The National Institute Of Health

The National Institute Of Health
The National Institute of Health (2014) listed the most common form of familial hyperinsulinism to
be an autosomal recessive genetic defect that is common among the Ashkenazi Jewish population.
This condition affects 1 in 66 carriers who are Ashkenazi Jews since they have reported
consanguineous marriages (NIH, 2014). Among Ashkenazi Jews, two single ABCC8 mutations
account for 90 percent of cases of familiar hyperinsulinism (Mazor–Aronovitch, et al, 2007). The
incidence of FHI in individuals of northern European descendants is approximately 1:30,000 live
births. The incidence is increased in genetically isolated populations with a high prevalence of
consanguinity (UpToDate.com). Phenotypes/ Genetic tendencies identified (Converse, 2014)
FHI is a clinical and genetical disorder which can be inherited in an autosomal dominant(less
common) and autosomal recessive patterns of inheritance. In this cases, the pancreatic beta cells
over–produce insulin. The condition is characterized by inadequate suppression of insulin secretion
in the presence of severe, recurrent, fasting hypoglycemia (Nestorowicz, et al. n.d.). The clinical
manifestations range from life–threatening hypoglycemia presenting in the first days of life to only
mildly symptomatic hypoglycemia in an adolescent that may be difficult to identify. The response to
medical and surgical therapy also varies between affected individuals. Normally, insulin is secreted
in response to the amount of glucose in the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Diabetes : The Definition, Signs And Symptoms, Treatment,...
Diabetes 2: The Definition, Signs and Symptoms, Treatment, The Role of a Nursing Assistant.
David Baumann
Blackhawk Technical College
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition, in which the body has problems regulating sugar. People
with diabetes have high blood sugar because their bodies do not produce enough insulin or their
cells are non–responsive to insulin. Type 2 diabetes specifically, does not produce enough insulin
for your body to break down sugar. According to the National Diabetes Statistic Report of 2014,
over 29 million people that live in the United States have a form of diabetes. It is more common in
men than woman and is most affected in people from the ages of 45–64. Diabetes is a serious
disease and is only increasing in America each year (NDSR, 2014).
Signs and Symptoms of diabetes may include, frequent urination. Your body gathers the excess
glucose that was not successfully broken down with insulin, and turns it into a waste product and is
expelled from your body in urine. Since this may cause more of an output than input, the person
may be at risk for dehydration, and would be thirsty more often. A rapid weight loss is a common
sign of Diabetes, since your body has difficulty metabolizing glucose it uses energy from other
sources like protein and fat. Other symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision. Type 2 diabetics have
trouble fighting off infection and the healing of soars. There is poor blood circulation so someone
may experience

What Is Reactive Hypoglycemia?
According to the textbook, Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 5th ed., by Linda S. Williams
and Paula D. Hopper, "reactive hypoglycemia, also called postprandial hypoglycemia, occurs when
the blood glucose drops below a normal level following meals, usually below 50 mg/dL.
Hypoglycemia is most often a complication of diabetes treatment, but at times, it may occur without
the presence of diabetes. It may be a warning sign of impending diabetes" (Williams, Hopper 2015).
In other words, it is an abnormally low blood glucose following eating when blood glucose would
typically rise. This can be caused by many different reasons, not solely because someone is a
diabetic exhibiting complications. Symptoms are very similar to those of regular ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Williams and Hopper state that reactive hypoglycemia "may be due to abnormally high levels of
glucagon, or alternatively, to high levels of insulin. Other causes include previous GI surgery,
enzyme deficiencies, and pregnancy, among others" (Williams, Hopper 2015). In the medical
research community supporting this condition, it seems as though the cause is largely still up for
debate. The NIDDK says "Some researchers suggest that certain people may be more sensitive to
the body's normal release of the hormone epinephrine, which causes many of the symptoms of
hypoglycemia. Others believe deficiencies in glucagon secretion might lead to reactive
hypoglycemia. A few causes of reactive hypoglycemia are certain, but they are uncommon. Gastric–
or stomach–surgery can cause reactive hypoglycemia because of the rapid passage of food into the
small intestine. Rare enzyme deficiencies diagnosed early in life, such as hereditary fructose
intolerance, also may cause reactive hypoglycemia" (NIDDK 2008). Sometimes thought to be a
warning sign of impending diabetes, reactive hypoglycemia can be indicative of pre–diabetes, so a
follow up with a physician after an episode of reactive hypoglycemia is strongly advised. If not to
diagnose and start treating symptoms of diabetes, then to rule out other possible

List Of Potential Sources And Guide Essay
Group 1 HTrack List of Potential Sources and Guide Part 1 Document Reference: List of Potential
Sources and Guide Document Version: 1.0 Date of Issue: 11–Sep–16 Table of Contents 1 PURPOSE
3 2 OVERVIEW 3 3 PRE–REQUISITES 3 4 DEFINITIONS 3 5 ROLES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES 3 5.1 PROJECT TEAM 3 6 PART 1 – PROJECT PROPOSAL 4 6.1
OVERALL DESCRIPTION 4 6.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE SYSTEM 4 6.3
BENEFITS/ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM..........................................................................5 6.4
SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND MODULES............................................................................5 6.5
DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZARION OF THE
SYSTEM.............................................6 7 PART 1 – LIST OF POTENTIAL SOURCES 7.1 Mr.
Amit Mistry (CTO, India) Advisor................................................................................. 7.2 Mr.
Smiten Mahidadiya (Software Engineer) Advisor 7.3 Dr. Vinod Ramanuj (Professor, India)
Professor 7.4 Rhonik Reddy (System Analyst, Qualcomm) Friend 7.5 References 8 PART 1 – 5 8.1
LIST OF QUESTIONS 5 9 GROUP DIARY AND WORK COMPLETED 7 9.1 09/07/2016 –
09/11/2016: 7 10 LESSONS LEARNED 7 10.1 UNDERSTANDING,PLANNING AND
DESIGNING OF THE SYSTEM: 7 10.2 MANAGEMENT AND LEARNINGS: 7 11 REVISION
HISTORY 7 1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to list down all the details about HTrack and
its scope, benefits of the system, limitations, system components, information about development
and commercialization of the system. 2 Overview The analysis and design project is a group
assignment to analyze and

Essay On Fish Food
According from (Edwards et al, 1985) 8 feeding method were figured utilizing possibly composted
alternately dried water hyacinth, Eichornia crassipes joined under a routine pelleted tilapia bolster in
an straightforward relocation procedure: 100. 75, 50 Furthermore 25% composted water hyacinth:
100, 75 what's more 25% dried water hyacinth; and a control diet for 0% uprooting of the routine
encourage. The test eating methodologies were nourished done copy medicines to Oreochromis
niloticus to an arrangement for 16 open air 4–m3 tanks supplied with eight fish/tank for 84 days.
Handy development Also encourage usage efficiencies were acquired for eating methodologies
holding dependent upon 75% composted water hyacinth with no noteworthy ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A 3 weeks feed trial was made to assess the evident edibility Coefficients (ADCs) from claiming dry
matter, protein, terrible energy, nitrogen, rough lipid Also fiber from claiming Water hyacinth (WH),
Echhornia crassipes supper consolidated Previously, pelleted test encourages (0, 10, 15, 20 Also
25%, dry matter basis) for red tilapia fingerlings. (E.A.T. Mubarak et al, 2011) Eichhornia crassipes
is an obtrusive weed referred to with out–compete local plants and negatively influence microbes
including phytophthora infestans. The spread Also populace thickness about e. Crassipes will a
chance to be favoring by worldwide warming. That point here might have been to distinguish
exacerbates that underlie those impacts with respect to microbes. Those whole plant from claiming
e. Crassipes might have been gathered from el Zomor canal, waterway nile (Egypt), washed clean,
after that air dried. Plant tissue might have been concentrated three times for methanol also
fractionated toward dainty layer chromatography (TLC). Those rough methanolic extricate Also five
portions starting with tlc (A–E) were tried for antimicrobial (bacteria Furthermore fungal)
Furthermore anti–algal exercises (green microalgae and cyanobacteria) utilizing paper circle
dissemination bioassay. Those rough extricate and in addition every one five tlc portions exhibited
antibacterial exercises against both the Gram certain bacteria; bacillus subtilis Also streptococcus
faecalis;

