Traditional Urban
Block is due to the
application of the
“residential ideology”
of Modernism:
 Hygienic living
conditions for all
social layers – more
sunlight and green
(park-like)
environment
 Architecture and
urban planning
based on the
functional approach
– to serve the specific
human/ social
activities

18. 



Zoning based
on the
function
Clear structure
of all
communications
Aesthetics
based on the
achievements
of the
industrial
revolution
The social role
of
Architecture
and Urbanism

19. A variety of low-rise
housing forms: row
housing, many
different types of
grouped housing
forms: clustered,
carpet-type,
terrace housing, hillshaped.
 Very often the idea
is to combine the
advantages of
single-family with
multi-family housing


20. 

Historically
developed
with the
“mature”
modernism in
the late 1960s
and the
1970s
Average FSR
– may differ
substantially,
but usually is
between 0.4
to 1.0 - 1.2.

21. Very often the
idea is to
combine the
advantages
of singlefamily with
multi-family
housing
 Higher
densities
mean less
land
consumed,


22. 

Less land
means less
investment in
infrastructure
less
maintenance
costs, less
operational
costs
Less time for
transport –
better and
more efficient
connections.

23. 
Developed
“on the basis”
of the
Traditional
urban block
through
intensification.
Typical urbanblock
buildings, only
now they are
8-10 floor high,
in some cases
even higher.

24. Regional scope –
In Europe – only in
Greece and
Turkey, but it
spread in many
Asian and Latin
American cities.
 Average FSR from 2.0, 2.5 to 4.0
- 5.0.
 Over-dense
development
often causes
problems with
open spaces and
related urban
functions


25. 
In fact
this is the
high-rise
alternative of
the
Athens
Charter
Model.

26. 
Typical
residential
forms – either
residential
towers 25-3035 storey high
(sometimes
to 50-70) or
freestanding
corridor
buildings or
section
structures
20-25 storey
high.

27. Regional scope
– in cities with
population
usually more
than 1,5 – 2
Million in North
America, In
Asia – in China,
Singapore
especially in
Honking, in
Europe Moscow,
 Average FSR –
between 2.5 to
5.0.
