Water Supply In California

Water Supply In California
The second largest consumer of California water is public supply. Public supply has to do with both
public and private water suppliers, which provide water to others. Public supply water usages would
have to deal with domestic, commercial, industrial purposes, and public serves such as pool, parks,
firefighting, etc. Public water supply plays a huge role in many counties, and communities. The
reason why is because the public water supply systems that are located in these
counties/communities are government or facilities that are privately run. These public water supply
systems are what provides people with water to use on an everyday basis. The water that is
contribute to humans from the public water supply is taken from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and ...
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But humans are not the only species that need water. Animals and plants need water as well and
without it there would be nothing to live off and everything and everyone will just fade away. In
California, water is used mostly every day and it has to start when someone starts there day.
According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), stated that "the average American family
uses more than 300 gallons of water per day". This means that an average household would contain
at least three people, that max would be four. If one average family uses up to 300 gallons a day.
Then who can imagine how many other average families use 300 or more gallons of water per day.
But this only includes the amount of water that is used inside the house and does not include the
amount of water used outdoors. Outdoors water usage is only 30 % of the household use while the
other 70 % is indoors. Outdoor water usage may include watering lawns, flowers, washing cars,
kidding pools or slid n slides for when the weather is
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Advantages Of Privatization Of Water
Introduction
The case discussed in this paper is that of whether water should be privatized or be a public asset.
Nestle's chairman and former CEO Peter Brabeck states that water is not a right and it should be
privatized as it is raw materials.
Water is needed for everything, and all human beings and animals need it in order to live.
Privatizing water is just another way of stealing. Water cannot be privatized and owned by private
corporations whose only concern is to increase their profits.
Counterarguments
There are several counterarguments from proponents of privatization of water. The proponents of
water privatization state that by having the private sector in charge of the distribution would make
the process more efficient than the public sector doing so. There's no specific study and this cannot
be predicted accurately as this has not happened previously. However, the distribution system has
already been set up by the public sector and also the public sector has been handling the operations
for years which equates to more experience in the field than other private companies would have.
Another argument proponents of water privatization have is that they believe that it would cost less
if the private sector took charge of the distribution of water. There's a wrong idea that shifting the
burden from the public sector to the private sector taxpayers would pay less as the company would
repair, maintain and upgrade the infrastructure. However, that is not the case. For

Water Code Of 1934 Essay
Like the United States' early effort with the Rivers and Harbor Act of 1899, Brazil's initial struggle
to control pollution started with the legislative enactment of the water Code of 1934. (Alter, 2012)
The Water Code of 1934 was designed to regulate usage, property rights over water, and setting
limitations over water use. Before this landmark legislation, the demands for water use was overseen
by the Ministry of Energy's National Department of Water and Energy. Due to the fact water was a
key resource in power generation and electricity via hydroelectricity, prior to the Water Code of
1934 power companies had a high degree of control over all aspects that could impact power
generation. The Ministry of Energy could provide individual ... Show more content on
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During the early 1960's and late 1970's, the management of water and sanitation services underwent
several reorganizations to help gap the shortages in public health needs between the economically
sound municipalities and the growing communities without economic solvency. Two key systems
were developed to bridge these gaps; In 1968 The Sanitary Financing System, was created and in
1971 National Water Supply and Sanitation Plan (PLANASA) was established. Under PLANASA,
investment in infrastructure increased significantly as water coverage doubled between 1970 to
1990. Furthermore, the access to sanitary sewerage systems doubled nationally. During this period,
the PLANASA and other peripherally related governmental organizations were investing over $11
billion in water and sanitary sewer systems, with the bulk of the funding going towards water
quality and distribution systems. However, turbulent financial times troubled Brazil during the
1980's and led to a governmental reorganization which established the Sanitation Secretariat (SNS)
under the Ministry of Social Welfare (MAS) which manages water resources and infrastructure.
(Heller,

Safe Drinking Water Works Case Study
To continue to provide the highest quality of drinking water to the residents of Milwaukee and its
surrounding areas, it is crucial and of the upmost importance that Milwaukee Water Works (MWW),
publicly owned utility of the City of Milwaukee, abide by the procedures set forth under the Safe
Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and regulations by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Currently, MWW provide services to over 860,000 people in 16 surrounding communities in
Milwaukee, Ozaukee, and Waukesha Counties. Overall coverage of MMW services covers 196
square miles of the state. As the overseer and governors of the utility, you, Tom Barrett, the mayor
of Milwaukee and Milwaukee's fifteen elected members of the common council must ensure that
Milwaukee's water is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alisal Water Corp., the court found the owners and operators of public water systems in California
in violation to the SDWA. These water systems exceeded national primary drinking water
regulations for microbiological contaminants, lead, and copper. The court found these water systems
individually liable for the violation and held that the EPA has the standing to bring suit should
relevant state department of health formally request EPA to file a civil or criminal suit against water
system operators for violating the SDWA. The court also holds that samples used by the EPA show
violation of the safe drinking water regulation were routine samples and not "special" samples. The
court further held that nothing in "SDWA or in cases interpreting environmental statutes suggests
that Congress intended persons directly responsible for violations to be shielded from liability
because they were employed by or acting on behalf of a corporation that actually owned the water
system." Because the U.S. introduced sufficient evidence during the litigation, the owners and
operators were held "liable on the basis of their personal conduct that directly violated the
regulations at

Safe Drinking Water Act Essay
A federal law that was enacted in 1974 to protect contaminated water supplies to the public was
called the Safe Drinking Water Act. Through this law the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
given the authority to oversee water suppliers throughout the US and set standards for the
contaminants contained in water supplies. Prior to 1974, State health departments had the principal
duty for monitoring and regulating public consuming water substances. The U.S. Public health
provider supplied oversight till 1970. At that point, EPA assumed the federal regulatory position.
Although, the public health carrier issued protection standards in 1962, simply 14 States had
followed them through 1972. The Safe Drinking Water Act consists of an ... Show more content on
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However, they need encountered resistance, typically from the residents they're making an attempt
to help, who believe that if their water is legal it should be safe. Drinking water that doesn't meet a
federal health guideline won't essentially make somebody sick. several contaminants are dangerous
as long as consumed for years. and a few researchers argue that even harmful chemicals, once
consumed at very low doses over long periods, cause few risks. Others argue that the price of
removing minute concentrations of chemicals from water doesn't equal the advantages.
"Communities where the drinking water has contained chemicals that are associated with health
risks include Scottsdale, Ariz.; El Paso, Tex., and Reno, Nev. Test results analyzed by The Times
show their drinking water has contained arsenic at concentrations that have been associated with
cancer. But that contamination did not violate the Safe Drinking Water Act" (NY Times 2009). More
investment in infrastructure and social control of the principles are going to be necessary to enhance
water quality around the country. The report estimates that so as to considerably update water
infrastructure across the country, as well as substituting pipes containing lead, legislature
disbursement would want to extend to a minimum of $8 billion annually, up from the present $2.3
billion a year. Alternative entities have even larger estimates. The American Water