Hypoglycemia Research Paper
Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized with abnormally low blood sugar. Some symptoms
include: nervousness or anxiety, shakiness, sweating, chills, clamminess, impatience or irritability,
confusion, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, hunger or nausea, impaired or blurred vision, headache,
weakness or fatigue, lack of coordination, and if severe enough unconsciousness and seizures.
(diabete.org) This condition is also known as hyperinsulinism, which is caused by "excessive insulin
secretion, resulting in low blood glucose levels." (Marieb pg. 624.) For those with diabetes
hypoglycemia can "result if a person takes too much insulin, does not eat enough food, or the right
kinds of foods." (Smith, pg. 264) This condition, for both diabetic and non–diabetic, ... Show more
Fasting hypoglycemia causes can be from "salicylates (a type of pain reliever) sulfa drugs (an
antibiotic), pentamidine (to treat a serious kind of pneumonia), quinine (to treat malaria) Alcohol,
especially with binge drinking, serious illnesses, such as those affecting the liver, heart, or kidneys,
low levels of certain hormones, such as cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon, or epinephrine, and
tumors, such as a tumor in the pancreas that makes insulin or a tumor that makes a similar hormone
called IGF–II" (hormone.org) Reactive causes are "having pre–diabetes or being at risk for diabetes,
which can lead to trouble making the right amount of insulin, stomach surgery, which can make
food pass too quickly into your small intestine, and rare enzyme deficiencies that make it hard for
your body to break down food." (hormone.org) For someone within the pre–diabetes range their
bodies are beginning to become unresponsive to the insulin amounts produced, or are producing the
wrong amounts. This is due to over stimulated insulin receptors trying to keep up with the balancing
of the blood glucose

Type 1 Or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During Pregnancy, Self
Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During Pregnancy, Self Care
Caring for yourself during your pregnancy when you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes (diabetes
mellitus) means keeping your blood sugar (glucose) under control with a balance of:
Nutrition.
Exercise.
Lifestyle changes.
Insulin and other medicines, if necessary.
Support from your team of health care providers and others.
The following information explains what you need to know when managing your diabetes at home
during your pregnancy.
WHAT SHOULD I KNOW ABOUT MANAGING MY BLOOD GLUCOSE?
Check your blood glucose level every day as told by your health care provider.
Have your A1c (hemoglobin A1c) level checked at least two times a year.
Your health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Always have a 15–gram rapid–acting carbohydrate snack with you to treat low blood glucose.
Family members and close friends should also know the symptoms and should understand how to
treat hypoglycemia, in case you are not able to treat yourself.
Tremors or shakes.
Decreased ability to concentrate.
Sweating.
Increased heart rate.
Headache.
Blurry vision.
Dry mouth.
Hunger.
Irritability.
Anxiety.
Restless sleep.
A change in speech.
A change in coordination.
Confusion.
Numbness or tingling around the mouth, lips, or tongue.
How do I treat hypoglycemia?

If you are alert and able to swallow safely, follow the 15:15 rule:
Take 15 grams of a rapid–acting carbohydrate. Rapid–acting options include:
○ 1 tube of glucose gel.
○ 3 glucose pills.
○ 6–8 pieces of hard candy.
○ 4 oz (120 mL) of fruit juice or regular soda.
Check your blood glucose level 15 minutes after you take the carbohydrate.
If the repeat blood glucose level is still at or below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), take 15 grams of a
carbohydrate again.
If your blood glucose level does not increase above 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) after 3 tries, seek
emergency medical care.
After your blood glucose level returns to normal, eat a meal or a snack within 1 hour.
How do I treat severe hypoglycemia?
Severe hypoglycemia is when your blood glucose level is at or below 54 mg/dL (3 mmol/L). Severe
hypoglycemia is an

Hyperglycemia Vs Diabetic Ketoacidosis Protocols Clinical...
Hyperglycemia VS Diabetic Ketoacidosis Protocols Clinical Paper
Lindsey Tesorero
Sacred Heart University
April 22, 2015
NU–395–A
Instructor: Professor Yost
Introduction
At Yale New Haven on the medicine floor SLA 4, the nurse manager identified the need of
education on both the hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis protocols. The nurses and doctors
were not aware of the steps outlined in the protocol that needed to be followed. There have been
several incidents across the hospital of orders not being correctly prescribed by physicians and
nurses following through with these incorrect orders, therefore seriously effecting patient outcomes.
Specifically on SLA 4 there was a recent incidence of a patient coming off of an ... Show more
In the instance on SLA 4, the orders were not correct for switching the hyperglycemic patient
coming off the insulin drip to subcutaneous insulin. It is stated in the protocol that a patient must
always be transitioned to subcutaneous insulin when coming off of an insulin drip; however, the
protocol can be difficult to follow causing information to be missed. Since the nurse did not catch
the mistake in the doctor's order the patients' blood sugar ended up shooting up to a very high level
again. This adverse effect easily could have been prevented if the nurse realized that since the
patient came off an insulin drip he needed to be getting insulin shots. Even though it is the
physician's job to write the orders, the nurse always has to double check them because they are the
last line before the orders are followed through. If these orders are not correct then it is not only the
fault of the physician, but of the nurse as well. This tool will help to prevent adverse effects in many
ways. The protocols for both crises are long and information can be lost or easily overlooked. By
having a tool that clearly states the important orders that need to be followed in a clear step by step
course of action eliminates this factor. In a study of patients who were in a hyperglycemic crisis, it
was found that when a protocol for hyperglycemia was used to treat the patient there was a 9.2 hour
decrease in the amount of time it took to resolve. In comparison, the

Symptoms Of Hypoglycemia
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can be very subtle and difficult to recognize. Many people with
hypoglycemia have become so used to their symptoms that often, they don't even recognize their
own abnormality. This is especially true when it comes to behavioral changes.
There is a whole variety of symptoms that can be caused when the body cells are deprived of sugar
or when blood sugar drops too quickly. The most common symptom of hypoglycemia is fatigue.
When referring to fatigue, the normal kind of fatigue that occurs after hard work or exercise is not
what is being discussed. Hypoglycemic fatigue affects the muscles and nerves and usually can't be
relieved with rest or sleep. The brain is extremely dependent on glucose for its energy source. Once
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By simply switching for a diet that is high in refined carbohydrates to one that is comprised of
protein and complex carbohydrates, one can bridge the gap between a dysfunctional life and a rich
one. In order to determine whether you have hypoglycemia, you must first examine your eating
habits. Simple facts like what and when you eat can directly affect how you feel. Anyone who has
unexplained fatigue, depression, crying spells, anxiety, or apprehension should investigate low
blood sugar levels as a potential culprit. You should also look into your family history, as
hypoglycemia tends to run within families.
Those people who are chronically stressed and often find themselves on a roller coaster of blood
sugar going up and down are especially prone to dips in energy at certain times of the day. These
people have adrenals that are not functioning optimally, causing them to want sugar when they hit a
real low point. Usually, in the mid–afternoon, adrenal glands are at their lowest level of functioning.
If you do, in fact, suffer from hypoglycemia, you will feel good right after you eat and then your
mood and physical status will deteriorate from two to six hours after

