Romantic painters and sculptors of the romantic era expressed their feelings in music, arts and literature.

5. "Romanticism is precisely situated
neither in choice of subject nor
in exact truth, but in a way of
feeling." --Charles Baudelaire
(1821-1867)

6. ROMANTICISM
Romantic era or the Romantic
period

12.  originated in the 18th Century in
Western Europe.
 was an intellectual movement that
influenced many works
 was prepared by a literary transitional
movement from Enlightenment, called
pre-romanticism
 it passed through different stages that
were specific for the diverse regions of
Europe

13. In the visual arts romanticism is used to refer loosely to a trend that appears at
any time, and specifically to the art of the early 19th cent. Nineteenth-century
romanticism was marked by the avoidance of classical forms and rules,
emphasis on the emotional and spiritual, representation of the unattainable
ideal, nostalgia for the grace of past ages, and a preference for exotic themes.
Romantic artists developed clear-cut techniques so as to produce specific
associations in the mind of the viewer. To convey verbal concepts they would,
for example, endow inanimate objects with human values (e.g., the wild trees
and shimmery moonlight used in the paintings of Caspar David Friedrich to
suggest an infinity of human longing, the weltschmerz of his time). The result
was often sentimental or ludicrous. In the case of Delacroix however, his
painterly style and color sense exalted the romantic attitude in a singularly
effective fashion.
In England landscape gardening was used to express the romantic aesthetic by
means of deliberate imitation of the picturesque in nature. In
architecture Wyatt’s preposterous, mock medieval Font hill Abbey displayed the
romantic building style in extreme form. The host of lesser artists of the
romantic tradition included the French Géricault the Swiss-English
Henry Fuseli, the Swiss Arnold Böcklin, the English Pre-Raphaelites, the
German Nazarenes, and the American artists of the Hudson River school.

17. LANDSCAPE GARDENING WAS USED TO EXPRESS THE ROMANTIC
AESTHETIC SENSE

25. Francisco de Goya's work explored madness and
oppression, while Caspar David Friedrich found
endless inspiration in moonlight and fog.

34. ROMANTIC LITERARY AND VISUAL
ARTISTS

35. VISUAL ARTISTS ASSOCIATED WITH ROMANTICISM
•Antoine-Louis Barye
•William Blake
•Theodore Chasseriou
•John Constable
•John Sell Cotman
•John Robert Cozens
•Eugene Delacroix
•Paul Delaroche
•Asher Brown Durand
•Caspar David Friedrich
•Theodore Gericault
•Anne-Louis Girodet
•Thomas Girlin
•Francisco de Goya
•William Morris Hunt
•Edwin Landseer
•Thomas Lawrence
•Samuel Palmer
•Pierre-Paul Prud’hon
•Francois Rude
•John Ruskin
•J.M.W.Turner
•Horace Vernet
•Franz
•Xavier Winterhatt

36. Romantic visual and literary artists
glorified the things which were hardly
ever physical. They glorified huge,
complex concepts such as liberty,
survival, ideals, hope, awe, heroism,
despair, and the various sensations
that nature evokes in humans. All of
these are felt not only on an
individual but highly subjective level.

37. EUGENE DELACROIX
•French painter
•Noted for use of color
which influenced later
impressionism movement
•Was influenced by
English painter John
Constable and English
poet Lord Byron
•Illustrated a French
edition of Goethe's Faust
Jean-Auguste-Dominique
Ingres Born: 1798
Died: 1863

38. La Liberté Guidant Le Peuple,
(90 Kb); Painted on 28 July 1830,
to commemorate the July
Revolution that had just brought
Louis-Philippe to the French
throne; Louvre.
The Barque of Dante, 1822
(150 Kb); Oil on canvas, 189
x 242 cm (74 1/2 x 95 1/4");
Musee du Louvre, Paris
Combat of Giaour and
Hassan, 1826 (80 Kb); Oil
on canvas; Art Institute of
Chicago
The Death of Sardanapal,
1827 (130 Kb); Oil on canvas,
392 x 496 cm; Musee du
Louvre, Paris

39. Jean-Auguste-Dominique
Ingres. Portrait of
Napoléon Bonaparte, The
First Consul. 1804

40. Portrait of Madame Duvauçay.
1807.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique
Ingres. The Songs of Ossian

41. HENRY FUSELI
Born: 1741
Died: 1825
Swiss born painter, draughtsman, and writer on art Writings include:
•Lectures on Painting(1801)
•Translation of Winckelmann's Reflections on the Painting and
Sculpture of the Greeks(1765)

