Research Paper On The Parthenon

Research Paper On The Parthenon
The Parthenon was the response of the Athenians to the Temple of Zeus created in Olympia. It was
just a little bit longer, taller, and wider, just so they could brag that it was bigger on every
dimension. It was built between 447–432 BC atop the Acropolis in Athens. This Ionic frieze was
almost an afterthought when added to the Parthenon. It depicts the people of the Panathenaiac
procession heading to the games. But it does not simply show that; it shows "horsemen and chariots
led by elders and the attendants...dignitaries, women, and the Olympian Gods" (Boardman 40). The
frieze characterizes all the procession goers as the upper–class, even comparable to gods. The idea
Athens is trying to instill here is that of democracy and equality amongst all citizen. The
Panathenaiac festivals are a gathering of all people, and their aggrandizement on this frieze
promotes that all citizens have the opportunity to be the best citizens. Professor Robin Osbourne
explains that "even though these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a man knows success and hears his glory proclaimed abroad. Seek not to become Zeus." (Pinder).
In a way, this can relate to the message on the frieze. To the Athenians, the power they possessed
came from their equality as a unit. Being a citizen to them was a "blessing". But even more so, the
frieze of the Panathenaiac games is the part of the Parthenon that "proclaims" to the world "abroad"
that they are citizens of Athens. The Parthenon was visited by many who would see the frieze, and
learn to understand the pride that the citizens of Athens felt, seeing that they would be able to join
the ranks of a perceived elitist class. The last part of those lyrics remind the reader not to try to
become more than you are. In Athens, have power is not a bad thing, but one must remember that all
citizens are equal, and thus "become Zeus" would defeat the purpose of the Athenian
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Library On Franklin And Marshall's Campus
Shadek–Fackenthal Library, the largest library on Franklin and Marshall's campus, is a national
historic landmark and also a notable part of campus's aesthetic appeal. The brick library is three
stories high and is colonial in appearance. The main entrance of the building is white and is covered
by a colonnade facade that prominently features the college's seal as well as the name of the library.
While Franklin and Marshall College has numerous historic buildings, Shad–Fack Library stands
out for its classical Greek facade which prominently covers the main entrance of the library. The
collonaded facade is an exceptional visual on Franklin and Marshall's campus and thus, a careful
exploration of its design/layout, visual appeal and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inset into the the center of the pediment is the seal of Franklin and Marshall College, with two
cornucopias draping off from the central circle. Within the pediment there are ten parallel lines that
get increasingly short as the the raking sima comes to a point. Below the pediment is the geison
which rests on a row of vertical dentils. Below the dentils is the frieze with the name of the building,
"Shadek – Fackenthal Library" centered and incuse. Within the architrave there is a raised molding
delineating the truncated architrave from the frieze. The frieze rests on a disproportionately small
architrave, about ⅓ as large as the ideal Doric structure. The architrave is solely composed of two
fasciae. Below the fasciae is a Doric style abacus that is disproportionately wide and extends beyond
the echinus. Below the abacus is a rounded echinus which is also in the Doric style. Below the
echinus there is a short empty area that separates the echinus from the annulets. The annulets are
comprised of two rings which is a deviation from the ideal Doric structure. Going to the base of the
column, there is a torus with ⅓ the number of rings as the canonical Ionic structure and a rounded
scotia that rests on the base. Each column is tapered and rests on a square base that then is
positioned on a cement block. The four blocks then drop 1/3 into the stereobate and are also raised
slightly above the stylobate. Below the cement block is the rest (other 2/3rds) of the

Greek Ancient Athens
The city–state of Athens is a part of the Greek Archaic cities. The history of Athens dates back to
3000 BCE, where the earliest evidence of occupation is documented, but the focus here is on Athens
in the Archaic Period, which dates from 800–500 BCE. During this period there were a large variety
of features that were detailed in the accounts of the city's society and history. The center of the city
is dominated by two hills, the Pnyx and the Acropolis. Pnyx is where the Popular Assembly held its
meetings. The Acropolis was the fortified center, then later became a religious sanctuary, the home
of Athena, the patron goddess of the city, and a host of other deities. During the 6th century the
Athenian Empire was at the peak of its power under ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Parthenon is a Doric Temple with Ionic Feature. Doric order was characterized by rectangular
shape, a levelling course, three steps on top of the levelling course, as well as the stylobate on top of
the steps marking the floor of the temple. The temple consisted of cult rooms surrounded by the
colonnade. Doric columns stand directly on the stylobate. The concave grooves of Doric fluting end
in a sharp line, or arris. The Doric capital consists of two parts, the round echinus, and above it, the
square abacus. The capitals form the transition from the column shaft to the entablature. The
entablature consists of three main parts–the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice. The architrave
rests on the columns and left plain in the Doric style. The frieze, in which the triglyphs alternate
with the metopes. The cornice, which forms the eaves along the sides of the building, and at the
short ends, the base for the gable, the broad triangular space. This space is bordered with a
horizontal course and two slopping courses. The Ionic features that the Parthenon posses are a
continuous sculpted frieze, as well as four Ionic columns supporting the roof of the

The Altar Of Zeus : An Architectural Transition From The...
It is reasonable enough to say that the Altar of Zeus was an architectural transition from the previous
model of Parthenon for that they were built with many similarities yet distinguished in noticeable
details. The artistic transition from the Parthenon to the Altar of Zeus represent the evolution from
disciplined Athenian to a more dramatic Hellenistic culture, because of the uncontrollable instability
of the later 2nd century B.C.E. The Altar of Zeus transitioned from Parthenon's traditional
architectural concept and function yet gave a more decorative purpose and artistic details to the
architecture. It is not hard to see that the artists in Hellenistic period who designed and constructed
the Altar of Zeus purposely wanted the observant to focus more on the majestic size and delicate
refinement of the architecture than the ones in conventional Athenian period. Compared to the
traditional alter that served as an outside subordinate to the main Parthenon temple that practiced
votive sacrificing to the goddess Athena, the Altar of Zeus continued with the traditional structural
element of the Athenian Parthenon, including columns, entablatures and internal walls, yet at the
same time, expanded the depth of the altar and widened the distance between the columns to create a
more inviting extent that naturally attracts the observations to the interior décor of the temple, which
is a symbolic transition from classical Greek visual and structural balance to Hellenistic's choice

Frieze Of Dancers
Frieze of Dancers is a unique that piece that ties together many of the elements of art and principles
of design. Some elements, such as time and motion, stand out more than others, but that does not
change how diverse this composition is. This painting is 27 7/8 inches tall and 78 7/8 inches wide
meaning that an average sized person would be taller than the painting, but would be smaller than
the dancers when measured from left to right. However, the dancers themselves are relatively the
same size when compared to each other. Each girl takes up a specific amount of space making them
seem larger, and the background almost non–existent. The space surrounding the girls is undefined;
the floor and the wall blend together into a light brown background. This light brown is a part of a
grander color scheme that includes darker browns and oranges. Altogether the colors within the
painting are muted with no bright colors. Instead the artist chose to use browns and grays which
seems to give the painting a more realistic and serious air. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The lines are not connected to each other, but the lines that are visible help to define the figures and
separate them from the background. Most of the lines found within the painting are implied, and
created by use of shadowing. This is evident in the thigh of the third dancer from the left and the
skirts of the first and second ballerina (also from the left). The third ballerina's leg is clearly defined,
but it is not defined by the lines; it is defined using darker grays. The use of the darker colors creates
a shadow that is not a clear line, but gives the viewer an idea that a line should be there. The layers
of the skirts of the first and second dancers are also defined by shadow rather than by actual lines.
These lines also give the skirts a fluffy texture; making them seem fuller than they