The Privatization Of Water Management
With an ever growing population and more and more countries entering the developed world, the
importance of water management has never been so great. In recent years, the participation of the
private sector in water management has come into play, mainly driven by the long overdue capital
improvements needed, a worldwide shrinking in public revenue, and a growing notion that private
operators are more efficient than public. Though largely opposed by human rights activists, the
privatization of water has benefits that far outweigh the cons. These private companies offer the
water sector greater fiscal responsibility that will keep one of the most important elements on earth
readily available for the long term future, as well as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today water rights have become a very sophisticated problem with more aspects than simply
providing water for everyone, but also with its impact on the environment. Most well developed
countries have solved the majority of this problem with great water systems, but they do still need to
maintain the system to accommodate the growing populations and changing climate. Also many of
the new countries entering the developed industrial world lack this well–established system and are
struggling to develop water infrastructure at the same rate as the rising water demand.
Unfortunately, both the developed and developing countries have a long way to go before the issues
of water management can be considered solved in the long term scope.
The strongest claim against the privatization of water comes from civil rights activists like the
Public Citizen organization which views itself as "the countervailing force to corporate power"
(Citizen). The Public Citizen was established in 1971 and has been lobbying against large
corporations successfully for decades, and have been well documented in their fight against the
privatization of water. Their largest argument points out the well–known fact that corporations serve
their stakeholders, and not the people. They are a money hungry beast that has no obligation to stand
up for the little guy in tough times.

Blessing Vs Bottled Water
Frequently people have always questioned if bottled water or tap water is better for themselves and
their community. Bottled water has no end of conveniences and is needed, or even wanted, by
numerous people in the United States and all over the world. Bottled water is not just a want for
some, it is a necessity. It has been used in many times of disasters, such as hurricanes, when tap or
the communities water is not available to them. Bottled water is convenient as well as a great
resource to have in a time of disaster. A reason that bottled water has been valued over tap water
would be that it is more portable. It is more convenient to just pick up a bottle of water than having
to fill something up and take it with on the journey. If someone is in a time crunch, one must need to
ask himself/ herself as to what would be more convenient and time saving for said person and their
busy lifestyle. Fager states in his essay called "The Top Ten Reasons (Plus Three) Why Bottled
Water Is a Blessing," "Bottled water is fully portable, and thus versatile" (3). In this excerpt, Fager
proves the point of the idea that bottled water is superior due to its amount of convenience.
Therefore, this shows that if someone is in a hurry, or need some extra time in their day, pick up
bottled water and do not waste the time in the day on tap when there is a more convenient solution.
Bottled water is crucial and necessary during multiple disasters. During disasters, numberless
breakages can

Squaw Valley Water Supply Essay
Official Test Water Supply At Squaw Valley
A water quality statement released by Liesl Kenney, Public Relations Director for Squaw Valley
Alpine Meadows is addressing reports of E. coli and coliform bacteria. The harmful bacteria,
detected in the potable water supply at Squaw Valley forced High Camp and Gold Coast restaurants
on the upper mountain to close their doors.
Much of the blame of the high bacterial count in the water supply for Squaw Valley is being
attributed to recent heavy rainfalls that have come though the region in the past weeks. Squaw
Valley Public Service District General Manager Mike Geary commenting on the tainted water
supply, "Given that Squaw Valley Resort recently completed construction of their updated water
supply ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals are prohibited from drinking water and urged to purchase bottle water for their personal
needs.
The issue came to the attention of Placer County Department of Environmental Health director
Wesley Nicks. Officials responded immediately with flushing the system with chlorine and repeated
rinsing. In addition, to the chlorine treatments, engineering crews injected sodium hydrochloride to
eradicate the harmful bacteria in the water supply. They report that the bacteria levels are decreasing
in a majority of the wells tested, which provide water to the upper mountain.
Until all the wells test results no show indication of harmful bacteria, water supply is not available
to the general public. No health issues have been reported by the local community. Ski activities at
the Squaw Valley Ski Resort continue as scheduled. Officials stressed that snow covering the ground
can not harbor harmful bacteria. "Freezing tends to kill bacteria, so no problem there," he said.
"These bacteria live inside of mammals so they like it warm," according to Wesley Nicks.
Below is an except of the public statement issued by the Placer County Department of
Environmental

The Baseline Leadership Survey For The First Cohort Essay
Results
Leadership Survey
When analyzing the baseline leadership survey for the first cohort, we specifically looked at
baseline frequency distributions of the "I feel like a Leader" scenarios, most Littles reported feeling
more like a leader at home and with friends. On a scale of one to five, one being "Not at all like me"
and five being "A lot like me", many girls indicated that they were less likely to feel like a leader at
school. As seen in table 8 below, 14 percent of Littles reported that they did not feel like a leader at
school, compared to that of 11.6 percent who did. Conversely, 7 percent of Littles reported that they
did not feel like a leader with friends, compared to the 16.3 percent that did. Lastly, when assessing
Littles who felt like a leader at home, 11.6 percent reported that they felt less like a leader, compared
to the 23.3 percent who did.
When analyzing the end of program leadership survey for the first cohort, most Littles reported
feeling more like a leader at home and with friends. As seen in table 9, 16.3 percent of Littles
reported that they did not feel like a leader at school, compared to that of 7 percent who did. On the
other hand, 14 percent of Littles reported that they did not feel like a leader with friends, compared
to the 16.3 percent that did. Lastly, when assessing Littles who felt like a leader at home, 16.3
percent reported that they felt less like a leader, compared to the 16.3 percent who did. A paired–
samples t–test was run

Essay on Agriculture Review Questions
Chapter 11 Agriculture Review Questions
1. What events lead to the beginnings of the First Agricultural Revolution? How did the First
Agricultural Revolution lead to the formation of urban areas? (you should incorporate plant
domestication, and animal domestication in your answer)
Events that lead to the beginnings of the First Agricultural Revolution are plant and animal
domestication helped humans settle down. Plant domestication allowed humans to cultivate root
crops and seed crops. Root crops are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the
plants. Seed crops are plants that involve a more complex process in which includes well–timed
harvesting. Animal domestication had advantages such as humans can use ... Show more content on
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The imprint that agriculture makes on the cultural landscape is as you look from the West Coast of
the United States to the East Coast you would see green circles standing out in arid regions of the
country are places where center– pivot irrigation systems circle around a pivot, providing irrigation
to a circle of crops. Then you can also see a checkerboard pattern on the landscape that reflects the
pattern of land ownership in much of the country. Three main Cadastral systems, the method of land
survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined, include township and range
system, metes and bounds and the longlot survey system. Township and range system divides land
into a series of rectangular parcels. The land was bought and sold in a gridlike pattern on the land in
whole, half, or quarter sections. Metes and bounds survey system uses natural features are used to
demarcate irregular parcels of lands. Long– lot survey system divides land into narrow parcels
stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.
4. Discuss the overall changes in agriculture from family farming to commercial agriculture. Be sure
to explain the environmental impacts of commercial agriculture.
Commercial and family farming are two different concepts of farming. Family farms are organic and
healthy yet it is expensive since not much is made in family farms. Commercial farming is the
opposite. Commercial farms use additive, preservatives and also lack sanitation.