42. Lady Macbeth,
1784 (30 Kb); Oil
on canvas;
Louvre
Macbeth and the
Witches, (20 Kb); Oil on
canvas; Petworth House
at Sussex, England
Perseus Returning the Eye of
the Graii, (60 Kb); Pen; City Art
Gallery at Birmingham,
England

43. Joseph Mallord William Turner
Biographical Info
Born: 1775
Died: 1851
One of the founders of
English watercolor landscape
paintingInstead of merely
recording factually what he
saw, Turner translated scenes
into a light-filled expression of
his own romantic feelings
Landscape with Distant
River and Bay, Oil on
canvas (100 Kb), 94 x 124
cm (37 x 49"); Musee du
Louvre, Paris
Snowstorm, 1842
(220 Kb); Oil on
canvas, 91.5 x 122
cm (36 x 48 in)
Rain, Steam, and
Speed: The Great
Western Railway,
1844

44. George Walker
(English Painter)
Biographical Info
Born: 1781
Died: 1856
Wensley Dale Knitters,
(1814)
Middleton Colliery, (1814)
First ever painting of a
locomotive

50. PORTRAIT OF A KLEPTOMANIAC

62. John Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare 1781

72. Thomas Jones, The Bard, 1774, a prophetic combination
of Romanticism and nationalism by the Welsh artist.

75. Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson , Ossian
receiving the Ghosts of the French Heroes, 1800–02

76. The Charging
Chasseur
Théodore Gericault (1791–1824):

77. THE RAFT OF THE MEDUS of 1821, remains the greatest achievement of
the Romantic history painting, which in its day had a powerful anti-

82. The Voyage of Life: Childhood
Artist : Thomas Cole
Date: 1842

83. The Voyage of Life: Youth
Artist : Thomas Cole
Date: 1842

84. The Voyage of Life: Manhood
Artist : Thomas Cole
Date: 1842

85. The Voyage of Life: Old Age
Artist : Thomas Cole
Date: 1842

86. ROMANTIC ART
STYLE

87. Two Men Contemplating the Moon (1830),Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin.
By the German Romantic painter,Caspar David Friedrich

88. The Lady of Shalott (1888),Tate Collection, London by John William
Waterhouse.

89. In the visual arts romanticism is used to refer loosely to a
trend that appears at any time, and specifically to the art of
the early 19th century.
Nineteenth-century romanticism was characterized by the
avoidance of classical forms and rules, emphasis on the
emotional and spiritual, representation of the unattainable
ideal, nostalgia for the grace of past ages, and a
predilection for Exotic themes.

90. Romantic artists developed precise techniques in order to produce
specific associations in themind of the viewer. To convey verbal
concepts they would, for example, endow inanimate objects with
human values (e.g., the wild trees and shimmery moonlight used in
the paintings of Caspar David Friedrich to suggest an infinity of
human longing, the weltschmerz of his time). The result was often
sentimental or ludicrous. In the case of Delacroix, however, his
painterly style and color sense exalted the romantic attitude in a
singularly effective fashion.
In England landscape gardening was used to express the romantic
aesthetic by means of deliberate imitation of the picturesque in
nature.
In architecture Wyatt's preposterous, mock medieval Fonthill Abbey
displayed the romantic building style in extreme form. The host of
lesser artists of the romantic tradition included the French Géricault,
the Swiss-English Henry Fuseli, the Swiss Arnold Böcklin, the
English Pre-Raphaelites, the German Nazarenes, and the American
artists of the Hudson River school.

91. When was the romantic style of
art popular ?
The Romantic Movement started
at the end of the 1700’s and
reached its peak in the early
1800s. It marked the end of the
Baroque movement which was
followed by Realism.

92. MUSIC IN THE ROMANTIC
ERA

93. ROMANTICISM IN MUSIC

95. MUSIC HISTORY : THE ROMANTIC ERA
In music, the nineteenth century witnessed the birth of new genres
such as the program symphony, pioneered by Beethoven and now
developed by Hector Berlioz; its off-shoot, the symphonic poem was
developed by Franz Liszt; the concert overture, examples of which
were composed by Felix Mendelssohn ; and short, expressive piano
pieces written for the bourgeois salons of Europe by Robert
Schumann and Frédéric Chopin. Italian operas were composed in
the Bel canto traditions, and these led directly to the masterworks
of Giuseppe Verdi while the idea of the German music drama was
established by Richard Wagner. For inspiration, many Romantic
composers turned to the visual arts, to poetry, drama and literature,
and to nature itself.
Using the classical forms of sonata and symphony as a starting point,
composers began to focus more on new melodic styles, richer
harmonies, in the pursuit of moving their audiences, rather than
adhering to the structural discipline of Classical forms. Later
composers of the nineteenth century would further build on the forms
and ideas developed by the Romantic composers.