How Did The Parthenon Influence Athena
The Parthenon and The Influence of Athena on Athens and The Greek Era
Laith al Omari
1607029472
ARTS200D
Dr. Schell
16/4/17
The Parthenon, one of the most famous ancient Greek structures, located in Athens, was built to
honor their deity Athena. citizens built ornate temples to honor and worship their pantheon, or
collective group, of gods, such as Ares the god of war and Hermes the god of travel. The gods had
legendary tales of glory, romance, and adventure. The Parthenon was considered a work of art as
well as a sacred space for the worshipers of Athena the ancient Greek goddess. The Parthenon was
built on the approximate location of another temple that was destroyed by the Persians while it was
still in construction. "When work began ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The proof of this peak is the vast schemes for new buildings that Pericles had initiated in and around
Athens. The Parthenon represented power in many different ways including the architectural
technology and the representation of Athena, but one that stands out is that they topped of the roof
with wood. "They used the wood from the defeated Persian boats from their naval victory at Salamis
as the building material." Another proof of the architectural technology in Athens is that the columns
at the corners of the temple were slightly larger or more precisely 1/40th larger in diameter than the
rest of the columns, and they decreased the space of the columns around them approximately 25 cm
smaller. The reason behind this change is that these specific columns are facing the sky, and
columns that have light directed towards them tend to seem smaller in size and further apart than
darker columns. Pericles believed in democracy and perfection. He started the whole idea of
equality, and although he limited it to male adult citizens, but he gave them the ability to participate
in every decision regarding the state not caring about wealth or class. When democracy was
invented it was extremely fragile, and not a thing that was taken for granted, but Pericles had a very
important role in making it last longer and adding it to the Greek

How Did Pericles Build The Parthenon
In approximately 450 BC Athens' premier statesman, Pericles, initiated a program of works designed
to embellish his city in order to demonstrate the superiority of the city of Athens3. This crowing
achievement of this program was The Parthenon, supervised by Pheidias3. It was built on the
Acropolis; a mass of rock sharply rising out of the plain around Athens. The Parthenon is a
replacement for an unfinished earlier temple that was destroyed by the Persians; the archaic remains
of this were partially used to construct this magnificent building. The construction began in about
447 BC and was completed by 432 BC3. The three major elements forming the sculpted ornament
on The Parthenon consists of the metopes, pediments, and the frieze. While ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, the general portrayal of classical Athens seems to emphasize and celebrate the cultural
identity of Athens. In particular, the historical theory, which argues that the procession occurs before
the Battle at Marathon, seems the most plausible for a number for reasons. It is probable that the
Athenian people would want to demonstrate something that is culturally and historically significant,
especially something so significant such as defeating a long time enemy – the Persians. Even though
this would be unusual for Greek art and architecture as it is not mythological, the present theories
that relate to myth do not seem rather forced and do not make much sense compared to this
alternative. It should be noted that many Greek gods are still portrayed in the east frieze, thus
somewhat aligning with this norm. In addition, since the purpose Pericles's building program was to
demonstrate the superiority of the city of Athens, it seems particularly conceivable that the frieze
would have done just that. The Parthenon frieze is a unique monument, unmatched in size and
complexity in Classical Greek relief sculpture; it makes sense that its designers were capable of
representing something

Ancient Greece Architecture
Ancient Greece has always been an interest of mine I choose number two as my topic because the
architecture is amazingly beautiful. Also a lot of ancient greece architecture has gone through
hardship that there is little to no remains of the structure, trying to imagine what structure would
look like or if reconstruction was added to the structure is very interesting. The Temple of Hera II or
Apollo , Paestum, Italy, ca. 460 BCE. (Figure #1) and the Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis,
Athens, Greece, ca. 427–424 BCE. (Figure #3) are great examples of this. The reading below can
tell you more about these two temples, their similarities and differences
The Doric order is a sophisticated form of architecture. The columns in the doric order are wide,
seiver, and heavy. The columns don't have a base, the columns go straight down. The doric buildings
are generally larger buildings. The doric order also has a broken down frieze to it. It is made up of a
pattern of the triglyph and the metope. (Kleiner 103–160) (Tanzi Lecture 10a)
The Ionic order is more of a classical form architecture. Generally Ionic structures is used in smaller
temples, and the columns are more decorative, the capitals right above the columns. The columns
also have bases to them. Ionic structures have continuous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Figure #1 has columns all around the building while only figure #2 has columns on two opposite
sides of the building and two walls. An interesting difference in the two is Figure #1 has a cella
inside the building itself so does figure #2 but the difference is that figure #1 continues to have
columns around the area. Figure #3 has no columns around the cella or inside the building. This can
be seen in figure #2 and figure #4 their plan views of the buildings. Also figure #1 is a lot larger than
figure #3, figure #2 has a broken frieze while figure #3 has a continuous frieze. (Kleiner 103–160)
(Minollari 1) (Tanzi Lecture

Essay about Propaganda and National Pride in Building the...
To what extent were propaganda and national pride as important as religion in the design,
construction and decoration of the Parthenon?
Although the decision to build the Parthenon was highly controversial in Athens because of the
politics that surrounded it, was the
Parthenon erected simply as sign of dedication to the gods? Or was it to fuel the dwindling pride of
the Athenian citizens? By studying the structure, decoration and design, I hope to come to a
conclusion as to whether the Parthenon was simply physical evidence of Athenian pride or whether
it was pride in religion.
Brief History
Though the Persian wars were possibly over before the Parthenon was being considered, the wars
played a vital role for Athens and her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Pericles had proposed the building of the Parthenon, he had to influence the population about
funding the huge project. It was decided to use state funds and money given by the Delian League to
construct the Parthenon.
Structure of the Parthenon
As a Doric temple, the Parthenon would have been expected to have certain attributes that would
immediately classify it. For example, a typical Doric temple would often have columns that sit
directly on top of the stylobate (the top step of the temple), without a base as in the Ionic order.
Whilst the Parthenon encompasses many of the attributes of a classic Doric temple, it was assumed
to be a dedication to Athene, because Greek temples were meant as a house to the gods on earth.
Often they housed statues of a god. Despite the
Parthenon accommodated the gigantic statue of Athene and had many qualities of an ordinary
temple, it was a colossal difference.
As opposed to a customary 6x13 peristyle, the Parthenon has 8x17.
Clearly, this marks a major difference in the size of the temple, both in width and length.
[IMAGE]There are six Doric columns on the pronaos, which is a porch and another six columns at
the back of the opisthodomos, which is the back room. As well as these columns, there are Doric
columns inside the main room which is also known as the cella. These columns are two tiered which

offers a solution to the
fact

Ancient Greek Culture: The Old Temple In Athens, Greece
Cultures have been able to be identified according to certain characteristics. Different cultures
develop different types of architecture that helps to explain a bit about the culture. Ancient Greek
architecture is one of the most unique of its kind. The Temple of Athena, also known as the "Old
Temple", was a Greek temple located in Athens, Greece. The temple was built because the goddess
Athena was worshiped highly for her victory in war and wisdom. Those who worshiped her, did so
in hope of success in the Peloponnesian War fought against the Spartans. The "Old Temple" got its
name for having to have been rebuilt several times, after being destroyed. The temple served many
purposes and is of great importance to Athens. The temple is of great ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of the temples built were to "house" the individual gods or goddess. People believed
that gods and goddess had complete control over the forces of nature. It was in their best interest to
keep such gods happy in order for the people to live a happy life. Each temple housed a statue in the
center of the temple. The statue in the center was who the temple was dedicated to. The temples
were always filled with those placing offerings for the gods. The offerings consisted of food and
drinks, along with any specific item(s) associated with the god in the temple. There was a person
appointed to stay in the temple at all times in order to provide the god(s) with whatever was