Importance Of Perioperative Glycemic Control : A Report...
Importance of Perioperative Glycemic Control in General Surgery: A Report from the Surgical Care
and Outcomes Assessment Program Summary: There is an evidence to show that poor preoperative
and postoperative glycemic control is associated with poor surgical outcomes. Controlling the
patient glucose levels to an acceptable range is liable to reduce the risk of developing complications.
The clinical goal is to optimize metabolic control through close monitoring of patient, appropriate
fluid intake and caloric repletion, and judicious utilization of insulin. Patients with diabetic require
surgical procedures at a higher rate and have longer hospital stays than those no diabetics. The
presence of diabetic and/or hyperglycemia in surgical patients also leads to increased morbidity and
mortality, with perioperative mortality rates higher than the non– diabetic population. Reasons for
these adverse outcomes are included failure to identify patients with diabetic and/or hyperglycemia;
insulin prescribing errors; incremented preoperative and postoperative infections; incremented
morbidity and mortality and include incremented wound infection rates. Blood glucose should be
monitored regularly during the preoperative and postoperative procedure to sanction early detection
of any alterations in metabolic control. All patients receiving insulin before admission require
insulin during the perioperative period. Box 9.1 1. This was a quasi–experimental study. The
purpose of the study was

Parental Monitoring Of Blood Glucose
Diabetes is one of the biggest epidemic crises of the 21century. Uncontrolled diabetes is associated
with microvascular and macrovascular complications. Tight glycemic control has been linked to a
reduction in the development of these complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The
invention of Glucose Meter has changed the diabetes care by enabling patients to monitor their
blood glucose level according to their diet, medications and activity. control of glycaemia within the
established recommended values is a major therapeutic goal for diabetic patients both in the hospital
and outpatient setting. Using of self monitoring of blood glucose 9SMBG0 devices will help
diabetic patients detect, prevent or manage of hypo– and hyper ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are no single standard criteria to assess the accuracy of a glucose meter so the measurement
of accuracy will vary by region and recommendation used for judgment. in the past, five sets of
criteria for glucose meter`s performance were used in the accuracy assessment. Criteria which are
set by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, the American Diabetes
Association (ADA) in 1987 and 1996, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration which are according
to either the blood glucose level is <50–70 mg/dl. In 2013 new, tighter accuracy standards (ISO:
15197:2013) were drawn up, requiring that 95% of blood glucose results should reach the following
standard: Within ± 0.83 mmol/L of laboratory results at concentrations of under 5.6 mmol/L (Within
± 15 mg/dl of laboratory results at concentrations of under 100 mg/dL) and Within ± 20% of
laboratory results at concentrations of 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) or more. The 2014 U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) draft guidance for over–the–counter BGMs requires 95% of results
within ±15% and 99% of results within ±20% across the whole glycaemic range.
Clinical accuracy
Clinical accuracy compares the medical decisions based on the test result. It depends on how the
result will be used in patient care: for screening, management or diagnosis. For patients and health
professionals, it is important to be sure that glucose meter accuracy

Essay On Neonatal Hypoglycemia
The neonatal hypoglycemia mechanism occurs when maternal diabetics' mother gives birth to
newborns. Glucose is the main nutrient source for newborns received in the maternal placenta. The
symptoms of hypoglycemia are difficult to treat in newborns. If untreated, the hypoglycemia can
lead to brain damage or seizures. The most common symptoms are coma, apathy, jitteriness, and
inadequate feedings. Infants born with small gestational age (SGA) or large gestational age (LGA)
can be susceptible to hypoglycemia. Maternal diabetics secrete extra insulin which causes neonates
to have low blood glucose levels. Zhou et al conducted a study of 668 neonates who were admitted
to the Pediatrics Center Hospital at Shanghai for hypoglycemia (Zhou et al, 2015). After being
admitted, maternal diabetics were separated from neonates and inhibited from breastfeeding.
Neonates with hypoglycemia were monitored on a regular basis on their blood glucose levels.
Results show that 113 out of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Breastfeeding is strongly recommended for maternal diabetics after giving birth feeding their baby
every 3 hours. Dextrose gel is considered an effective and inexpensive to treat newborn infants.
According to the Harris et al article, the use of dextrose gel prevents hypoglycemia and brain injury
in newborn infants (Harris et al 2012). Babies with hypoglycemia of <2.6 mM/L low blood glucose
concentration were recommended to consume 200 mg/kg dextrose gel through feeding. After
attempting treatments, the intensive care unit provided infant formula and dextrose to maintain
blood glucose levels (Harris et al 2012). Hypoglycemia is an important factor in preventing
neurological problems in newborn infants. In addition, the previous study of Harris et al found that
dextrose gel is beneficial for treating newborn infants after birth and no adverse effects observed
(Harris et al,

The Effects Of Diabetes And Driving Ability
There have been a variety of studies performed trying to determine the effects of diabetes and
driving ability. The possible negative effects on top of preexisting concerns about the safety of the
elderly driving only adds to the seriousness of the situation. Driving under the influence is illegal
because it is not safe, and Cox, Fonder–Frederick, Kovatchev, Julian, and Clarke's study (2000), –
"Progressive Hypoglycemia's Impact on Driving Simulation Performance," proves there to be
potential serious harm because of impairment. The researchers hypothesized that low blood sugar,
also called hypoglycemia, could impair one's driving ability.
The study consisted of 37 adults with type 1 diabetes. All participants have had diabetes for a
minimum of two years, have taken insulin, are current drivers, and not be taking any medications
that influence hypoglycemia or driving factors. There were 16 men and 21 women. On average, the
participants have had diabetes for 17.5 ± 10 years. There were three general issues investigated.
First, was the blood glucose levels where driving impairment was first observed. Second, the blood
glucose levels at which the person detects impairments and whether or not they take corrective
action by pulling over or drinking soda. And lastly, the actual underlying mechanisms related to the
awareness and corrective behavior. They conducted the study by closely monitoring many factors
while they participated in a realistic driving simulation course. The

Blood Glucose Monitoring, Adult
Blood Glucose Monitoring, Adult Monitoring your blood glucose (also known as blood sugar) helps
you to manage your diabetes. It also helps you and your health care provider monitor your diabetes
and determine how well your treatment plan is working. WHY SHOULD I MONITOR MY
BLOOD GLUCOSE? It can help you understand how food, exercise, and medicine affect your
blood glucose. It allows you to know what your blood glucose is at any given moment. You can
quickly tell if you are having low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) or high blood glucose
(hyperglycemia). It can help you and your health care provider know how to adjust your medicines.
It can help you understand how to manage an illness or adjust medicine for exercise. WHEN
SHOULD I TEST?