96. Franz Liszt
Hungarian composer Franz Liszt started his
career as the outstanding concert pianist of the
century, who, along with the prodigious
violinist Niccoló Paganini (1782-1840),
created the cult of the modern
instrumental virtuoso. To exhibit his
phenomenal and unprecedented technique,
Liszt composed a great deal of music designed
specifically for this purpose, resulting in a vast
amount of piano literature laden with dazzling
scales, trills, arpeggios, leaps, and other
technical marvels. In this vein, Liszt composed
a series of virtuosic rhapsodies on Hungarian
gypsy melodies, the best-known being the all
too familiar Hungarian Rhapsody no. 2.

97. Felix Mendelssohn
Mendelssohn was encouraged by his family to study
music and to make a career out of it. When he was
seventeen year old, he composed an overture based
on Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream"
which was so successful that some years later he
composed more music on the subject, resulting in a
suite of pieces to be used in conjunction with
productions of the play.
Mendelssohn responded to nature as did most
composers of the period one of the results of nature's
influence was the Fingal's Cave Overture, also known
as The Hebrides, which depicts the rocky, wind-
swept coast and ancient caverns of Scotland.
Mendelssohn's many travels also influenced two of
his five symphonies, the third in A minor, known as
the "Scotch" Symphony, and his popular Symphony
no. 4 in A major, known as the "Italian" symphony,
which incorporates melodies and dances that
Mendelssohn heard while traveling in that country.

98. Robert Schumann
Schumann is unique in music history as he was
one of the great composers who concentrated on
one musical genre at a time, with the bulk of his
earliest compositions being for the piano.
Schumann's piano music (and later his songs)
remain supreme examples of the Romantic style
of the second quarter of the nineteenth-century.
Immensely influenced by literature and poetry.
Schumann founded Die Neue Zeitschrift für
Musik (The New Journal for Music) in 1834, and
continue to be its editor for ten years. In the
pages of this publication, Schumann
considerably raised the standards of music
criticism and did everything that he could do to
promote the careers of young composers such
as Frédéric Chopin, Hector Berlioz, and
especially Johannes Brahms, who was to
become a very close friend of Schumann.

99. Frédéric Chopin
Chopin's entire musical output was devoted to his favorite
instrument, the piano. His over 200 solo compositions for
the piano all demonstrate his highly individual melodic
style, and include two sets of etudes (studies),
three sonatas, four ballads, many pieces he variously
titled preludes, impromptus, or scherzos, and a great
number of dances. Included among the latter are a
number of waltzes, but also a great many mazurkas and
six polonaises, both of which are dances from his native
Poland. Few of these dance pieces are among Chopin's
famous works, including the proud Polonaise in A-flat
major and the haunting Waltz in C-sharp minor.
Among Chopin's most individual works are the Préludes.
Intended to serve as improvisatory beginnings to an
intimate recital, these pieces range from tender
melancholy to the dramatic utterances of the
stormy Prelude in D minor. Many of Chopin's most
beautiful compositions come from the series of short,
reflective pieces he called Nocturnes. As can be heard in
the Nocturne in F-sharp, these works are usually gentle
and dreamlike with a flowing, rocking bass, and aptly
demonstrate Chopin's preference for sweet, song-like
melodies, very much in the style of Italian bel
cantoopera of the period.

100. Gioacchino
Rossini
Producing his first opera at the age of eighteen,
Rossini composed dozens. Rossini excelled in
the opera buffa or comic opera of the day.
Indeed, the music he wrote for these comic
works has been described as "the perfect
distillation of comedy into music.
Whether in comic or serious opera, his vocal
style reflected the highly embellished, virtuosic
melodic line again in favor at the time. This style
is apparent in the aria "Una voce poco fa"
from The Barber of Seville, widely regarded as
Rossini's masterpiece in the opera buffa genre.
Italian Bel Canto Opera
Inheriting the bel canto tradition from Rossini, Donizetti's
operas are today mostly admired for their many attractive
melodies and fine ensembles. Donizetti's most famous opera is
certainly Lucia di Lammermoor which was based on a novel
written by Sir Walter Scott.