Women in Art History Essay
Women in Art History
Gender credo has signified political and cultural values in Greek and Roman era. In particular
women representation in artwork has pondered and reinforced the values of their times. In the
articles, "Parthenon and Parthenoi: A Mythological Interpretation of the Parthenon Frieze" by Joan
B. Connelly and "The Muted Other" by Natalie Boyment Kampen, the Parthenon frieze, the Ara
Pacis: Imperial Family frieze, and Cornelia: Mother of the Gracchi, are pieces depicted to
characterize women in their implemented roles. Taking a look at the Parthenon, 442–438 B.C.
Athens, there are many scenes, which display women in an active purpose of their society. The
Parthenon frieze is said, "to be viewed as a representation of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Ara Pacis Augustae, 13–9 B.C Rome, explains the role of the female conduct in the revival of
Augustus' ideal Roman family. (Kampen 15) "The revival of the family, based in large part on the
regulation of female sexuality, was to be accomplished by religious revival and by laws that
controlled marital conduct and penalized the unmarried and the childless" (16). The emperor of that
era, Augustus, implemented a new social program. The new program was in response to the chaos of
the rapidly changing upper class "morality and condemned aristocratic women who care more about
staying young and entertaining lovers than for bearing and nursing babies" (16). The detail on the
Ara Pacis, Imperial Family frieze, illustrates women with their children beside them. Exemplify that
the piece is a family monument in consequence to Augustus's program that "encompasses the
fertility of the earth, the Romans, and the Imperial family itself" (16). The insinuation that the
Imperial family is present reveals dynastic desire, as well as reminding the populace of its duty of
responsible sexuality. "Thus combines female fertility with female morality" (16). Moving ahead to
the late eighteenth–century, again, demonstrates the idealized relationship between men and women
in the interests of social ideology. "Discussion of women's roles and conduct was in part a reaction
to the perceived license of upper class women and the

Pergamon Altar To Zeus Analysis
The Pergamon altar to Zeus, was once was apart of the great Pergamon Palace that was a library to
200,000 scrolls and garrison of soldiers that use to reside in Pergamon city in the 2nd century B.C. I
will be performing a visual analysis on one of the friezes depicted in the Pergamon altar of Zeus
showing the Goddess Athena, who helped Olympus fight against the titans. In this essay I will
explore how the Pergamon frieze is a metaphor for the victory of greek culture over the unknown,
the unspoken fear of the greeks against the chaotic forces of nature by looking at the movement of
lines, illusionistic space and virtuoso sculpting here of the human body.
Athena greek goddess of war and wisdom was one of the most powerful goddesses in the greek
pantheon, and as said, by her birth, came fully armed from the head of zeus, which had inspired the
common representation of her shown in armour, helmet, spear, and with a shield. She also held the
head of Gorgon Medusa over her aegis. She was an embodiment of wisdom, reason, and purity. And
by being her father's favorite, she was allowed to use his weapons and thunderbolt. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this Hellenistic frieze Athena is depicted as being graceful and beautiful as she battles this giant,
Alcyoneus, son of Gaia, a goddess of Earth. Even without a face we can tell that she is in total
control as she has grabbed Alcyoneus by the hair, having pulled him from the earth while his mother
Gaia on the other side watches in fear for her son as she's completely at Athena's mercy. Athena's
collected grace strengthens this marble piece, as even in a time of chaos these gods and goddesses
were completely in control and empowered, as there was an oracle known that they'd not be able to
defeat these titans without the help of a

Elements Of Roman And Greek Architecture
Roman and Greek architecture are very prominent examples of early historic architectural
advancements. These cultures left imprints on society, founding future forms of art and architecture
through their inspirational elements are artists. These long–lasting cultural elements have created
echoes as deep into the future as now, the 21st century. Looking at the Southern Methodist Church
in downtown Austin, we see a variety of Greek and Roman architectural elements. The Southern
Methodist Church has a variety of classical elements that attribute it to past temples and structures
created by the Roman and Greek cultures, appropriated to fit into the religion of the church by the
manipulation of certain parts, such as the frieze. To begin, the first and foremost part of the
discussion is the elements of Greek and Roman architecture that have been incorporated and
appropriated for the building of this church. The first and foremost noticeable feature would be the
columns, architrave, and pediment. The columns are classic ionic columns, starting from the ornate
base and leading up to the capital, all the elements of the classical ionic columns are present,
creating an almost life–like appearance to the columns as they grow and support the architrave, a
characteristic that can be traced back to Egyptian columns in temples and funerary buildings.
Further, the shaft of the column follows the Greek style of creation. The divides are evidence that
each piece of the columns were

The Parthenon Sculptures Should Be Returned to Greece
The Greeks finished building an exquisite temple to their beloved goddess, Athena in the year 432
BCE. (Sayre 60). The name of this enriched, unique temple was the Parthenon. The Parthenon took
the Greeks approximately fifteen years to complete and as Pericles stated, it was built to give
gratitude to their goddess Athena for the salvation of their city, Athens and all of Greece in the
Persian Wars (Sayre 60). It was also a symbol of their power and superiority among other cultures. It
was something the Greeks took great pride in and recognized it to a great extent. The Parthenon was
built on the highest point of the city of Athens to look over the precious Greek city. On the exterior
walls of the Parthenon there was beautiful artwork that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, I strongly believe that these exquisite sculptures need to return to where they were
originally built, in Greece. As I mentioned, this is an extremely controversial topic that has raised a
lot of difference in opinions. Furthermore, I must admit that those arguing for the sculptures to
remain in Britain do make some interesting points that plenty of people have taken into
consideration. One of their arguments is that the sculptures were already in a damaged and fragile
condition, and leaving them in Greece would have destroyed them completely ('The Parthenon
Marbles: Refuting the Arguments", par 6). In the YouTube video, "Parthenon Marbles Debate ", one
of Tristam Hunt's arguments is if the Greeks are able to acquire their historic artwork, this may
cause other countries to demand their historic artifacts as well, not just from the British Museum,
but from museums all over the world as well. I can see the counter arguments that this controversy
issue involves. However, regardless of whether they were in a horrible condition, the Greeks were
never consulted, nor did they have a say regarding the selling of this artwork to Elgin. Now, when it
comes to everyone claiming and demanding they receive their ancient artwork, like historian Hunt
said; this is true. It can happen, but I don't believe that any other artifacts have the amount of
significance that these sculptures do. The Greeks worked their hearts