Neonatal Hypoglycemia
– Neonatal hypoglycemia is a global health problem and a preventable cause of neurological injury
in newborn period. Approximately 1/5th of neonates have a risk of being hypoglycemic. Some of
these infants fail to normalize their blood glucose by feeds alone and require intravenous (IV)
dextrose therapy. In our institution, IV dextrose therapy is offered in the neonatal intensive care unit
(NICU). This leads to separation of mother from baby and undue anxiety affecting bonding and
breastfeeding. Also leads to increased hospitalization costs. A large number of asymptomatic
neonates are screened for hypoglycemia due to well established relationship between prolonged
hypoglycemia and neurological impairment (1). Approximately 10% of these asymptomatic

Reflection Paper On Diabetes
In the spring of 2008 I was sent to the hospital. I was sent to hospital because my parents had been
concerned about me losing a lot of weight and also I did not want to eat anything because I kept
getting sick from it . After all the testing that day ,the doctors later told me that I had type 1 diabetes
. At first when they told me, I was in shock because I had no idea what diabetes was . My mom had
went out to talk to the doctors and when she had came back in she told me that I had to spend a
week at the hospital to get a feel for what diabetes was and ask the doctors any questions about what
I was not sure about . My first night in the hospital was the doctors constantly having to wake me up
to test my blood sugar and having to take insulin whenever I would have to eat anything . Insulin is
a hormone in your body that allows you to store glucose for future use . Every time I eat or drink
something with carbohydrates I have to take an insulin shot. The doctors came into the room every
hour to educate me more on diabetes. Even with all the doctors by my side telling me I would be
okay, I still was worried about going back to school and getting judged by everyone and that the
nurses office was going to be my new place to visit everyday .
The next few nights in the hospital was a routine. The first night I had learn that I would not be able
to eat as much sugar as I did before . Also that I may have diabetes for the rest of my life. Specialist
have been working on a cure

Medical Emergency Characterized By Low Serum Glucose Levels
Hypoglycaemia is a medical emergency characterized by low serum glucose levels and if not treated
correctly, can cause significant morbidity and mortality. (1–6) Hypoglycaemia often occurs as a
result of treatment for Diabetes Type 1 and 2, yet can also affect non–diabetic casualties. (1–4, 6–9)
This paper will reflect on the pre–hospital clinical management of hypoglycaemia, by critically
analysing a large portion of Australian pre–hospital treatment guidelines, in relation to international
practices, current evidence based literature and investigating potential areas for change.
Glucose is the primary energy source for all living cells in the body, with the function of the brain
heavily reliant on a constant supply of blood glucose to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(3, 4, 11, 12) Furthermore, administration of glucagon to casualties in situations where
gluconeogenesis may be defective could paradoxically provoke hypoglycaemia by stimulating the
release of insulin from the pancreas. (4)
Current Australian Defence Force (ADF) treatment protocols mandate that Glucagon administered
IMI is the first line treatment in the management of severe hypoglycaemia. (13) Guidelines direct
that casualties who remain unresponsive to glucagon after 10 minutes are then eligible for treatment
with IV dextrose 50%. (13) This appears unique to the ADF. The Ambulance Service of New South
Wales (ASoNSW) offers glucagon as a non–essential treatment option along with dextrose 10%,
while Ambulance Victoria (AV) directs that glucagon is administered only to patients in whom IV
access cannot be established. (14, 15) Queensland Ambulance Service (QAS) stipulates dextrose
10%, independent of glucagon is the first line treatment option for hypoglycaemic patients, unable
to swallow oral glucose. (9) Consideration of international protocols reveals a judicial approach to
administration of glucagon by New York City, Emergency Medical Services (NYCEMS), which
reserves

Essay On Glimepiride
Fixed dose glimepiride/metformin was available in normal and sustained release tablet. A
multicenter randomized study reported similar efficacy, hypoglycemic events and compliance
between these two formulations. Mean HbA1c reduced by
0.59% and 0.61% in sustained release group and normal group respectively. Besides, fixed dose
glimepiride/metformin was as effective as glibenclamide/metformin in reducing HbA1c but more
patients achieved HbA1c<7% at 12–month of treatment with glimiperide/metformin (44.6%
versus26.8%).
................................g56
A different study by Roberts et al (2005) evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of glimepiride in
patients with type
2 diabetes mellitus that were inadequately controlled with a combination of immediate– or ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This study showed that in these patients with type 2 diabetes not adequately controlled by dual
combination therapy with metformin and a thiazolidinedione, the addition of glimepiride improved
glycemic control compared with placebo with an acceptable tolerability profile. Although there were
signifi – cantly more episodes of hypoglycemia with triple therapy than with dual therapy and
placebo, the risk for severe hypoglycemia was low. This study again supports the use of glimepiride
in conjunction with TZD combination therapies.
...........................................g69
The central event in these diseases is the conversion of a host encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC)
into abnormally folded,disease–associated isoforms (PrPSc) in the brains of infected animals. In this
study we report that treatment with glimepiride reduced the amount of PrPC expressed at the surface
of primary cortical neurones, neuronal cells and prion–infected neuronal cells. Subsequently,
glimepiride treatment significantly reduced the amount of PrPSc within 3 prion–infected neuronal
cell lines (ScGT1, SMB and ScN2a cells) and glimepiride treated cortical neurones showed
increased resistance to the toxic effects of PrP82–146. The protective effect of glimepiride was
accompanied by reduced binding of PrP82–146 to neurones, reduced activation of cPLA2 and PGE2
production. These effects of glimepiride were observed at physiological concentrations, however
they were not shared by 2

Reflection Paper On Diabetes
In the spring of 2008 I was sent to the hospital . I was sent to hospital because my parents had been
concerned about me losing a lot of weight and also I did not want to eat anything because I kept
getting sick from it . After all the testing that day the doctors later told me that I had type 1 diabetes .
At first when they had told me I was in shock because I had no idea what diabetes was . My mom
had went out to talk to the doctors and when she had came back in she told me that I had to spend a
week at the hospital to get a feel for what diabetes was and ask the doctors any questions about what
I was not sure about . My first night in the hospital was them constantly having to wake me up to
test my blood sugar and having to take insulin whenever I would have to eat anything . Insulin is a
hormone in your body that allows you to store glucose for future use . Every time I eat or drink
something with carbohydrates I have to take an insulin shot . Also doctors came into the room every
hour to educate me more on diabetes .Even with all the doctors by my side telling me I would be
okay I still was worried about going back to school and getting judged by everyone and that the
nurses office was going to be my new place to visit everyday .
The next few nights in the hospital was a routine like the first night I had learn that I would not be
able to eat as much sugar as I did before . Also that I may have diabetes for the rest of my life
because they had been working on a

Diabetes: Diabetic Emergencies
Intro to Diabetic Emergencies Diabetes is a significant and fast growing health concern in the
United States. About 16 million Americans have diabetes – and that number increases every day.
Every day there is someone who suffers from a diabetic emergency. What is a diabetic emergency?
Well, first we must understand what diabetes is. Diabetes is a disease that affects how your body
uses blood glucose (or commonly known as blood sugar) your body isn't able to take the sugar from
your bloodstream and carry it to your body cells where it can be used for energy. There are two
types of diabetes; Type I (insulin dependent) and Type II (non–insulin dependent). Both types can
cause a diabetic emergency. Both types require medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The person may also feel their heart pounding or have a headache. Some people don't feel any
symptoms when their blood sugar is dropping. If left untreated, the person can go into insulin shock.
It is very important that the person seek medical attention and maintain a relationship with his/her
physician.
It is always helpful to have a family/friend to know these signs/symptoms in case of a diabetic
emergency and to always call 911.
Evaluations
How do you recognize a diabetic emergency? A conscious person with diabetes might be able to tell
you what is wrong. However, always remember that the person may be confused. An unconscious
person may be wearing a medical alert bracelet or necklace that will tell you that he/she has
diabetes. If the person cannot tell you what he/she needs, look for the following signs and
symptoms:
1. Insulin shock (needs sugar) – pulse will be strong/rapid. Breathing will be shallow. Skin will be
pale/sweating. Breath odor will be odorless. LOC will be faintness to unconsciousness developing
quickly. The person may complain of headache, trembling, and hunger.
2. Diabetic coma (needs insulin) – pulse will be weak/rapid. Breathing will be deep/sighing. Skin
will be flushed, dry, and warm. Breath odor will be like musty apple or nail polish. LOC will be
gradual onset of unconsciousness. The person may be