A Modern State And Public Water Systems
A modern state is a set of organisations and institutions related to the function of the government; its
role is to provide order, policy, revenue, internal and external representation, and services.1 When
the state fails to govern the commons, that is, the land or resources affecting the whole community,
private companies take over. Within the past several decades privatization of the freshwater sources
and public water systems is widespread worldwide. Yet, private companies provide water guided by
the principle of the financial gain and not based on the equal distribution paradigm, and such
approach makes poverty–stricken suffer the most, while the wealthy remain intact. In California, the
region of the world having the seventh largest world 's economy,2 billionaires "hoard water in the
"water banks" that have been quietly gifted to them by the government."3 These water–bank–
systems allow to accumulate water in the underground reservoirs for water–bank holders ' needs or
for purpose of leasing.4 One such system, Kern Water Bank, a thirty square miles of marshland
filled with flocks of birds,5, is used to water pomegranate trees, a key ingredient in production of the
fruit–drink by POM–Wonderful, a company owned by the billionaires Stewart and Lynda Resnick.6
Ironically, Kern Water Bank Authority, technically a public agency, is subsidized by the Paramount
Farming Company, a company with world 's largest pistachio and almond production, which is also
owned by the Resnicks.

Military Leadership Philosophy Essay
Leadership Philosophy
SSG Kaseman, Katie
I believe that for any section to be successful the Soldiers and leadership must know and understand
the mission of that unit. They also must understand what their leadership expects of them. As your
leader, I also must understand what is expected of me. This philosophy will be the framework of
those expectations.
Personal Values
The personal values I believe in the most are integrity, honesty, and dedication to duty. I personally
live by these values, and they are the ones I look for first is my Soldiers.
Integrity/honesty: For me, these two go hand in hand. You cannot have integrity without honesty,
and if you are honest, you generally have great integrity. I believe in taking responsibility ... Show
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You will be respectful and show all courtesies to others. This includes your seniors, peers, and
subordinates. I also consider standard Army requirements (physical fitness, height and weight,
weapon qualification, and Battle Assemblies) to be part of this. You will set the standards.
Expectations of myself/ what you can expect of me
Fair: I will be fair when assigning your duties. I believe in equally distributing the workload. I will
not stand for one or two people carrying all the weight in the section. You can also expect me to not
assign you something you are not capable of handling.
Understanding: I will be understanding when issues arise both at work and at home. I know that if
things are happening personally you as humans need to have the time to take care of those issues. If
you have problems, you can also come to me to discuss them, and together we will find a solution.
Schooling: I will support you in your desire to attend schooling both civilian and military. In order
to further your careers, you must attend schools. I will not be the one that stops you from attending
schools. If you are eligible to attend, I will sign off on

The Navajo Nation Clean Water
Project Summary The Navajo Nation reservation covers parts of New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona
making it the largest Native American Reservation in the country. However, this vast land has little
infrastructure for moving the water supply from one area to another, coupled with a long–lasting
drought diminishing water reserves and the contamination of some water sources from industrial
mining, the Navajo Nation faces severe limited access to clean water (1). Without natural sources of
clean water or the ability to easily move water to those in need, the Nation must rely on hauling
water large distances at great expense to the tribespeople (2,3). This strain can have far reaching
impacts on the Navajo tribespeople's health, including direct health outcomes such as heavy metal
poisoning, transmission of bacteria, and dehydration, and indirect outcomes including poverty and
forced migration to areas of more water (4).The Navajo Nation Clean Water Initiative will work to
eliminate these adverse public health outcomes. In order to address the issue of clean water
availability, the objectives must address multiple levels of the social–ecological model
simultaneously. Three overarching objectives will be addressed. 1) The current public water system
must increase in capacity. The current public water system is small and up to 40% of households do
not have access to the public water system (2). 2) Due to the rural nature of the population,
expansion of the current system should begin

Animal Characteristics Of A Bat Star
What's a bat and star combined that lives underwater? The answer is bat star! Bat star, or 'asterina
miniata' (scientific name) is a marvelous invertebrate. Its scientific name was way too complicated
to comprehend, but bat star had another name called 'patiria miniata', which meant vermilion dish
(scarlet dish). In this animal report, I will be presenting animal anatomy and appearance (bat star's
physical characteristics), classification (what kind of invertebrate bat star is, how I know it, etc.),
habitat (where bat star lives) and diet (what bat star eats and other information about bat star's food).
A bat star looks like an ordinary chubby, plump starfish. However, it has webbings on the arms that
look like a bat wing! A bat star is not enormous or huge. It's normally about 4 inches in radius. It can
be a little bit bigger though. It can be 6 to 8 inches in radius as well. It has a radial symmetry and it
can weigh up to 11 lb according to general fact about starfish. Unfortunately, a bat ... Show more
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Bat stars eat other types of sea star, algae and other animals and plants. Since bat stars are
omnivores, bat stars can eat plants and animals at the same time, dead or alive. Bat stars get their
food by scavenging animals. However, bat stars are unusual. They can push their stomach from their
mouth to catch their prey. Once they catch their prey, they digest it with a digestive liquid. Bat stars
are somewhere in the middle of the food web. We can see that bat stars are somewhere in the middle
of the food web by looking at their prey and predators. We can clearly see that bat stars eat algae,
other sea stars, etc. This shows that bat stars are not in high position of the food web like humans
that eat almost everything. However, bat stars are not really low in the food web because it is a
predator to shellfish, tunicate worms, etc. This shows that bat stars are in the middle. They get eaten
by predators, but bat stars themselves are also