How Architecture Can Be Applied to Plato's Definition of...
This essay will be demonstrating how architecture can be applied to Plato's definition of the ideal
person as Kalo k'agatho. This essay will be examining the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, the
Parthenon, the Erechtheion and the Temple to Apollo at Bassae. The first monument this essay will
be discussing is the Temple to Zeus at Olympia. The Temple to Zeus was constructed between C.
470 to 450 BCE, having this temple belong to the Early Classical Period. The Temple of Zeus had
the typical features of the Doric Order, a perisytle, with a rule that the number of columns on the
sides should be one more than double on the front and back (thus the perisytle is 6 X 13), a pronaos,
a cella and an opithodomos. The two columns between the anta in the pronaos and the opithodomos
align with the columns along the front and back of the temple. The temple was constructed in
limestone as well as marble for the roof tiles and the sculptures. Over the entrances of the pronaos
and opisthodomos, there were metopes of the 12 labours of Herakles, athla 1–6 over the
opithodomos (west) and athla 7–12 over the cella (East). One of the main features that this temple is
"good to look at" is because of the pediments. The west pediment depicts the Battle of Lapiths and
Centaurs, while the east pediment depictions the horse race of Pelops and Oinomaos. As this is the
Temple to Zeus, the figure of Zeus as in the center of the East Pediment, whiles Apollo was the
center figure for the west pediment. The

Athena Parthenos : The Structure Of The Athena Parthenon
The focal point of the Acropolis, ment to be seen from anywhere in the city and remind you the
glory of Athens is strategically placed near the center along the southern wall of the Acropolis. The
architects Iktinos and Callicrates made the structure to house the Athena Parthenos made by
Pheidias from gold and ivory that was recorded as being twelve meters or thirty nine feet tall. The
Parthenon is a post and lintel temple, built with a octastyle facade and Doric colonnades. It has
seventeen Doric columns on it's flanks which conforms to their established nine to four ratio. The
porches of the Parthenon are again made of the Doric order, but there are now only six of them. The
large cella housing the statue had doors covered in broze relief sculpture of lions and the gorgons,
and inside twenty three smaller Doric columns that were double decked. Farther within the temple
you would have Athena's tresures in the back room, which is supported by four Ionic colums. Along
the exterior walls of the cella was a continuous frieze helping the balance between the Ionic and
Doric styles. The Parthenon with it's aesthetic elements allows for a smooth transition from the
exterior and interior for a visitor as they had to look upon the statue through open doors. The
architects took great care in designing it for all viewing angles to help with its majesty. They created
the building to have hardly any straight lines to seem more organic. It can be seen when looking at
the columns as they

Temple Of Athena Research Paper
The Temple of Athena is a sacred place where in time or war and hardship people could go and
worship the goddess of victory. (Sacred Destinations) The temple was built as an expression of
Athens ambitions to defeat the Sparta and become a world power. (Sacred Destinations) It provided
strength and courage for the people and allowed them to help overcome fear and be courageous. The
temple was created for strength in time of need or despaired like wars. It gave the citizens of the
cities hope. That as long as they had a place to worship and call upon the goddess of war and
Victory. Then they had a fighting chance; anytime there is hope in mankind it is worth more than
anything. For all as long as mankind has hope they have a reason to keep going and ... Show more
The temple stands on the remains of the Mycenaean fortification of cyclopean masonry. (Nike
Temple) Which is made from pentelic marble is about 23 feet high, 27 feet long and 18 feet wide.
The marble was not solid and strong but beautiful and elegant just like the goddess. The columns
were 13 feet high and; the temple has four monolithic columns at the east and the west fronts. (The
Temple of Athena Nike) On the side of the bastion around the temple of Athena Nike were protected
by pentelic marble. (The Temple of Athena Nike) It constisted of 41.71 meters in length and slabs
with beautiful, and detailed decoration on the exterior fieze. There are staircase leading form the
propylaea to the sanctuary up to the colums. (The Temple of Athena Nike) The slabs are not part of a
continuous narrative but each one is an independent scene. (The Temple of Athena Nike) The Frieze
goes along all four sides of the temple and there are 14 different sections. (The Temple of Athena
Nike) The East side of the frieze show the Olympian gods and the other three sides show battles
scenes from different battles. Each battle lead them to a victory. The North frieze depicted a battle
between Greeks entailing cavalry. (Sacred

Comparing The Parthenon Of Ancient Greece And Rome
Last of all, both of these edifices directly affect the responsibilities of the citizens and what makes
the Greek or Roman. With the massive amount of wealth and power gained by the Athenians the
statement of the Parthenon is a sort of claim of superiority over all other nations and enforces a sort
of national pride on Athenian power. It is an example of their efficiency as a fighting machine. The
reliefs serve as metaphors of triumph over the irrational barbarians and order over chaos that defines
the mindset of Athenian society. Similarly, the Ara Pacis is also a statement of dominance over an
irrational society but the Romans sought to further this by claiming they were saviors, not just
conquerors. Even the name of the monument, Arch of

The Temple Of Athena Nike
The Temple of Athena Nike was built around 447–424 B.C.E. It was made in the southwest corner
of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. This Temple was made of marble making it look classy and
elegant for a goddess. Since Marble was such a rich material it was needed for a victor, which is
why the temple was named Athena Nike. Nike means victory in the Greek language and Athena was
the goddess of war and wisdom. The columns were made monolithic, so it was all made out of one
big stone. The marble used was indigenous to the land in Athens, where it was made. In the frieze of
the temple Athena is in a twisted perspective form, meaning she looks as if she could be moving but
her shoulders are turned forward. However, most images in the frieze are ambiguous,

Essay on The Parthenon- A Culture in Itself
One of the most impressive accomplishments of Ancient Greece is the remarkable structure of the
Parthenon on the Acropolis. The Parthenon is one of the most inspiring works of architecture known
to mankind. The project of the extraordinary Acropolis was taken on by one of the most influential
leaders of history, Pericles. Pericles influenced not only the building of one of the grandest works
but the example of democracy displayed by the Greeks. The architecture was unique for its time, it
featured excellent structure,the breathtaking Metopes featuring the epic battles of the gods, the
Frieze a detailed sculpture displaying a procession of Greeks, and was built to house the magnificent
statue of Athena adorned in gold. The Parthenon was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Parthenon was built to express greatness of their influential society and honor the goddess
Athena. The Golden Age of Athens is some times referred to as the Age of Pericles, one of the
greatest leaders seen throughout our history. The Parthenon would not have been possible without
the efforts and supervision of Pericles, one of the greatest historical leaders. Pericles dominated
Greek politics for over twenty years. He gained his political start with the help of Ephialtes, together
they reorganized the voting process to involve a popular assembly destroying the power of the
Areopagus or the old noble council. This action completely reformed the democratic system in
Athens. This reform was affluential part to the legend of the power of Athenian democracy. (PBS)
Many critiques of Pericles made gabs at this personal life in which his first wife born him two
legitimate sons, he later divorced her. His later foreign lover was Aspasia she was described by
Socrates as the most intelligent and witty woman of her time. Pericles treated her as an equal, which
was unheard of during that age. They lived together but were never married. It was common for
them to host the most intellectual company for parties and conversation. Pericles was forced to
defend Aspasia in a trial has he later gained power, and the only way his rivals could harm Pericles
was by attacking those that were close to him.(PBS)