Hypoglycemia Research Paper
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia occurs when the glucose level in the blood is too low. Glucose is a type of sugar that
is the body's main energy source. Certain hormones (insulin and glucagon) control the level of
glucose in the blood. Insulin lowers blood glucose, and glucagon increases blood glucose.
Hypoglycemia can result from having too much insulin in the bloodstream, or from not eating
enough food that contains glucose.
Hypoglycemia can happen in people who do or do not have diabetes. It can develop quickly, and it
can be a medical emergency.
CAUSES
Hypoglycemia occurs most often in people who have diabetes. If you have diabetes, hypoglycemia
may be caused by:
Diabetes medicine.
Not eating enough, or not eating often enough. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After your blood glucose level returns to normal, eat a meal or a snack within 1 hour.
If You Have Severe Hypoglycemia:
Severe hypoglycemia is when your blood glucose level is at or below 54 mg/dL. Severe
hypoglycemia is an emergency. Do not wait to see if the symptoms will go away. Get medical help
right away. Call your local emergency services (911 in the U.S.). Do not drive yourself to the
hospital.
If you have severe hypoglycemia and you cannot eat or drink, you may need an injection of
glucagon. A close family member or caregiver should learn how to check your blood glucose and
give you a glucagon injection. Ask your health care provider if you need to have an emergency
glucagon injection kit available.
Severe hypoglycemia may need to be treated in a hospital and may include getting glucose through
an IV tube. You may also need treatment for the cause of your hypoglycemia.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
General Instructions
Avoid any diets that cause you to not eat enough food. Talk with your health care provider before
starting any new diet.
Take over–the–counter and prescription medicines only as told by your health care

Using The Personal Health Manager ( Pdm )
Using the Personal Diabetes Manager (PDM) You want to do what you want to do without
worrying. OmniPod can help. You get continuous insulin delivery and its waterproof, so you never
have to disconnect. Even better, it 's totally discreet, with no tubing to tangle or to dictate what you
wear. That 's pretty great. We here at OmniPod are thrilled that you've made OmniPod your choice
when it comes to your diabetes management. Now that you've been screened by your
Endocrinologist and you've received your Personal Diabetes Manager or (PDM) in the mail, let's
instruct you on how to set up your PDM. First thing first take a look inside the conversion kit you
received in the mail to assure that all the items necessary to get you started are all ... Show more
Along with the welcome letter, and the two setup guides your kit will consist of your UST400 or
Personal Diabetes Manager (PDM). Your PDM looks similar to a cell phone, has a built in Freestyle
blood glucose meter, a large color screen with bright mode options, a customizable ID screen, a test
strip port light for low–light conditions, a extensive food library with carbohydrate counts,
calculates how much insulin is in your POD, has a port to download your stored records into clear
reports and charts, as well as intuitive prompts, like "Are you going to eat now?" This device is
responsible for communicating wirelessly and tells the POD which is attached to either the front of
your upper thigh, the back of your arm, or on the right or left side of your lower back how much
insulin to deliver based you're your personal settings. The last thing that your conversion kit should
consist of are the POD's themselves. Each POD contains a built–in 200–unit insulin reservoir,
angled infusion set, automated inserter, delivery mechanism, and power supply. Should you find that
you are missing any items mentioned in the above please contact your representative that got you
started with the pump. If you do not have his or her information contact your Endocrinologist and he
or she will have that information. Remember that your OmniPod is a two part system. Your PDM is
what stores all of your information and communicates delivery instructions to the POD. The POD is
the insulin

Monitoring the Glucose Level of Diabetic Patients
Monitoring of the glucose level of diabetic patients is a cornerstone of diabetes care and
management. The reliability of the home based glucose monitoring devices is critically important
because the whole self–care and management of diabetes depends upon it. But there is still a big
question mark on the accuracy of the results of the glucose monitoring devices. The ability of
currently marketed glucose monitoring systems to determine the glycemic status of the patient is not
very accurate. The glucose monitors detect less accurately than the clinicians usually think. The
need for the adjustment of the treatment is greatest when the blood glucose level is in the
hypoglycemic range and conversely this is the range of glucose level where the accuracy of the
glucose measuring devices falls to the lowest. Various studies have demonstrated the poor
performance of the home based glucose monitors in the hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic range.
None of the devices in the market fulfills the criteria of accuracy set by American diabetes
association and other authorities. Several studies have been done regarding the statistical and
clinical accuracy of the home based glucose meters when the blood glucose level is in the
hypoglycemic range, during the last two decades. Pohl et al. reported in a study in 1985 that the
home based glucose monitoring devices demonstrate poor accuracy when the blood glucose level is
in hypoglycemic range. The study demonstrated that the correlation coefficient

The Common Disease Of Addison 's Disease
Abstract Addison's Disease goes unnoticed in a lot of people. Addison's is sometimes called the
uncommon common disease because people are walking around with it but the symptoms are so
closely associated with other illnesses, go undetected. Knowledgeable professionals are even hard to
find. People knowing living with Addison's Disease are constantly in fear not knowing if they were
to go in a crisis, who would have enough knowledge about the disease to assist. Yes, most first
responders, ER staff, physicians' offices, are clueless. There just isn't enough information to about
this disease to help people with it which is why I chose to be an advocate. My wife has the
uncommon common disease and immediately our lives would change. I won't say it was for worse
nor will I say for good, it's just changed. There are all kind of foundations out there trying to raise
awareness of this disease but they are mainly in the larger areas and major hospitals. I want as many
people as possible to know about this disease that really does makes it "impossible" to get out of
bed, to know about this disease that makes you feel "sick as a dog". I hope to help at least one
person know more about this disease each day. Let's raise awareness. Understanding Addison's
Disease and its impact Of all the things too hear the doctor say, why Addison's Disease. I felt numb.
I didn't know if I should cry or run. I was confused, again I asked why then I asked how. I was angry
for a moment but it later

Why Do Animals Treat Mental Disorders?
Animals do not only need, us but we need them too. Animals are used mainly as companions, but
they can do so much more for us. Animals improve people's everyday lives by helping with
disorders and disabilities.
Dogs are very good at helping treat a disorder called PTSD. Lots of people with PTSD have trouble
getting to sleep at night. But dogs are very good at treating this disorder. It has been said that dogs
are able to alert you if you are having a nightmare or are in any real danger. In the article, Why Dogs
Heal PTSD, Tracy Stecker states, "Dogs are vigilant. Anyone who has ever had a nightmare knows
that a dog in the room provides information. They immediately let you know if you are really in
immediate danger or if you have just had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has been proven that dogs will never judge you, or never not love you. In the article, "6 Ways
Dogs Help Ease Depression Symptoms," Therese states that, "As far as we know, dogs are without
opinions, critiques, and verdicts. Even if you smell like their poop, they will snuggle up next to
you." This is very good, because most people who suffer from depression are very sad. But if you
have a dog that always cuddles up next to you, you will not be as sad. Which means that you are
slowly being cured of your depression. Dogs also have the ability to alter our behavior, and get our
minds off of the bad things that happened throughout the whole day. Also in the article, "6 Ways
Dogs Help Ease Depression Symptoms," Therese says, " I would come through the door in the
evening and I'm annoyed. At what, I don't know. A million little snafus that happened through the
day. I am dangerously close to taking it out on someone. However, before I can do that, my Lab–
Chow walks up to me and pats me, wanting some attention. So I kneel down and pet her. She licks
my face, and I smile. Voila! She altered my behavior." This can help you out a lot. If you have
depression, and you have the same attitude every day, nothing is ever going to change. But if you
have a dog to get you to forget all the bad things that happened that day, you will be happy, because
your attitude has