Critical Infrastructure Sector
The Water and Wastewater Systems Sector is a very important critical infrastructure sector because
it provides one of the key elements that we need to survive, which is drinking water. Besides
drinking water, the Water and Waste Water Systems Sector is also responsible for ensuring that
wastewater is properly disposed and treated to prevent diseases or environmental contamination
before it is used again (Department of Homeland Security & Environmental Protection Agency,
2015). The Water and Wastewater Systems Sector is a critical infrastructure sector that is relevant to
all communities across the United States since there exist some sort of Water and Wastewater
Systems Sector critical infrastructure within each community that is either privately

The Silent Struggle For Well Water Users
The Silent Struggle for Well Water Users Located in a small town of Licking county lays
Brownsville. A town with less than 150 homes and no more than 300 people. While everything
seems to be normal on the outside of the home, the inside is the quiet struggle of many people living
in this town. Brownsville has well water that destroys many household items, including but not
limited to, utilities, dishware, and clothes. While not all Well water is bad, Brownsville has water
that has a fifteen iron count level, which is higher than normal. Well water in Brownsville Ohio is an
issue that needs to be addressed and there are many solutions to the problem but the best solution is
purchasing a Kinetico Water System. Evidence Figure one: Figure ... Show more content on
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Although residents do not have to pay for Well water, the price does not come free when items of
the home need replaced. As the home owner, the family purchases five gallons of water at a one
dollar a piece, throughout the week for meal preparation and drinking. This totals to $260.00 at the
end of the year. Money is also spent on replacing clothes for the family of five that have stained
orange, and in the future, will need to be spent on replacing household cooking utensils and pots; as
well as the shower, toilet and kitchen sink. Past Attempts for Resolution Previous attempts have
been made to fix this issue. The previous home owner had installed a new Kenmore water softener,
in which the owners had to continue to add three 15lb bags of Morton salt to clear up the iron that
was going through the system. This brand of water system costs up to 600 dollars and once every
two weeks had to have new salt put in, which costs fifteen dollars a bag. This put the home owner
spending 90 dollars a month on salt, which turned into 1,080 dollars in a year. Because Brownsville
has such hard, salt filled water and was an electric unit, the Kenmore system broke after a year. This
leads into discussion of one of a few options that home owners can have. Option One: Kinetico
Home Water System In order to have a good working water system that works for this hard water,
homeowners in Brownsville could purchase the Kinetico home water system. The

Analysis Of Article ' Writing Style
Analysis of Article
Writing Style A credit to the research article was adherence to the APA format. The writing style of
the research article did not appear very concise. There were a minimal amount of misspelled words
which could be attributed to typographical errors. An example of a misspelled word from the
Introduction section was "skilful." The overall organization was not clearly delineated. There was an
ineffective use of headings. The research question and population sampling were embedded within
the text which required the reader to search for these items. There was no Literature Review
heading. The review of the literature was discussed within the Introduction section. References were
listed throughout the research article. Terms or "jargon" used was defined and related to public
internet social network programs. Definitions were also included in the Methodology section and
throughout the article.
Authors
The authors of the article were Che Wan Ida Rahimah AKA Che Wan Ibrahim, ProfessorVaughan
Prain, and Penelope Collet. Qualifications and positions. Che Wan Ida Rahimah is associated with
University of Malaysia Terengganu. The author's position is a faculty member within the Social
Development department where she lectures on the subject of English as a Second Language.
Interests of the author include technology and online learning programs. Professor Vaughan Prain
holds the position of Deputy Dean and research director at La Trobe University in

The Portland 's Water System Essay
I have learned about the Portland's water system in the first of a few weeks. I have learned the
Portland's water resources, water quality management, history of water system, water transportation
system, and water issues in Portland area. Now, I compare Portland's water system to another city in
the United States. I pick up Seattle's water system because I lived in Seattle for two years before I
move to Portland, and I'm interested in the Seattle's water system. In this journal, I write about the
following sections: History of Seattle's water system, water resources, water quality management,
water transportation, water issues in Seattle, and conclusion (similarities and differences between
Seattle's water system and Portland's water system). History: In the 19th century, Seattle's water
came from springs, wells, and private water companies. However, the population of Seattle
increased in the late 19th century, and the demand for water supply also increased. In June 6, 1889,
there was a large fire what is called "Great Seattle Fire" in downtown Seattle. After this event,
government decided to establish municipal water system. After this plan was approved, the
government constructed the Cedar River water system. On January 10th, 1901, water from the
Cedar River flowed into Seattle's water system for the first time. A pipeline channeled water to the
Lincoln reservoirs and the Volunteer Park on Capitol Hill. When the water system constructed, the
water system capacity was 23.5

The Effects Of Drinking Water On The United States
It is often believed that unsafe drinking water is strictly a critical health issue in impoverished third
world countries. However, in recent years in the United States, one of the most developed countries
in the world, we are experiencing multiple incidences of widespread public water contamination. In
2014, news stations across America were flooded with the devastating water crisis in Flint,
Michigan and though this is the most recent occurrence, it is not an isolated incident. Though Flint
was the most widely recognized incident, in the same year two other distressing cases of unsafe tap
water also occurred in two other United States cities. While several of these cases of water
contamination in the U.S. have been unintentional, other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
During the late 60's and early 70's a series of studies were conducted on public water supplies due to
health concerns, which concluded that many treatment facilities were inadequate (2000). In an effort
to address public health concerns, Congress enacted the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974,
which was amended in 1986 and 1996 (2000). The SDWA outlines the federal standards for public
drinking water, waste management, protection of drinking water sources, and the financial
infrastructure for projects (Tiemann, 2014).
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for enforcing policies and regulations
concerning public drinking water. The EPA estimates that the U.S. contains approximately 155,000
public water systems (Environmental Protection Agency, 2015). The three main water systems
include community water, which include residential buildings, transient non–community water,
which include campgrounds and gas stations, and non–transient non–community water, which
include hospitals and schools (Environmental Protection Agency, 2015). Community water comes
from surface water, such as rivers and lakes or from ground water in wells (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2014). However, individual water systems, which include streams, ponds,
bottled water, and privately owned wells, are not regulated by federal standards (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2014). The EPA