Essay about The Parthenon: The Epitome of Greek Culture
Most every great culture in history has something for which they are famous. The Mayan
civilization has the calendar, the Romans have the Colosseum, and I would like to suggest that the
epitome of Greek culture is the Parthenon. It reflects the ideas and religious beliefs of the Greeks
and incorporates the architectural brilliance seen first with the Greek people. The frieze, the
religious idea behind the building of the temple, and the attention to detail in the Parthenon shows a
genius that can only be claimed by the Greeks.
First, the Parthenon frieze is an example of how unique the Parthenon is to the Greeks. The frieze is
"[t]he most characteristic feature in the architecture and decoration of the temple" (Wikipedia
contributors). It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, this procession was something that the Greeks could relate to because they were used to taking
part in it on a regular basis. "This was certainly a scene that every Athenian could relate to through
personal experience, making thus the transition between earth and the divine a smooth one"
(Sakoulas, "The Parthenon"). The frieze therefore with its revolutionary idea of bringing the divine
and the mortal together and also the representation of the folding of the peplos which was made for
Athena are all Greek ideas and thus represent Greek culture.
The second reason why the Parthenon belongs to the Greek culture is because the temple itself is ". .
. a building whose familiar form has become virtually synonymous with the boldest triumphs and
highest ambitions of the age of Pericles" (Green, 11). Since Pericles is a Greek figure and all of his
triumphs were for the Greek people and well–being of the civilization, it is clear that the Parthenon
can be strictly claimed by the Greeks. Also, the idea behind the building of this monument was to
honor the goddess Athena ("Parthenon"). This is Greek simply because Athena was a goddess of the
Greek culture. Other cultures had different names for their gods and goddesses and also had
different ways of honoring those divine figures. Had the Parthenon been a Roman structure, it might
have been to honor Hera or Diana. Had it been an Islamic structure, it might have been to honor

The Influence Of Thomas Jefferson's Monticello
Thomas Jefferson´s Monticello Thomas Jefferson once said that "Architecture is my delight, and
putting up and pulling down, one of my favorite amusements." He spent much of his life "putting up
and pulling down," most notably during the forty–year construction of the Monticello.
Influenced by his readings of ancient and modern architectural writings, Jefferson gleaned the best
from both his readings and from his observations in Europe, creating his own personal style of
architecture, a mix of Neoclassicism's Roman temples, and Palladian villa. Partly, because of
Jefferson's influence, our federal buildings set an American precedent for the neoclassical style.
Jefferson's admiration for neoclassical style went so far as to design ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(figure four, shown with West Portico)
Jefferson's bedroom sized at 18' 7" x 13' 5"; ceiling 18' 8" has an Ionic order to it. The friezes were
influenced by classical antiques. (figure five, left) The Cabinet measures 18' 6" x 11' 10"; ceiling 10'
0". This room has been influenced by the Ionic style. (figure five, right)
There are a total of forty–three rooms in the entire structure: thirty three are in the house itself
(cellar, twelve; first floor, eleven; second floor, six; third floor four); four in the pavilions; and six
under the South Terrace. The stable and carriage bays under the North Terrace are not included in
these totals. The first design of the Monticello had fourteen rooms total (cellar, six; first floor, five;
second floor, three). The overall dimensions of the building are 110' long, 87' 9" wide (to outer faces
of porticoes), 44' 7" high (to oculus of dome). The heights of the different rooms vary, but as
examples, the North Octagonal Room is 9' 10" Vs the Entrance Hall which is 18' 6". There are
thirteen skylights (oculus plus twelve.) The oculus was used in Greek architecture not only for light
but for religious ceremonies and a monitor of the sun. The entire house is about 11,000 square feet.
However this is including all the modern additions. Only one–third of the window glass remains.
Brief Chronology of

Gothic Architecture Paper
St. Bartholomew's Church is an Episcopal church that is located between 50th and 51st Street in
Manhattan. The architectural plan was made by Bertram G. Goodhue. The church was erected in
1917–1918. It is composed of two main structures, the main church and the Community house. In
October 2016 the church and the Community house acquired National Historic Landmark status.
The building is surrounded by glass–box skyscrapers that serve as business headquarters or offices.
Waldorf Astoria, a luxury hotel, is another landmark building that is located at 50th Street across St.
Barts. Compared to the surrounding buildings, St. Barts functions as a place of Christian worship.
The church is approximately four stories high and its highest point is a dome. The rounded dome is
a striking contrast between the design of the church and the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The cross that is placed on the dome of the building is also a distinct feature, however the dome is
not evidently apparent from Park Avenue. The viewer should cross one of the two cross–roads in
order to see the dome of the church.
The architecture of the church is based on a combination of Romanesque and Byzantine elements.
The cruciform plan of the church as well as the triple portal, the "Romanesque portal", are
characteristic elements of the Romanesque architecture. The use of barrel vaults and the bay in the
interior are associated with the construction of early medieval churches. The Byzantine influence is
evident at the round dome in the exterior and with use of mosaics in the interior. The general plan of
the church is a Latin cross and consists of four parts; the nave which is the main isle of the church,
the transept which is an aisle perpendicular to the nave, the apse where the altar is located, and lastly
the vestibule or narthex which is a transitional zone in the entrance of the

Why The Reliefs On The Ara Pacis For Matrix Cell 1
The Ara Pacis and the Idealization of Power in the Age of Augustus
I am choosing to focus on the imperial portrait reliefs from the Ara Pacis for matrix cell 1 because
this monument combines politics, religion and social values. The Ara Pacis Augustae epitomizes the
Mos Maiorum, the visual manifestation of Roman virtues and laws. This paper will explain why the
reliefs on the Ara Pacis can be considered political propaganda. Furthermore, I will analyze how the
art in this monument exhibits the importance of civic piety in Roman politics.
The construction of the Ara Pacis was commissioned by the Senate on the 4th of July in13 BC to
celebrate the triumphant return of Augustus from his campaigns in Iberia and Gaul after three years
of absence. During this time he was forging alliances and organizing the southern provinces of Gaul
that would insure the prosperity of Rome. The construction of this monument marks a great period
of peace inaugurated by Augustus after a series of political upheavals that scourged Rome following
the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC and which lasted until the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.
For the first time since Rome began to build her empire, the provinces flourished within the context
of the Pax Romana .
The reliefs of the Ara Pacis are divided between allegorical and historical panels on the upper
register, while the lower register is decorated with acanthus scrolls that symbolize control over
nature. The reliefs of the northern and