Piglet And Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia is an expression used to describe a below average glucose level. Due to young age,
piglets have trouble walking and feeding off their mother (or sow) to get essential nutrients. One of
these essential nutrients is glucose (or sugar). This nutrient is essential because it give the animal
energy to become mobile. When born piglets already have low levels of glucose; however, the
animal body is supposed to compensate by using the low glycogen reserves located in the piglets
liver. The glycogen reserves are supposed to give the piglets a sufficient amount of glucose until the
piglets are able to move towards and to feed off the sow. The piglet is dependent on the sow for
energy provided by the lactose in the sows milk; however, if the piglet is deficient in not getting
enough lactose to maintain the piglets energy, the level of the piglet's energy will suffer from
Hypoglycemia because... The piglet body temperature will drop below a stainable level, go into a
coma and die. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By doing so the piglet would be getting the energy to continue feeding which in turn will allow
growth. However, if the piglet suffers from Hypoglycemia the piglet is unable to feed off their
mother. When a non–hypoglycemic piglet struggles to feed the non–hypoglycemic piglet uses its
low glycogen reserves in the liver which compensates for the non–hypoglycemic piglet to give in
enough energy to feed off of the non–hypoglycemic piglet's mother. If piglets suffer from
hypoglycemia the piglet its deficient in glucose and is unable to use it low glycogen reserves. The
piglet that suffers from hypoglycemia will struggle to move and to survive since it the piglet does
not have any energy and cannot feed. The piglet will go into a coma and later

Hypoglycemia Case Studies
Discussion
This audit provides an insight into the prevalence of hypoglycemia in subacute setting with the aim
of identifying precipitant factors and implementing prevention strategies. From this audit we found
that there were 10% of patient with type 2 diabetes has moderate hypoglycemia episode whilst in
the subacute hospital. This number is smaller than expected from previous audit done in Kingston
center, estimating 20–30 cases of hypoglycemia per month. The team hypothesis that if
hypoglycemia was defined as blood glucose level of less than 4.0mmol/l, we will have recorded a
greater amount of episodes. December has recorded highest number of hypoglycemia. The reasons
for this are unclear but could include festive season related variation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It has a small number of patients in a single center in Kingston. The team is aiming to continue data
collection for the next few months in order to get bigger number of patients with hypoglycemia. In
addition, the precipitating factors of hypoglycemia require assessment from different medical
response team which may lead to reporting bias. Point of care blood glucose level were used in the
wards, the accuracy may have been limited, particularly at lower levels. (Rebel A1, 2012) The death
data was acquired from the hospital's scan medical record, which only include patient who had
inpatient death. To get a true picture of mortality, we will have to cross check for death data using
birth, death and marriages

Hypoglycemia Essay
Case Study 1
1.) Define hypoglycemia. What are hypoglycemic blood glucose values in an adult?
Hypoglycemia: Low blood glucose level that results from too much insulin, not enough food, or
excess activity. It is defined as the presence of Whipple's triad: manifestations consistent with low
blood glucose, a low plasma glucose concentration, and resolution of symptoms or signs after
plasma glucose concentration is raised. Four common causes are: 1.) excess insulin, 2.) deficient
intake or absorption of food, 3.) exercise, and 4.) alcohol intake.
When blood glucose falls below 70 mg/dl or when the blood glucose level drops rapidly from an
elevated level.
2.) Describe the clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia. How low does a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Exercise usually causes blood glucose levels to fall in a patient with type 1 DM. Prolonged exercise
increases cellular glucose uptake for several hours after exercise.
4.) Briefly define hypothermia, and explain why the client with hypoglycemia is often hypothermic.
Hypothermia: marked cooling of core temperature that is below the required normal for normal
metabolism and body functions. This is generally considered to be 95.0'F. Produces depression of
the central nervous and respiratory systems, vasoconstriction, alterations in microcirculation and
coagulation, and ischemic tissue damage.
Cold stress increases metabolism. Increased metabolism increases the use of glucose. Once the
circulating glucose is used, the body turns to the glycogen stores and if it goes on for too long
depletes glycogen stores leading to hypoglycemia.
5.) If an IV access site could not be established, could the 50% dextrose be administered
intramuscularly? What is another medication that the HCP might prescribe to treat the client's
hypoglycemia, and what is the medication's most common adverse effect?
No, 50% dextrose cannot be administered IM. It needs to be given slowly and carefully to avoid
extravasation because it is hyperosmolar and can damage tissue.
Glucagon: Can be given subcutaneously or IM. It is the main counterregulatory hormone and is used
as therapy for severe

Hyperkemia Vs Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia vs. Hyperglycemia
Whether it's low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), or high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), both are bad for
your overall health, and either may cause major complications that if left untreated, and could be
potentially life threatening. Generally speaking, these conditions are common among diabetics.
However, they may also affect non–diabetics as well. What are the differences between
hypoglycemia vs. hyperglycemia, and are there any early warning signs or symptoms when you
have these conditions? Consider the following chart:
A Comparison Chart of Hypoglycemia vs. Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
Definition Hypoglycemia is defined as a blood sugar (glucose) levels below 4 mmol/L, with ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That's because your brain needs glucose to function properly.
Recognize the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia early because untreated hypoglycemia can lead
to:
Severe confusion and disorientation
Unconsciousness
Seizures
Coma
Death Untreated hyperglycemia can cause long–term complications, including:
Diabetic Retinopathy, or damage to the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to blindness
Cataracts, or clouding of the normally clear lens of your eyes
Problems in your feet due to poor blood flow or damaged nerves that may lead to serious infections,
and in severe cases, amputation
Tooth and gum infections
Bone and joint problems
Skin problems, including fungal infections ,bacterial infections, and non–healing wounds
Nerve damage (neuropathy)
Cardiovascular disease
Kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy) or kidney failure
Hypoglycemia vs. Hyperglycemia: How to Beat Them?
Treatments of Hypoglycemia
200–220 words,
If You Have Low Blood Sugar

Then eat or drink any of the following items:
Four to six pieces of hard candy (not