Significance Of Two Lovers Point
Guam is a warm and peaceful tropical paradise complete with its captivating beaches and hospitable
local. It is recognized to be one of the top destinations for beach lovers and tourists who are fond of
thrilling activities.
So we listed these five reasons why tourists always put Two lovers point on top of their list
whenever they visit the Island of Guam.
The View
The Cliff's edge at Two Lovers Point features a two–tiered sentinel points that has a startling view of
the Philippines sea and striking Tumon Bay. It's a 400 ft drop from the top up to the crashing waves.
So ready your eyes and camera, better not save those pictures out in the wind post them on your
feed.
The Legend
Don't you know that Guam also has its own Romeo and Juliet? Let ... Show more content on
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Thereafter, the high point then was known as Two Lovers Point.
The Feeling
If you wish an intimate getaway with your loved one, this is the place for you. We all know that the
Two Lovers Point was known from a legend of Two lovers, as what I've shared awhile ago. It made
all people knew that this is a place is the best for making vows and promises with your other half.
Approximately thousands of locals and tourists held their wedding in the Two Lovers Point because
they believe it will bring them to a long lasting love with their partners. So check this very sweet
video of two lovers who celebrated their wedding on top of the highest point.
Mr & Mrs Berry's Wedding at the Two Lovers Point
Who says that Paris is the only place for love locks? You might not know, but Two Lovers Point also
has its own version. For those who don't have any idea on what is love lock, it is a practice of
Locking your love with your partner using a padlock. There you can indicate your partner's name
and yours, lock them up, then throw the key in the ocean. This practice was known to be an effective
way of having a long relationship with your partner. For sure there are lots of keys under Tumon

New Approaches And Education For The Success Of...
7 New Approaches and Education for the Success of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems
There is a common thinking in the academia and professional arenas that the solution to the
untreated wastewater discharges into our water bodies can be prevented or mitigated mainly with the
construction of wastewater sewer collection systems and wastewater treatment plants. Part of the
purpose of this research is to revisit and analyze the benefits of using decentralized wastewater
treatment technologies and evaluate the latest wastewater treatment technologies available.
7.1 Overview of Centralized Wastewater Treatment Systems Infrastructure
It is also of common knowledge that our nation's wastewater treatment infrastructure is widely
recognized to be in serious overhaul, if not outright replacement. (Crawford 2011). Also it is known
that wastewater management does not figure among the environmental legal and regulatory matters
that command public attention, despite the direct human and environmental health impacts of
wastewater infrastructure failures, to say nothing of the unsavory nature of ruptured sewage lines
and massive sewage spills, with their attendant harms for both land and water pollution (Crawford
2011). This is due to a lack of knowledge and education to the public concerning this serious threat.
A serious national wastewater treatment crisis is imminent. The need to address our wastewater
infrastructure deficiencies is urgent and not only for the centralized

Water Commodification : An Analysis Of The Ontario Water...
Water Commodification: An Analysis of Ontario Water Policy Abstract Water bottling companies
have been under fire recently in Ontario as citizens complain about the minuscule amount their
water is being sold for. Further research reveals that Ontario's current policies may be the real
enemy, setting the rate for water taking at $3.71 per million litres. After receiving a lot of press, the
government has proposed a moratorium on new and expanded water permits. This would give them
time to review the current system. An improved system would include planning for future change,
increased scientific knowledge, more public involvement, and higher prices, among other changes.
Improved framework is integral to protecting Ontario's water resources for the future. Background
Population, development and climatic changes have caused increasing pressure on water resources,
as both quantity and quality have become threatened in many regions. Fortune magazine claimed in
May 2000 that water would be as important socioeconomically and politically to the twenty first
century as oil was to the twentieth century. This growth and pressure has lead to the rise of water as
a profitable commodity. Canada, and the province of Ontario, are relatively rich in clean freshwater
resources, although global warming will continue to decrease available quantities in areas such as
the Great Lakes basin (Renzetti & Dupont, 1999). The abundance of water resources makes Ontario
a prime location for water

The Destruction Of The Habitat
The first cost that should always be related to a surface water area is the destruction of the habitat.
Once a habitat is destroyed it is hard and expensive to recover, if it can ever be recovered.
Sometimes destruction is irreversible. According to Myers & Kent, "Well over half of the human
population lives within 100 km of the coasts" (Myers & Kent, 2015). Agricultural lands surrounding
these areas, along with other pollution from the metro areas are leading to the destruction on
numerous habitats. As this increase in these area of nitrogen continue to rise, the nitrogen continues
to pass on through the food chain. It is not just the immediate area that surrounds the surface water
that can suffer, but as birds, reptiles, and mammals also frequently use surface water, and pass
through the area, the nitrogen can have a multiplying effect as it passes from species to the next
species (Myers & Kent, 2015). One fish may contain nitrogen levels that are still non–lethal, but
when a bird or other species feeds on multiple fish this nitrogen level can increase inside the bird.
Destruction of habitat is not the only effect of nitrogen pollution, and agriculture where it may be
the leading problem, is not entirely at fault.
The largest reason for agriculture is the planet's growing population. This is the true reason that
agriculture is growing causing more and more issues with nitrogen pollution. This planet's
population is growing at an alarming rate, and in order to

Homestead Act
I THESIS STATEMENT The Homestead Act of 1862 made surveyed lands obtainable to
homesteaders. The act stated that men and women over the age of 21, unmarried women who were
head of households and married men under the age of 21, who did not own over 160 acres of land
anywhere, were citizens or intended on becoming citizens of the United States, were eligible to
homestead. This paper will show how the Homestead Act came to be enacted, who the homesteaders
were and the effects of the Homestead Act on the pioneers.
II WHAT EVENTS LEAD TO THE HOMESTEAD ACT?
The distribution of Government lands had been an issue since the Revolutionary War. Early methods
for allocating unsettled land outside the original 13 colonies were chaotic. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With the secession of the Southern states from the Union and the removal of the slavery issue,
finally in 1862, the Homestead Act was passed and signed by President Abraham Lincoln. The new
law established a three–fold homestead acquisition process: filing an application, improving the
land, and filing for deed of title. Any U.S. citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms
against the U.S. Government could file an application and lay claim to 160 acres of surveyed
Government land. For the next 5 years, the homesteader had to live on the land and improve it by
building a 12 by 14 dwelling and growing crops. After 5 years, the homesteader could file for his
patent (or deed of title) by submitting proof of residency and the required improvements to a local
land office. Local land offices forwarded the paperwork to the General Land Office in Washington,
DC, along with a final certificate of eligibility. The case file was examined, and valid claims were
granted patent to the land free and clear, except for a small registration fee. Title could also be
acquired after a 6–month residency and trivial improvements, provided the claimant paid the
government $1.25 per acre. After the Civil War, Union soldiers could deduct the time they served
from the residency requirements. Before the Act was repealed in 1934, over 1.6 million homestead
applications were processed and more than 270