The Ionic Frieze Of The Parthenon
The ionic frieze of the Parthenon was considered by the Italian traveler and antiquarian Cyriac of
Ancona as one of the "noblest images" of the Parthenon. The ionic frieze measures some 160–
meters, or 524 feet, and is visible along the upper walls of the cella in addition to across the two
porches. Cyriac was one of the first individuals to have sketched the figures on the frieze. The
subject of the ionic frieze according to Cyriac was "the victories of the Athenians". The Doric frieze
of the Parthenon in the past presented 92 polychromatic carvings. The building upon which the
frieze was built in the ionic style was Doric. The two styles of design do not mesh, and did not occur
at simultaneous periods in history, making the presence of the ionic frieze something of a mystery.
The general meaning of the frieze at large, comprised of many parts, has thereby been drawn into
question. While the frieze in in superior condition than other elements of the Parthenon, such as the
metopes, pediments, and akroteria, much of it has nonetheless been lost, leaving open room for
interpretation. The lack of consensus over the meaning of the contents of the Parthenon is due in
part to the height of the frieze. Travelers in the 2nd century A.D., centuries before Cyriac, had noted
the pediments; however there was no discussion of the frieze. This may have been due to the fact
that the frieze was too high. Conversely, and as will be explored below, some of the legends therein

Klimt's Beliefs
Karnes' message is that Wagner has not received the praise and consideration he deserves. Karnes is
bitter that popular writers, such as Carl E. Schorske, have neglected Wagner's influence on
Nietzsche in their works. In addition, Wagner was inspired by Schopenhauer, which is seen through
Wagner's creativity. Wagner's "Schopenhauer inspired view" explores the depths of the unconscious
mind, allowing us to view a world within ourselves. Wagner's inspired view greatly influenced
Klimt's works. Klimt's works encapsulate a nationalistic view of Austria and its culture. Klimt's
Nuda Veritas contains philosophical commentary on modern society, which is Schopenhauer–
inspired. Another work by Klimt, the Beethoven Frieze, is a bold expression that

Dionysiac Mystery Frieze
Interesting choices. I think you can make several strong contrast points. I think you might run into
trouble making several strong comparison points. If you can come up with about 4 really strong
comparison points, I think you can pull off a good paper. The reasons I am concerned because some
of the first things you think of comparing don't line up. They were not used for the same purpose.
We don't really know how or who would have seen the Dionysiac Mystery Frieze. Our best guess is
only those who were members of the cult. The first mention of the Garden of Earthly Delights is in a
palace, but we don't know if it was original used or made for a religious context. One is the story of
an individual going through initiation, and the other does

The Influence Of The Parthenon On The Acropolis
The Parthenon and Erechtheum on the Acropolis Athens was a city–state in Greece that had the
Parthenon and Erechtheum temples built on an acropolis. Both temples played significant roles in
Greek history, due to their dedication to Athena, the Goddess of war and wisdom. The historical and
architectural aspects of the Parthenon were significant in displaying scenes of Greek history, such as
the Birth of the Goddess Athena, and the battle that ensued between her and Poseidon. The
Erechtheum was believed to be built in the area where the competition between Athena and
Poseidon took place; it had great significant value, much like other Greek temples. The Parthenon
on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece was built to honor the Goddess Athena from ... Show more
The Erechtheum is not harmonious and is asymmetrical due to it being intended to see from a
distance. The structure is from the Ionic Order due to its capital with volutes, a continuous frieze and
the base where the shaft rests. This is the location where the competition between Athena and
Poseidon was held because there is a marker of Athena's olive tree. The judge of the completion was
King Cecrops, who was half serpent, half human. In the competition, Poseidon gave the Athens
saltwater, used for preservation. Athena gave them an Olive Tree which held more significant value
to them, thus Athena won the battle which led to Poseidon's violent acts that made Zeus interfere.
The significant aspect of the Erechtheum was that it was the place where the competition was held
and where Athena ultimately won control over Athens. This structure included the Porch of Maidens
which had relaxed female figures acting as columns with Doric capitals over their heads. It also
included Poseidon's trident mark, and a shrine housing a wooden image of Athena. The Erechtheum
also has the ruins of an Archaic Temple. This structure's relationship to Athena would be that it is
located where Athena grew the Olive tree that led to her

Altar of Zeus: New Style to Old Ideas Essay example
Hellenistic art, let alone architecture, was a period of dramatic transformations that deterred greatly
from the Greek Classical period. While the Classical Greek concepts were not entirely abandoned,
the Hellenistic period expanded the formal horizons with dramatic posing, sweeping lines, and high
contrast of light, shadow and emotion, something greatly different from the Classical artists ideas.
The conventions and rules of the Classical period gave way to experimentation and a sense of
freedom that allowed the artists of the Hellenistic period to explore their subjects from unique points
of view that they had not previously done. The Altar to Zeus in Pergamon is the perfect
representation of the Hellenistic period. Pergamon contained ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Its architecture has Greek form with a high structure of marble that shows off a large frieze
portraying an epic battle on the base's walls. The cracked figures on the frieze fight violently against
each other, and even with the test of time, their features are descriptive and their faces show much
varied expression. The most impressive part of the Altar of Zeus is the sculptural frieze depicting the
struggle of the gods and the giants. It is clear on the altar's frieze's that the artist/sculpture of the
alter worked towards a natural view of the characters on them, borrowed from the classical period
but sculpted them to be in more of realistic portrayal. The construction of a frieze seemed to be a
fairly popular architectural enhancement at the time; this outer frieze is one of the most famous. The
sculpted figures on it create a new height of Greek realistic representations and architecture in
modeling, composition, and expression of emotion. The emotions of the figures are one of the
aesthetics that makes the frieze so unique and beautiful. As the battle scene is unified; the winning
and losing sides are clearly cut. The artist makes the battle and its characters easily perceivable. The
look of suffering in defeat is on all the giants' twisted faces. Drastically opposite is Zeus and his
fellow gods who are seen as completely expressionless. The overall style of the frieze is very
intense, to say the

An Essay On The Parthenon
The Parthenon, a temple of the Doric order, is one of the greatest artistic accomplishments of the
fifth century. The Parthenon is viewed without mythological reference and stands far outside the
normal Greek temple decoration, which is commonly known to derive its subject matter from the
mythical past. (Connelly 53) The Parthenon is different from most other Grecian art of the fifth
century and is truly beautiful. One of the greatest reasons the Parthenon is set apart as a great feat in
Grecian art is due to its different stylization and the fact that the entire temple is built from the finest
white marble throughout the entire piece, including the roof. (Stockstad) The Parthenon is a
gorgeous testament to the "Athenian citizenry participating in their annual (or quadrennial)
Panathenaic procession." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The entire temple is made of three main types of marble. The first marble type is known by the
name of Pentelikon, it is an off–white color, is not a very fine marble type (sturdy), and was most
likely used because it was local, cheap, and preserved well due to the fact that its harder to carve.
This marble type was the main marble used throughout the Parthenon. The second marble type used
on the temple is known by the name Hynettin, it is bluish in color and was carved on location in Situ
and the third marble type is known as Pernian, these two marble types were used sparingly in
comparison to the Pentelikon but nevertheless were still as important. The other main materials used
to pull off this eye–catching masterpiece were, stone, bronze, ivory, gold, ebony and cypress wood.
(Neils