Description Of Pseudoseizures Versus True Seizures
Introduction: Pseudoseizures Versus True Seizures Seizure is the physical finding that occurs after
abnormal electrical activities in the brain. Patients with seizures could have symptoms like changes
in one's behavior, drooling, frothing at the mouth, irregular eye movement, grunting and snorting,
incontinence, extreme changes in mood, shakes, sudden falls, abnormal changes in taste buds,
clenching teeth, respiratory arrest, uncontrolled muscle spasms, twitching, and brief blackout follow
by period of confusion where they don't remember anything (Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical
Encyclopedia). Seizures also have many underlying etiology such as abnormal sodium or glucose
levels in the blood, brain infections, brain injuries, brain tumor, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the present time, the usage of 24–hour EEG video monitoring have proved many past physicians
incorrect about their distinction between true and false seizures. EEG/video of pseudoseizures has
revealed that urination, injury, and drug responsiveness may be part of nonepileptic episodes as well
as epileptic episodes. As a result, EEG/video has become the gold standard for discriminating
between epileptic and nonepileptic attack (Bergen, 154–155). Both clinical observation and
EEG/video have reveal that long durations of start–stop pattern, direct actions, and situational
triggers are more common in pseudoseizures than in true seizures (Bergen, 154–155). In addition
true tonic–clonic seizures with combination of postictal oxygen debt, accumulation of saliva, and
reduce level of consciousness are often followed by deep respirations and snoring or stertorous
respiratory patterns, however, pseudoseizures lack these characteristics (Bergen, 154–155). The eyes
remained open in every tonic–clonic and hypermotor seizures, but were closed in almost 90 percent
of pseudoseizures (Bergen, 154–155). The result have shown that it is important to be able to
differentiate between pseudoseizure and true seizure, but it is also crucial that physicians be able to
find the underlying cause of the seizure as well.
Mechanism of hypoglycemia induce seizure
Blood sugar, potassium, sodium, chloride, and other electrolytes fluctuate constantly to

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ( T1dm )
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from a defect in insulin secretion in the body. T1DM may
happen at any age and it is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood and adolescents
(Misso, Egberts, Page, O'Connor, & Shaw, 2010). Long–term complications of T1DM include
retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. There is no prevention or cure for
T1DM, and the treatment is a life–long insulin replacement regimen. Proper and accurate glycemic
control is critical to the management of this disease (Misso et al., 2010, Pankowska, Blazik,
Dziechciarz, Szypowska, & Szajewska, 2009). "Optimal metabolic control requires replacement
therapy that mimics the insulin profile seen in non–diabetic people as closely as ... Show more
Clinical guidelines are in place for directing treatment of T1DM with either CSII or MDI but there
is no clear support for either. This lack of definitive treatment plan prompted the authors of this
paper to explore this gap in literature. Earlier studies do not show benefits of CSII over MDI
primarily because they compared MDI programs to relatively early pumps. These pumps did not
afford the advances of technology seen today. Currently there is greater access to cutting–edge
technology in the form of smaller, more advanced pumps, hence providing for a more user–friendly
experience. There is a scarcity of literature regarding the comparison of newer pumps to MDIs
(Fatourechi, et al., 2010). Recent studies were identified and they indicate a preference for CSII
therapy. The tools used to measure the effectiveness of therapy were glycosylated hemoglobin
(HbA1C), severe hypoglycemic events, daily insulin requirement, and a quality of life survey.
According to Misso et al., (2010), "Both CSII and MDI are forms of intensified insulin treatment,
however; due to its continuous basal insulin substitution, CSII can better mimic a physiological
situation."
Aim
The purpose of this paper is to assess and synthesize recent data to help identify the better treatment
therapy between CSII and MDIs. As mentioned earlier there is a lack of support for either regimen
from a practitioner standpoint. One could argue that medical practitioners prescribe insulin regimens
based on

Hybohydrates Essay
The relative is exhibiting the symptoms and signs of low blood glucose levels (hypoglycaemia)
together with the body's attempts to compensate for this. Part of this response includes activation of
the stress system and its hormones which would explain the fast heart rate and shaking. Eating
sweets (a source of glucose) reverses this hypoglycaemia and relieves the symptoms. The process of
maintaining normal blood glucose levels (70mg/dl) involves a negative feedback system involving
several hormones[1]. In response to low blood glucose: pancreatic a cells secrete glucagon, a
hormone necessary for the lysis of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) and the production of
glucose from other, non–carbohydrate sources, such as fat and protein ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In response to the attack, the b cells undergo cell apoptosis, reducing the quantity of insulin and
therefore increasing blood glucose levels depending on how many beta cells have been destroyed.
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed at a young age, cannot be prevented and cannot be controlled
without insulin supplements. Conversely, type 2 diabetes results from prolonged exposure to high
blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia >70mg/dl), which causes tissues to become resistant to insulin
over time. Type 2 diabetes can occur because of genetics and poor diet/lifestyle. It is usually
diagnosed later in life and can sometimes be reversed with appropriate lifestyle and dietary changes
(i.e. exercise and healthy eating)[4]. Reduced levels of insulin mean that blood glucose increases
past the set point. This is dangerous as it can cause damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, skin, heart,
and blood vessels[5]. While diabetes is often associated with high blood glucose, a consequence of
poor self–medication and impractical lifestyle habits can cause another, equally serious condition
known as hypoglycemia (blood glucose <70mg/dl). Symptoms include hunger, shaking,
nervousness, sweating, dizziness or light–headedness, sleepiness, confusion, difficulty speaking,
anxiety, weakness[6]. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetics can take insulin to replenish loss/lack of their
own b cell production, although this is more common in type 1

Hypocalcemia Research Paper
Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia (Calcium deficiency disease) is a condition where the calcium level in
the blood and plasma is below average, which is between 4.4 – 5.4mg/dL, when hypocalcemia
occurs the free calcium ions falls below 4.4 mg/dL. This condition is a very serious problem
because it causes many physical deficiencies, such as muscle stiffness, seizures, congestive heart
failure, abnormal heart rhythms, and many other physical problems. It also causes paresthesia and
memory issues. Hypocalcemia is a condition where if left untreated it leads to death, which makes it
a serious issue among the society. Hypocalcemia however is a rare disease and it affects 1 person
per 2000. Hypocalcemia is an interesting issue because calcium is one of the most important ions
that regulate the human body beside sodium and potassium, calcium deficiency would make a big
impact on all of the systems. The importance of calcium in the human body is high, it is the key of
the conduction of the electricity in the human body. The nervous system needs calcium ... Show
Also, vitamin D or magnesium deficiency is linked to hypocalcemia. Babies who have
hypocalcemia may experience twitch or tremor, however, adults with hypocalcemia might
experience one or more of these symptoms, muscle stiffness, muscle spasms, paresthesia, feelings of
pins and needles, in the extremities, changes in mood, such as anxiety, depression, or irritability,
memory issues, hypotension, difficulty of speaking or swallowing, fatigue, parkinsonism,
papilledema, or swelling of the optic disc. There are also symptoms of severe hypocalcemia which
are seizures, Arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, laryngospasms, or seizures of the voice box.
Moreover, the symptoms of the long–term hypocalcemia include, dry skin, brittle nails, kidney
stones or other calcium deposits in the body, dementia, cataracts, and

Hypoglycemia Research Papers
Hypoglycemia describes an abnormally low level of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Hypoglycemia is
not a disease in itself, rather it is a sign of a health problem. The aspect of this study is as followed:
Hypoglycemia has been a common clinical condition known to affect human development. Little
has been done to define the resultant brain biochemical alterations. A controlled study of
hypoglycemia in the newborn human infant is impossible, the infant rat was chosen as a model.
During this experiment hypoglycemia was induced once daily for 18 days following birth resulted in
generalized diminution of brain weight, cellularity, and protein content. The rate of formation of the
myelin lipid sulfatide was decreased, as was the quantity of cerebroside–sulfatied in brains of
hypoglycemic animals. Phospholipids, gangliosides, and cholesterol were decreased only in
proportion to the decrease in the brain weight. Brain glucose and glycogen concentrations were low
in the brains of hypoglycemic animals, although ATP and phosphocreatine levels were not
decreased. Damage of the brain in human infants has been associated with neonatal hypoglycemia,
particularly when not treated early and when the infants are symptomatic. Neonatal hypoglycemia
related to gestational age, size, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I think the doctors should have ended the helpless (frail and weakened) rats in a better manor
instead of decapitation or soaking the baby rats in liquid nitrogen. My opinion of this article gave
me a whole other insight of hypoglycemia and brain development. I am a hypoglycemic patient;
though I did not inherit these genes from my mother, my father has a hereditary strand of diabetes in
his family. After reading this article and doing a tad bit more research I concluded I am having slight
problems with the overall function of my brain which is from the development of my