Community Water Fluoridations
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommendation for the optimal fluoride level
in drinking water to prevent tooth decay have changed from 0.7 –1.2 milligrams per liter stablished
in 1962 to 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water. This change was the result of a systematic
reviews of the scientific evidence related community water fluoridation since it was incorporated in
1945. As a result of community water fluoridation there was an increase in the percentage of
children who were caries–free and a significant decreases in the number of teeth or tooth surfaces
with caries in both children and adult. The main reason to lower the recommendation was because
Americans nowadays have more sources of fluoride than the ones ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I feel like this because it is inexpensive, everybody that is exposed to fluoride is benefit, and it has
proven to be effective in decreasing dental caries prevalence and severity. I know that many parents
nowadays, are against the use of any fluoride product for their kids and I respect that. However, I
feel that in most cases they are missed informed and make their decision based on personal believe
and not in scientific evidence researches. I feel that U.S. is privileged to have public health system
that implement this measure to prevent one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. In
countries in where fluoridated water does not exist, the high incidence of caries is evidence
throughout the whole population. I know that water fluoridation alone is not enough, but it is a good
start. Other preventing strategies such as nutritional counselling, sealants, oral health education,
regular visit to the dentist, fluoride applications, fluoridated toothpaste and mouth rinse will also
contribute to lower the risk of dental decay, and benefit the part of the population that does not have
access to fluoridated

Exploring The Cost Of Hydraulic Fracturing Essay
Exploring the Cost of Hydraulic Fracturing in Colorado: What are the potential effects of the Tres
Rio 2016 Oil and Gas Lease/Sale on Montezuma County 's public health, ecological communities,
and economic stability?
Introduction
Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a technique often administered by oil and gas companies in
order to create fissures within subsurface shale formations. After a site is established, the initial step
entails breaking through the soil and stone via a bit placed at the end of a drill. As the drill moves
through the rock layers, it utilizes air pressure to drive fragmented rocks to the surface.The drill
ceases immediately after it comes into contact with the first indication of fresh water. Once the drill
is removed, cement is incorporated into the drilled hole in an effort to prevent contamination of the
water source and as a safety measure.
Secondary steps require a perforated gun producing high–magnitude electrical currents to be
introduced down the wellbore (oil field terminology pertaining to a hole generated from oil/gas
exploration), helping drive holes into the cement and ultimately enabling a channel for gas flow. The
gun is then removed. Under high pressure, the drill pumps a solution of water, sand, and chemicals
into the established site, allowing the gas (methane) to be released and stored.
Finally, a pipeline constructed from the storage space to the consumer market supplies the gas as an
energy source. Radioactive waste water also

Water Privatization Essay
Water is just as important as air, it is a basic need for life, ever since the beginning when one is
searching for life, water is the first thing to look for, without water there is no life. Everyone
deserves to have access to water.
Yet 1/8th of the worlds population doesn't have access to safe and clean drinking water. Most of
these people are from the developing parts of the world, this translates into 884 million people
without safe and clean drinking water, thats equivalent to the size of north and south America. Over
the course of the year 1.5 million people die each year from water related causes. Poor countries
have been told that private companies, including some of the worlds largest corporations such as
Suez, Veolia, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, when the company took over their local wells and informal pumps as well as the system
infrastructure, many consumers were priced out of the market, unable to pay the increased water
rates, which in some case had doubled. To further develop this, the world bank forced Cochabamba
and El Alto's water to be privatised because they said if they didn't, they will cut off Bolivia's water
development loans completely. This explains that once water services are privatised, very little can
be done to ensure that the company will work in the best interest of the
community. Furthermore, if a community is dissatisfied with the performance of the company,
buying back the water rights is a very difficult and costly proposition. Again the prime directive of
the water companies is to minimise profits, not to protect consumers
Water privatisation can also have good affects on the developing parts of the world. This is because
in developing countries their public water facilities and infrastructures are not up to date, damaged
and/or not working properly. By privatising water in these underdeveloped regions, this will ensure
that their water facilities are running adequately because people are paying for it. It will also create
revenue through taxes for the government.
However, around 40% of people in the developing world are living in poverty, they are unable to
afford basic necessities as it is, by

The Current State Of Water Supply
Introduction
Water, although considered a renewable resource is not available for infinite use as only six percent
of the world's total supply is fresh water. Only this fresh water can be directly used for daily human
needs and thus the amount of water actually available for use is much lower than the total amount of
water present on the earth. The limited amount of water then poses the issue of water scarcity in
some areas and makes the wise use and sustainable management of water extremely important. To
ensure this sustainable management of water and prevent any misuse, it is important to have an
appropriate institutional framework that looks after the water supply. The lack of a proper
framework in the past has lead to the shifting of water management from the hands of the
government to the private sector (Prasad, 2007).
The purpose of writing this essay is to look into the current state of water supply, the issues
surrounding the water supply and the correct method to overcome the prevailing issues. This essay
will answer the question is privatization of water the solution to solving the current water crisis in
different parts of the world? I will argue for the need of a public–private partnership to ensure a
balance between the private sector and the government. In Section (1) of the essay I will talk about
the failings in the current water system and the reasons leading to a shift towards privatization.
Followed by Section (2), which will simultaneously address the

Homestead Act Essays
I THESIS STATEMENT
The Homestead Act of 1862 made surveyed lands obtainable to homesteaders. The act stated that
men and women over the age of 21, unmarried women who were head of households and married
men under the age of 21, who did not own over 160 acres of land anywhere, were citizens or
intended on becoming citizens of the United States, were eligible to homestead. This paper will
show how the Homestead Act came to be enacted, who the homesteaders were and the effects of the
Homestead Act on the pioneers.
II WHAT EVENTS LEAD TO THE HOMESTEAD ACT?
The distribution of Government lands had been an issue since the Revolutionary War. Early methods
for allocating unsettled land outside the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Others were concerned that factories in the East would lose their supply of cheap labor if workers
were lured westward by the availability of small blocks of land at low prices. Congressmen from the
West argued that settlers were performing a patriotic service when they tamed the wilderness and
advanced the frontier.
For decades, the halls of Congress echoed with debates about the minimal price at which land
should be sold and the minimal acreage that a buyer should be required to purchase. Gradually,
Congress decreased the minimum unit from 640 acres in 1785 to 320 acres in 1800, 160 acres in
1804, 80 acres in 1820, and 40 acres from 1832 until 1862, when the Homestead Act gave 160 acres
free to anyone who would live on the land and cultivate it for five years.
III PASSAGE OF THE HOMESTEAD ACT
The Pre–emption Act of 1841 legitimized squatting by letting farmers claim unsurveyed plots and
later buy them from the government. Pre–emption became the national policy, but supporting
legislation was blocked. Senator Andrew Johnson of Tennessee took up the cause in 1840.
Southerners opposed Johnson's land giveaway as benefiting working–class whites who were
unlikely to vote slavery into the new states. Three times the House of Representatives