Rough Draft On The Parthenon
Ripley Cissell
Mrs. Behan o
Latin 1
May 2 2018
Rough Draft on the Parthenon
The Parthenon is a mid–fifth century building dedicated to Athena, the goddess of wisdom, strategic
warfare, and many other things. The Parthenon was built on the Athenian Acropolis, in Athens,
Greece. The Parthenon is filled with many statues and pieces of art, among them, the Frieze, the
Pediment Sculpture, and the Elgin Marbles.Need a thesis and vary sentence beginnings.
The Parthenon's construction began in 447 BC, and was finished in 438 BC. The exterior decoration
continued until 432 BC. The Parthenon was dedicated to Athena, the Athenian's patron goddess.
This ancient building was constructedbuilt under the sculptor, Phidias. Phidias put a gold and ivory
statue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Parthenon's columnscoloms are colonnade and fluted, baseless, with square capitals. There is a
three stepped base and supports with an entaylatune. The roof structure consists of plain
architecture. There is a bend of stone, a Frieze of alternating triglyphs and metopes. The East and
West end both have low triangular pediments, with a relief sculpture. Both the East and West have
eight colonnade columns. The North and South sides have seventeen small cloric colonnade
columns, that enclose an interior rectangular chamber, originally in three aisles, that close at The
Great Cult Statue. The only light comes through the doorway, and through some marble roof tiles.
The Parthenon is 101.34 feet wide, and 228.14 feet long. In short, the Parthenon is

Construction Of The Parthenon
The question of why the Parthenon was constructed has aroused debate both in the time of its
construction all the way up to the modern day. The Parthenon in Athens is one of the most
impressive pieces of architecture from the Greek world, made from Pentelic marble and some say
that it 'enjoys the reputation of being the most perfect Doric temple ever built' (Norwich 2001: 63).
The question as to why it was built remains however and this essay will set out the main argument
for the construction of the Parthenon– that it was a monument to Athenian imperialism and then
move to arguing other factors that may have made the Parthenon a religious and cultural statement
for Athenians.
But first, before this question is answered we must understand the historical context behind the
construction of the Parthenon. The Parthenon that exists today was built to replace the old Parthenon
which was never fully finished due to it being destroyed when the Persians sacked the city and
burned the Acropolis to the ground 'levelled everything...set fire to the entire acropolis' (Herodotus
8.53.2). The Parthenon was built even though in the Oath of Platea the Greek city–states decreed
that they would not rebuild that which the Persians had destroyed, therefore the Athenians had
arguably violated the Oath. The Parthenon was built during the Age of Pericles and the architects
Ictinos and Kallikrates began building the Parthenon in 447 BC under Phidias and was basically
finished in 432 BC with the decorations being finished in 431 BC.
The widely held belief when it comes to the Parthenon is that it is a statement of Athenian
imperialism especially when it comes to how the building itself was funded with the use of 'φόρος'
'phoros', which we know means tribute, from the League. 'We can at least be sure that the reserve of
the Delian League was in fact used for the rebuilding of the Acropolis.' (Meiggs 1963: 43.) Due to
this it must be true that the Parthenon was a statement of Athenian Imperialism both because the
Delian League by this point had ceased to be a League of equals and had morphed into the Athenian
Empire, and that tribute, of about 460 talents per year in the early stages of the League according to
Aristides, that was meant

Houses In Pompeii
The exterior of the house is fairly plain. The main entrance (pictured top right) opens off the west
side of the Vico Dei Vettii just north of its junction with the Vicolo di Mercurio. Save for this
entrance and a side door near the south east corner the exterior walls were unbroken except for
small, square windows some of which were in low second storey rooms (an artist's reconstruction of
what the house may have looked like is pictured right).
Like several other notable houses in Pompeii, the house was a casualty of bombing during the
second World War. In late September 1943 allied bombs caused considerable damage to the
property, particularly along the north side of the peristyle. The structural damage was repaired but
some fourth style ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The seals bore the names of two freedmen brothers, Aulus Vettius Restitutus and Aulus Vettius
Conviva.
..
..
..
.. ..
The fauces opens onto the atrium (b) which has a marble lined impluvium in its centre. The atrium
had safes on either side sheathed with iron, set on masonry bases. The fourth style decoration of the
atrium (pictured left and below) consists of a lower frieze in yellow with red scenic panels featuring
children busied with vessels of all kinds, apparently intended for sacrifice. Above this is a black
band with various scenes depicting cupids, the most interesting of which represents a sacrifice to
Fortuna.
..
..
..
The large white panels contain mythological scenes including Leander swimming to her Hero and
Ariadne being abandoned by Theseus (pictured opposite).
In the south east corner of the atrium is an oecus (d) which is decorated in the fourth style on a white

ground with architectural motifs and mythological detail (pictured lower left). The central panels on
each wall contain a mythological scene; on the north wall is a painting of Cyparissus, the youth
beloved of Apollo, with his wounded deer on the ground near him while on the south wall the scene
depicts a wrestling match between Pan and Eros (pictured below). The scenes on the east and west
walls have been

Sexual Assault Prevention Seminar For College Students Essay
Violence against women is defined as any act of gender–based violence that results in or is likely to
result in–physical, sexual/psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of acts such
as coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private. Its
dimensions include physical, sexual, psychological/emotional and economic violence occurring in
the family. Violence against women includes domestic violence, child marriage, forced pregnancy,
and other violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner, sexual harassment (Frieze
2000). Female researchers such as Irene Frieze, Lisa Goodman, Lorraine Radtke, and Charleen Seen
have focused much of their work on researching violence against women. The main focus will be
women suffering from domestic violence and its effect as well as sexual assault prevention seminar
for college students and its impact. Victims of intimate partner violence and rape exhibit a variety of
psychological symptoms that are equivalent to other forms of trauma (ex. war and natural disasters).
Experiencing trauma related to violence, victims experience shock, denial, disbelief, fear, confusion,
and withdrawal (Frieze 2000). A number of victims are prone to becoming dependent and have a
difficult time decision making. Although a single maltreatment may lead to perpetual emotional
scarring, ongoing/ repetitive violence is likely to experience negative psychological changes (Frieze
2000).
The impact

Altar Of Zeus Essay
The Altar of Zeus is a giant monument constructed during the reign of King Eumenes II (The Altar
of Zeus: Pergamon), which located on a terrace of the Acropolis in Pergamon. Since the Pergamene
King regarded his country as the successor of the Greek culture, there were numerous sculptural
monuments built to commemorate their military achievement and declare their roles as inheritors of
Athens. The Altar of Zeus is one of them, as well as the library and the sanctuary of Athena that are
located in the upper part of the altar on the Acropolis (Figure 1, map). Even though the Altar of Zeus
is molded on Greek antique, it is different in many aspects because the Pergamene not only looks
back to the glory of Athens, but also looks ahead to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The several times of confrontation with Gauls were the most important parts of their victories and
bronze sculptural groups had made to memorialize the defeat of Gauls. Thus, the Altar of Zeus
might be the biggest monument they built for their victories. King Eumenes II, on the other hand,
was the crucial leader on the battlefield due to his sagacity and resourcefulness, who succeed his
father and brought his kingdom unparalleled growth (81). One thing interesting to notice that, in a
vital war at which the Pergamon incorporated the territory of Gauls, the leading military commander
instructed the sailors to collect many poisonous snakes and then throw them on the decks of
Pergamene ships. This impressive experience might be the prime stimuli for the numerous
presentations of giant snakes on the friezes of Altar of Zeus (82). Throughout the history of
Pergamon, the war happened in the land not only gave this kingdom power and territory but also
continually reaffirmed the belief of the Pergamene that they were the protector and saviors of Greek
culture. The Altar of Zeus was discovered at the end of 19th century by a German expedition. These
people collected the remains of the Pergamon altar and shipped to Berlin. Because of the World War
II and other reasons, it took around thirty years for the