Neonatal Hypoglycemia Summary
Appraise the Evidence: Neonatal Hypoglycemia In 2014, diabetes was responsible for 4.9 million
deaths, approximately one death every seven seconds (Bone, 2015). For some women, pregnancy
can precipitate diabetes causing numerous subsequent lifelong complications for both the mother
and her fetus/newborn. The previous shocking statistic is just one of the many reasons why
implementing evidence–based practice (EBP) protocols is an essential aspect in providing great
patient care. In addition, EBP is crucial in improving patient outcomes while decreasing negative
outcomes that can result in lifelong complications due to gestational diabetes. The process of
establishing an EBP requires research to be critically appraised before it could be used ... Show
As a single descriptive study, this research study stands at the lower end of the continuum regarding
strength of research evidence, however, this does not deem the findings useless. Although, the
findings observed may not be immediately applied to clinical procedures and interventions it still
brings light to a phenomenon within clinical practice. According to Grove et al. (2015) "descriptive
studies often provide initial knowledge, which serves as a basis for generating quasi–experimental
and outcomes studies" (p. 25). With the new insight gained through the study, future studies could
be done to see if this finding could be manipulated and replicated to produce stronger

Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Cynthia is a 65 year old African American female diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic
peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, kidney disease, hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. She is on
glipizide 5 mg po daily to treat her type 2 diabetes. Cynthia revisited the clinic soon after the
initiation of the treatment with symptoms of shakiness, sweating, chills, clamminess,
lightheadedness and moderately severe headache. In this case study, Cynthia is exhibiting the
symptoms of hypoglycemia as she is on sulfonylurea therapy. Sulfonylureas, such as glipizide
commonly used as a second–line of therapy in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM),
promote insulin release independent of prevailing glucose value and as a result, ... Show more
Impaired cognitive function can cause harmful and cumulative long–term effects on intellectual
function, particularly in young children. The most common risk factor for the occurrence of
hypoglycemia is the aggressiveness of therapy applied to achieve glycemic control. The other
factors include, antecedent hypoglycemia, alcohol, increased glucose utilization, decreased glucose
production, female sex, sleep, duration of diabetes, age and progressive insulin deficiency were also
associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM. Multiple risk factors are
associated with precipitation of hypoglycemia in the general population. When it comes to elderly
patients with diabetes, the problem of hypoglycemia is a major concern. Hypoglycemia is an
expected side effect of sulfonylurea. Hypoglycemia unawareness is a major cause of severe
hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM. Hypoglycemia awareness in patients can bring better results
in managing hypoglycemic events. Symptoms of hypoglycemia become progressively less intense
over the time or diminish.
Management of hypoglycemia consists of strategies such as prevention of hypoglycemia, use of
therapeutic agents with low or no occurrence of hypoglycemia and treatment of hypoglycemia. It is
important for the patient to understand and agree to adhere to treatment plan in terms of both
medication and lifestyle modification. Self–monitoring of the glucose is very

Two Versions of To Build a Fire by Jack London
The story "To Build a Fire" written by Jack London has two nearly identical versions published in
1902 and 1908 respectively. The latter is better–known and more thought–provoking because of the
protagonist's death. To begin with, the journey takes place on a cold winter day in Klondike, consists
of a man and his dog. The man is ignorant of the extreme coldness and feels confident about
travelling alone at fifty degrees below zero. However, he breaks through a thin skin of ice
unexpectedly and wets himself halfway to the knees. In order to dry his feet, the man builds a fire,
only to have it extinguished by a pile of snow unloaded from a tree. He tries to set up another fire,
yet all attempts has failed. The man panics and strives to unfreeze his body by running. Not
surprisingly, his efforts are useless, and the man dies of hypothermia at last. The author effectively
supports the central conflict of man versus nature and gives hints about the man's death as resolution
by using appropriate title, descriptive setting, and a large amount of foreshadowing.
First of all, the title is well–chosen, for it gives the readers an overview of the story and supports the
plot effectively. Detailed descriptions of how to set up a fire and the man's continuous attempts to do
so reflect that the story evolves around the phrase "to build a fire". Throughout his journey, if the
man succeeds in making a fire, it brings warmth, hope, and life; on the other hand, if he fails, it
means coldness

Hypomagnesemia Research Paper
Hypomagnesemia Hypomagnesemia is a condition in which the level of magnesium in the blood is
low. Magnesium is a mineral found in many foods. It is used in many different processes in the
body. Hypomagnesemia can affect every organ in the body. It can cause life–threatening problems.
CAUSES Causes of hypomagnesemia include: Not getting enough magnesium in your diet.
Malnutrition. Problems absorbing magnesium from the intestines. Dehydration. Alcohol abuse.
Vomiting. Severe diarrhea. Some medicines, including medicines that make you urinate more.
Certain diseases, such as kidney disease, diabetes, and overactive thyroid. SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS Involuntary shaking or trembling of a body part (tremor).

Dr. Sakel: Harlem Valley State Hospital
Sakel was born on June 6, 1900, in Nadvirna. He studied Medicine at the University of Vienna from
1919 to 1925, specializing in neurology and neuropsychiatry. In 1936, after receiving an invitation
from Frederick Parsons, the state commissioner of mental hygiene, he chose to emigrate from
Austria to the United States of America. In the USA, he became an attending physician and
researcher at the Harlem Valley State Hospital.
Dr. Sakel was the developer of insulin shock therapy from 1927 while a young doctor in Vienna,
starting to practice it in 1933. It would become widely used on individuals with schizophrenia and
other mental patients. He noted that insulin–induced coma and convulsions, due to the low level of
glucose attained in the blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shepard Ivory Franz while attending George Washington University.
In 1911, Kent received her Ph.D. at George Washington University in Psychology, her doctoral
dissertation was entitled, "Experiments on Habit Formation in Dementia Praecox".
She went on to work at various hospitals and State mental institutions: (1911–12) Warren
(Pennsylvania) State Hospital, (1918) Foxboro State Hospital in Massachusetts, (1920–22) worked
with retarded patients at State Training School in Clinton, South Carolina, (1922–26) inaugurated
the first Psychology department in State hospitals and worked as Psychologist at Worcester
(Massachusetts) State Hospital.
In 1928, she took on what was to be her major position by joining the staff of the Danvers
(Massachusetts) State Hospital as Psychologist under Dr. Bonner (Shakow 276). She stayed there
until 1946, after establishing a successful psychology department. The responsibilities she set up in
the department primarily took care of all the psychometric work, such as the preparation of case
studies, writing of clinical papers and the training of different teaching groups consisting mostly of

The National Institute Of Health

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to The National Institute Of Health

Similar to The National Institute Of Health (6)

More from Denise Hudson

More from Denise Hudson (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The National Institute Of Health