Explain Why Did Horace Greeley Want More Young People To...
Horace Greeley sole reason for his quote" Go west, young man go west, was to get more young
people to not only travel to the west but stay and make a better life for themselves. It says that the
western part of the United States had a lot more opportunities for employment and a lot more
opportunities to change your social status. The reasons why I believe Horace wanted more young
people to travel west were to be given the opportunity to find employment and take better care of
their families. The farmland in the west was more fertile and could create more opportunities for
farmers to grow and sale their produce, which could contribute to the economy. Also in 1851 the
railroads were beginning to expand which made way for more trade and more organizations to trade
their supplies all over the country instead of just within one state. Another reason Horace Greeley
wanted more young people to travel west was because sometimes young people stay in one place for
the rest of their life, and many times their hometowns may not have a lot of opportunities to offer
them, so that leaves those young people poor and with no jobs. If these young people were able to
travel west then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This leaves those young people poor and with no jobs and no way to take care of their families. If
these young people were able to travel west then that could create a better situation for not only
themselves but for the economy. If there are more people working then that could create more jobs
in the future. The Homestead Act played a major part in white Americans migrating to the west also
because it promised individuals that stayed public land. The Homestead Act gave those people in
poverty in the bigger cities the opportunity to change their social class by farming if they migrated

Persuasive Water Crisis
Summer is just around the corner, and with it will come the usual high temperatures and sweaty
afternoons. It's this time of year that you find yourself using a bit more water than normal, whether
to wash off or rehydrate. And few things are more enjoyable than coming inside on a stifling
summer afternoon to drink a cool glass of water before heading to the shower to freshen up. That
said, few things are more discouraging than filling up your glass of water to see not a crystal clear
liquid float up to the brim but instead what looks like a discolored puddle pouring into your cup,
maybe with bits of unidentifiable particles haphazardly swimming about. This image is neither
appealing to your parched tongue nor your in–need–of–a–shower body. It's pretty evident that
something is wrong with your water supply, and that it's been contaminated somehow or another.
But what happened? If you hire a professional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It essentially means that there is no valve to control the flow of water from the city's public water
supply and your own, allowing for contamination of both systems. There are two specific types of
this undesirable problem–backpressure and backsiphonage. Backpressure problems are caused when
the downstream pressure is greater than the upstream or supply pressure from the public water
system; this scenario occurs from either an increase in downstream pressure, a decrease in water
supply pressure, or a combination of the two. Backsiphonage is, as you have probably figured out,
just the opposite of backpressure–that is, it arises from negative pressure in the public water system.
Backsiphonage typically occurs when there is a notable stoppage of water supply to other systems
due to a fire hydrant being in use or a break in the water main. Without getting too technical, the
long and short of this is that neither of these are good news for the sanitation of your water

Choosing The Role Of Privatization In The United States
Privatization:
Public services provided by the government can get very expensive. In order to help
reduce/eliminate these high prices some governments choose the option of privatization.
Privatization is mainly selling a public service to a private company, making the service no longer
under the government's control. Public services such as, electric utility companies, health care,
highway repair and upkeep, and as well as water have been privatized around the world. The
advocates of privatization highly believe that this is an important trade liberalization reform. These
advocates believe that privatization will lower taxes because tax payers no longer have to pay for
this service. Advocates believe that the competition from privatizing services will lower prices and
will also improve the quality of these services.
Although there others ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But as an opposing force we must treat water as the priceless resource it is. Although water is the
basic necessity of life, many corporation find this as an opportunity to make money. Food and Water
Watch is an organization that opposes the privatization of water. They support managing water
supplies, improving public water systems and making water services safe and affordable for all.
Bottled water is a massive asset for corporate profits and less support for our public water.
Transnational corporations like Nestlé Waters, PepsiCo and Coca–Cola sell single–use plastic
bottles which eventually become waste that ends up in landfills and ultimately, litters our oceans
thus costing us thousands of times what it costs to get that water from the tap. While these
corporations market bottled water as a beverage of convenience, it comes at the expense of our
public water infrastructure. This water infrastructure has provided affordable and convenient access
to water for many years in the

Tap Water Problem
Assignment 3 In the New York Times article, Unsafe Lead Levels in Tap Water Not Limited to Flint,
journalists Michael Wines and John Schwartz give examples of various cities in America that have
had issues with lead contamination in public drinking water, signaling that the current water crisis in
Flint is not an abnormality. Washington D.C., Durham and Greenville, N.C., and Jackson,
Mississippi are some of the cities in the past 15 years that have been victim to lead contamination
(Wines and Schwartz). Although most of the public water systems in the Unites States are deemed
safe, these intermittent cases of contamination are the result of holes in safety rules and procedures
(Wines and Schwartz). According to Dr. Jeffrey K. Griffiths, professor of public health at Tufts
University and former E.P.A. chairman, there are many threats to the water supply in addition to
lead. Along with a multitude of potentially harmful contaminants and aging infrastructure, there is
also the possibility of an unprofessional or incompetent actor to break through protective safeguards
(Wines and Schwartz). While commonsense regulations and restorative measures, like new
provisions to the Clean Water Act or investments in new waterlines, have been proposed as solutions
to address these problems, they are met with blowback, with complaints ranging from intrusiveness
to the idea that more regulations unnecessarily hurt business (Wines and Schwartz). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Flint's governing body decided to switch from Detroit's water system in a cost–cutting measure to
reduce budget expenditures. Although the city saved money through the change, its poor residents,
who most likely would not have benefited much from the move, bore the brunt of the consequences.
The plethora of unregulated chemicals allowed to flow through public water systems are

Persuasive Essay On Xeriscaping
Water conservation is on a lot of people's minds these days. Droughts and a growing population put
stress on existing water supplies. That leads to the water restrictions that have become all too
familiar to Californians. What is the issue, though? Isn't 70% of the world is covered in water? Yes,
but only 0.007% of all that water is considered potable or safe to drink. The water from your faucet
is potable water. Unfortunately, so is most of the water used in irrigation to keep a lawn green. In a
desert climate, keeping lawns green means using a huge amount of potable water. To reduce their
water consumption, many homeowners are looking for a landscaping alternative to big lawns.
Xeriscaping is that alternative.
What is Xeriscaping?
Xeriscaping is a landscaping approach that aims to maximize water conservation while still giving
you an appealing yard. This is done with a careful combination of plant selection, plant placement,
mulching and cutting back on grass lawn areas.
The ideal situation is to create a yard that doesn't ever need you to water it. At a practical level, that's
not always possible. Choices about new plants, types of mulch, and whether to retain any existing
grass will all determine to your final water needs. The odds are good that you'll need some level of
irrigation, but at a drastically reduced level.
Desert Xeriscaping
Since desert areas are already water–starved, it's easy to imagine desert xeriscaping as a study in
cacti and gravel. Cacti are