101. Romanticism in music was characterized by an emphasis on emotion and
great freedom of form. It attained its fullest development in the works of
German composers.
Although elements of romanticism are present in the music of Beethoven,
Weber, and Schubert, it reached its zenith in the works of Berlioz,
Mendelssohn, Schumann, Chopin, Liszt, and Wagner. Less totally
romantic composers usually placed in the middle period of romanticism
are Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Dvoák, and Grieg; those grouped in the last
phase include Elgar, Puccini, Mahler, Richard Strauss, and Sibelius.
Many romantic composers, including Mendelssohn, Schumann, Chopin,
and Brahms, worked in small forms that are flexible in structure, e.g.,
prelude, intermezzo, nocturne, ballad, and cappriccio, especially in solo
music for the piano. Another romantic contribution was the art song for
voice and piano, most notably the German lied (see song). Romantic
composers, particularly Liszt, in combining music and literature, created
the symphonic poem. Berlioz also made use of literature; much of his
work is described as program music. Romantic opera began with Weber,
included the works of the Italians Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, and Verdi, and
culminated in the work of Wagner, who aimed at a complete synthesis of
the arts in his idea of Gesamtkunstwerk [total work of art].

102. While Tchaikovsky was inspired by a more universal
romanticism, the movement in Russia was nationalist in
nature, exemplified by the works of Mikhail Glinka.
The music of the Czech composers Bedich Smetana
and Dvoák and that of the Norwegian composer Grieg
also expressed romantic nationalism.
Toward the end of the 19th century interest in classical
forms was revived by Bruckner, Brahms, Tchaikovsky,
and Franck.
The end of the romantic period--frequently described as
decadent and grandiose--is often referred to as
postromanticism and is represented by the works of
Holst, Elgar, Mahler, and Richard Strauss.

103. During the Romantic period, music often took
on a much more nationalistic purpose. For
example, Jean Sibelius' Finlandia has been
interpreted to represent the rising nation of
Finland, which would someday become
independent from Russian control (Child
2006). Frédéric Chopin was one of the first
composers to have incorporated nationalistic
elements into his compositions. Joseph Machlis
states, "Poland's struggle for freedom from
tsarist rule aroused the national poet in Poland.
Examples of musical nationalism abound in the
output of the romantic era.

104. Sibelius in 1913
Jean Sibelius was a Finnish composer who
belonged to the late Romantic period.
His music played an important role in the
formation of the Finnish national identity.
Romantic Nationalism was to become a crucial
element in Sibelius' artistic output and his political
leanings. By the age of 15, he set his heart upon
becoming a great violin performer. Eventually, he
become quite an accomplished player of the
instrument, even publicly performing the last two
movements of the Mendelssohn's Violin
Concerto in Helsinki.
Like Beethoven, Sibelius used each successive
work to further develop his own personal
compositional style. His works continue to be
performed regularly in the concert hall and are
often recorded.
Since the year 2011, Finland has been celebrating
Flag Day on 8 December to commemorate the
composer's birthday, also known as the 'Day of
Finnish Music’.

105. THE END

106. BIBILIOGRAPHY
1. Encyclopædia Britannica.
"''Romanticism '. Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online"
Britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
2. Brown, David Blaney. Romanticism. New York; Phaidon,2001.
3.Casey, Christopher (October 30, 2008). ""Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude
Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism”
4. Christopher J. Murray, Encyclopedia of the romantic era, 1760–1850 (2004) vol. 2.
p 742
5. Engell, James. The Creative Imagination; Enlightenment to Romanticism.
Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press,1981.
6. Honour, Hugh. Romanticism New York: Fleming Honour Ltd, 1979.
7. Ives, Colta with Elizabeth E.Barker. Romanticism & The School of Nature
(exh.cat). New Haven and New York: Yale University Press and The Metropolitan
Museum of Art, 2000.
8. Music History 102: a Guide to Western Composers and their music
Designed, compiled and created by Robert Sherrane

107. ABOUT THE PRESENTER
Ms. Dayamani Surya holds Master’s Degree in the English Literature from
Osmania University, Hyderabad, Post Graduate Certificate in Teaching of English
from CIEFL, Post Graduate Diploma in Teaching of English from CIEFL,
Bachelor’s degree in Science and Bachelor’s degree in Education.
She holds online professional certifications:
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As a Research Associate in the District Centre for English Scheme, Department of
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development and teaching in the International Training Programme for Foreign
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At the personal level, she works online as a mentor, helps the scholars in their
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