Structure Of The Parthenon Frieze
Parthenon Frieze presentation write–up
The Parthenon Frieze is the inner most decorative piece on the outside ceiling of the Parthenon. Its
construction finished in 447BC and it was built by Phidias on the orders of Pericles. (1) The Frieze
today is situated in multiple museums around Europe. The majority of the Frieze is located in the
British Museum where the 80m's of Frieze has its own room in the Duveen Gallery that was built to
replicate the position from where it was taken from on the Parthenon in Athens. In 1938 Duveen and
his associates undertook a cleaning process on the marbles using copper tools and carborundum
which damaged the marble but gave it a whiter, more authentic classical look, due to the
decolouration which had happened to it. When this came to the attention of the public years later, it
caused outrage as the directors had chosen to do nothing about it. (2) The second largest collection
of the Frieze is in the Acropolis museum in Athens with smaller parts in museums around Europe
such as Paris. (3)
The Frieze was taken from the Parthenon between 1801 and 1812 by Thomas Bruce the Earl of
Elgin after he was granted permission to take them by the Ottoman Empire. He later sold them to
the British Government in 1816 where it was moved to the British Museum in 1832. The Frieze was
shipped in two stages with the first set going in 1803 in 200 boxes with the second shipment in
1809. The transportation of the marbles took so long as Elgin was imprisoned on the Spanish border
at Pau for three years. The entire removal process of the marbles taken from the Parthenon cost
Elgin £74,000. (4)
The traditional view of the Parthenon Frieze, based off the work of James Stuart and Nicholas
Revett, is that it depicts the panathenaic procession which occurred every four years and was part of
the Panathenaea festival to commemorate the birth of Athena. This view is based off of the seeming
procession and sacrificial animals included in it as well as the Greek gods either side of the giving of
the Peplos where a statue of Athena would be draped with a shroud. (5) However we believed the
Frieze depicted a different story as there were several inconsistencies with the depiction of the
giving of the Peplos. For

Architechture of Fredericton: Ionic and Corinthian Orders
As evidenced by many of its historic buildings, Fredericton was greatly influenced by the
neoclassical architectural period that swept Europe and North America during the 18th century
(Young 1982, 10). This period was marked by an influx of buildings designed to reflect the
architecture of ancient Greece and Rome (Faulkner 2009, Neo–classical architecture). It grew from
the burgeoning interest in classical antiquities and antiquarianism, a movement led by Englishmen
such as Lord Elgin and William Stukeley, which marked the 1700s (Greene and Moore 2010, 16,
38). While the style did not come to Canada until the late part of the 18th century, it quickly became
a dominate form of choice for both public and private buildings and Fredericton is an excellent
example of this (Young 1982, 10). Typical attributes of neoclassical architecture include columns
fabricated from wood or stone, wide friezes and pediments above the doorways (Harris 2006,
Neoclassical style). Each of the three Greek orders, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, are well
represented. However, this paper will deal with the Ionic and Corinthian orders only and their
presence in the city of Fredericton.
Both the Ionic and Corinthian orders became highly popular and surpassed their Doric counterpart
by continuing into the Roman period (Gates 2010, 220). Before the Corinthian order however, the
Ionic order started to become well–established by 550 BC (Lawrence 1957, 131). It emerged from
Asia Minor and spread to mainland

The Parthenon Essay
The Parthenon
Building the Parthenon was a greater feat than they ever would have known. Work on the Parthenon
began in 477 BC. A much smaller shrine already stood on this site, one to which we can attribute
various pieces of surviving decorative material––lions and snakes, a cornice incised with flying
birds, and a blue–bearded trinity that may conceivably represent Cecrops, Erechtheus, and Poseidon.
If such an edifice in fact existed, it was torn down to make way for a huge limestone platform,
roughly 252 by 103 feet in size, that was built as a base for the new temple. The slope of the
Acropolis was such that while on the north side the foundations rested directly on bedrocks, the
southeast corner needed to be built up with no ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The blocks had to be maneuvered on sleds down a paved quarry road (parts of which still survive),
and only the smaller ones could be eased along on rollers. At intervals, there were stout posts,
carrying rope and tackle, which were used to help brake the sleds downward momentum. Accidents
were not unknown, and one rough dresses column drum, probably destined for the Parthenon lies in
a nearby ravine to this day.
Even when the plain was safely reached, difficulties still abounded. Shifting a total of 22,000 tons of
marble across ten miles of level plain to the Acropolis proved a major operation itself. These drums,
blocks, and architraves were so enormously heavy that special methods of transport had to be
devised for them, and the existing road had to be rebuilt so that it was strong enough to support their
weight. Traffic was restricted to the dry summer months for fear that the blocks would bog down in
the mud, and the largest blocks of all seem to have baffled the wagonmakers. Axles had to be
inserted directly into their end sockets, and these were then equipped with wheels no less than
twelve feet in diameter. The whole was fitted to a frame of four–inch timbers and drawn by up to
thirty teams of oxen. Shifting a block of marble from the quarry to the Acropolis took at least two
days and

How Did Greek Culture Influence Western Civilization
Greek society and culture has influenced Western Civilization in architecture. For example, churches
courthouses and even the white house. Many people believe that they are used for a sign of power.
In the current era technology and convenience is harder to believe that a civilization in the greek era
was able to thrive from 1000 b.c. to 323 b.c. Fifth–century playwrights Aristophanes and Sophocles
produced comedies and tragedies, respectively. During the early days of theater, masks were used to
represent a variety of emotions and to disguise male actors playing female roles. Only 44 plays from
the ancient Greeks remain today, serving as the foundation of Western theater. Doric is a
minimalistic style, while Ionic columns were more ornate, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Greek draftsmen made the initial three and massively impacted the recent two which were
composites as opposed to authentic developments. A request, legitimately talking, is a blending of a
certain style of segment with or without a base and an entablature (what the section upholds: the
architrave, frieze, and cornice). The prior utilization of wooden columns in the end developed into
the Doric section in stone. This was a vertical fluted segment shaft, more slender at its top, with no
base and a basic capital underneath a square math device. The entablature frieze conveyed
substituting triglyphs and metopes. The Ionic request, with causes in mid–sixth century BCE Asia
Minor, included a base and volute, or parchment capital, to a slimmer, straighter section. The Ionic
entablature frequently conveys a frieze with lavishly cut model. The Corinthian segment, concocted
in Athens in the fifth century BCE, is like the Ionic yet beaten by a more embellishing capital of
adapted acanthus and greenery takes off. These requests turned into the essential punctuation of
western construction modeling and it is hard to stroll in any advanced city and not see samples of
them in one structure or an

Research Paper On The Parthenon

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Dani Cox

More from Dani Cox (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Research Paper On The Parthenon