Is Tap Water Better
Many have asked, is bottled water better than tap? Which is better for our health? People have a
fascination with bottled water. Somehow, someone decided that tap water was not good for us and
along came the idea that bottled water is better. I believe that many of us would agree that the taste
of bottled water and the way it provides a more safer way to consume the water we need overrides
tap water. As consumers we try to make a safe decision in which water to drink but with all the
controversy, which is better? Despite thinking bottled water is the best of the best, bottled water
companies have a public system as well, just like tap. As stated in Source two, " Contrary to what
you might hear, the bottled water industry supports a strong public

Strategic Issues the Association Should Address Essay
TO: APSA Council
RE: Council Discussion Topic: Organized Sections
This overview is designed to help launch a Council small group discussion about journals, and about
strategic issues the Association may wish to address. The memo notes salient issues the Association
is or will soon face. The themes included here are surely not complete and the goal is for a
discussion that helps ferret out or sharpen heretofore unarticulated issues as well as the ones we see
now.
I. Introduction
APSA Organized Sections have been a mainstay of the Association since first formed in the early
1980's. There has not been a comprehensive review of Sections and the ways in which the
prominence of Sections has shaped the Association since then, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This increases the total cost of APSA membership commensurately, especially consequential if a
member seeks to join multiple sections. We worry this may discourage multiple section
membership, diminish opportunity for "cross–fertilization" among fields; and create sticker shock
for APSA membership in general.
At the same time, there may be potential value for the Association of being aligned with a "bundle"
of journal content organized across topical areas – a kind of journal–based analogue to the annual
meeting division structure.
As a specific matter, APSA has the opportunity help the State Politics and Policy Organized Section
purchase its journal from the university press that now owns it, by lending the Section money with
payback revenues over 10 years. Assuming the business deal made sense, would such a step make
sense from the standpoint of an Association–wide journals policy.
APSA might seek to bring Section journals more under the Association umbrella itself and applying
journal guidelines, unbundling subscriptions from Section membership (while leaving editorial
control with the Sections.)
C. Governance and Liabilities

APSA's Organized Sections operate under the Association's Tax ID number, and legally are elements
of APSA as a corporation. A few APSA sections engage in outside activities such as separate
conferences. Generally, these are handled entirely by section members

Ground Water Contamination and Household Response in...
There are two sources of drinking water, surface water and ground water and they are each
managed, monitored and regulated differently even though the actual water systems are interrelated
and integrated. The state of Missouri has historically had plenty of high–quality fresh water sources;
in the northern half of the state most of the drinking water comes from surface water while the
majority of the southern population gets water from underground aquifers (Missouri Department of
Natural Resources, 2010). The Missouri River and its alluvium wells provide more than half of the
state's residents with drinking water as most of the urban centers in the state are located along its
course. Water from wells located adjacent to the Missouri River ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The contamination was ultimately found to be Escherichia coli 0157:H7 commonly referred to as E.
coli or EC0157. Investigations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the
Missouri state and county public health departments determined the most probable source of
contamination was leakage of sewage near broken water main lines that then entered the drinking
water distribution system (Swerdlow et al, 1992). According to the report by Swerdlow et al (1992),
this particular incident had the distinction of being not only the largest incidence of EC0157
infection at that time but also "the first due to a multiple resistant organism, and the first
documented to be transmitted by water" (Swerdlow et al, 1992, p. 818). Testing of water taken
directly from the wells in Cabool revealed the water contamination did not occur in the ground
water itself but was initiated in and then distributed via the water supply system. The Cabool
contamination could have been prevented had the town followed the recommended standard
procedure of hyperchlorination immediately after water line breaks or repairs (Swerdlow et el,
1992). It is common for water systems to have small leaks but they usually do not result in
contamination as the positive flow of water pressure prevents inward infiltration of the system but
when there are breaks in the lines and pressure is lost, contamination can flow back into the water
lines.

Argumentative Essay On Privatization Of Water
The Argument Against Privatizing Water Utilities in North Carolina. On July 28th, 2010, the United
Nations recognized access to safe and clean water and sanitation as human rights (UN News
Center). Despite this recognition, there is a growing movement to privatize water utilities ‒ to treat
them as a commodity to be sold rather than as a basic human right, and a necessity. Growing rates of
privatization led Fortune magazine to claim that "water promises to be to the 21st century what oil
was to the 20th century: the precious commodity that determines the wealth of nations" (Tulley,
"Water, Water Everywhere"). There is not one instance of a human right being expected to be
protected by a private entity in any other industry. The water industry should not be a private sector,
yet in 2010 private companies controlled 12% of water utilities world–wide (Masons, 14). While
proponents of privatization such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund argue that
privatizing these systems are more efficient, and that private companies are better equipped to tackle
the challenge of providing water to a growing world, access to water as a right must be protected.
The privatization of water has broader implications on the communities that these utilities serve, and
have large strides to make in terms of affordability, customer service, and transparency. In contrast
from many states who have a network of many medium and large water systems for their
municipalities, North

Pros And Cons Of The Safe Drinking Water Act
Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to
establish the concentrations of contaminants that are permitted in public drinking–water systems. A
public water system is defined by EPA as a "system for the provision to the public of water for
human consumption through pipes or other constructed conveyances, if such system has at least
fifteen service connections or regularly serves at least twenty–five individuals" (63 Fed. Reg. 41940
[1998]). Section 1412 of the act, as amended in 1986, requires EPA to publish maximum–
contaminant–level goals (MCLGs) and promulgate national primary drinking–water regulations
(maximum contaminant levels [MCLs]) for contaminants in drinking water that might cause ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If left untreated, pulp infection can lead to abscess, destruction of bone, and systemic infection
(Cawson et al. 1982; USDHHS 2000). Various sources have concluded that water fluoridation has
been an effective method for preventing dental decay (Newbrun 1989; Ripa 1993; Horowitz 1996;
CDC 2001; Truman et al. 2002). Water fluoridation is supported by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) as one of the 10 great public health achievements in the United States,
because of its role in reducing tooth decay in children and tooth loss in adults (CDC 1999). Each
U.S. Surgeon General has endorsed water fluoridation over the decades it has been practiced,
emphasizing that "[a] significant advantage of water fluoridation is that all residents of a community
can enjoy its protective benefit.... A person's income level or ability to receive dental care is not a
barrier to receiving fluoridation's health benefits" (Carmona 2004). As noted earlier, this report does
not evaluate nor make judgments about the benefits, safety, or efficacy of artificial water
fluoridation. That practice is reviewed only in terms of being a source of exposure to

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