French Culture Essay

French Culture Essay
The French are all about preserving their culture and being individualized. They often take great
pride in the French products and the French style, and believe in keeping the French culture "pure"
so they also limit the amount of foreign goods that are being imported. But during the World Wars
the French began to allow foreigners to immigrate into France to take jobs due to an increase in job
shortages. The immigration from the World Wars added to the diversity of the French culture. Ever
since the 1850's there has been a steady flow of immigration into France, and now nine percent of
the French population is made up of immigrants (Gofen 62). The break down of the cultures in
France is eighty–five percent of the French population is Roman ... Show more content on
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But, France did allow foreigners to immigrate into France after the World Wars, but this is of coarse
is going to add to the diversity of culture in France. When the French needed foreigners, they did not
mind that they came into their country, knowing that it would create diversity of religion. But now,
they are not allowing religious symbols in schools because the French want to "preserve their
language and culture." So, it seems a bit ironic don't you think?
Currently, the French want to ban the wearing of religious symbols in public schools so that there is
no social tension, and to keep the main religion in France (Roman Catholicism) 'pure' (Gofen 63).
But even though the French say they want to keep their culture pure, in reality since the world wars,
religions such as Islam and Judaism have in fact become a part of their culture. Once again, the
French let in other cultures knowingly, and once the cultural diversity begins, all the religions are
apart of a country's culture. An example of a religious symbol that the French are considering to ban
is the Burka. A Burka is an outfit worn by Muslim females that cover them head to toe. Some, who
want to ban the burka say that it is disrespectful to women and can be degrading. But, 64 million
people in France are Muslim. By wearing a Burka they are just following their religion and are also
following tradition (French). One other big controversy regarding religious symbols is the banning
of
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Communication : An Effective Communication
1.1 Communication
Communication remains a critical aspect of everyday life of all people across the globe, be it in the
workplace, family meetings, business activity, or any other initiative that requires human interaction
(Varner, 2000). According to the author stated above, communication can be only effective when
both parties not only understand each other but also able to comprehend the cultural backgrounds of
each other. Such understanding is essential in ensuring effective communication without causing any
friction due to misunderstanding or misinterpreting another party's culture. The first step in
establishing an effective communication appreciates the cultural diversity between parties (Samovar
et al., 2014). Individuals from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following subsection highlights both the verbal and non–verbal communication in France. It is
noteworthy that individuals aspiring to do business in France must have considerable knowledge of
the French way of communication. According to Thorne (2003), the first impression often means
much to the French and may determine the outcome of a business relationship or any other activity
involving human interaction. The way an individual behaves during a communication process
matters a lot to the French people. Thorne (2003) stresses that the French will not ignore what a
communicator does during the communication process, and non–verbal signals often form a huge
part of the process.
1.1.1 Verbal Communication. In the French culture, it is often important for an individual to have
vast knowledge about the topic of discussion before taking part in a conversation. The reason behind
this is that more often than not conversations usually develop into spirited debates, and one may be
required to produce evidence to substantiate certain claims or assertions. As a foreigner who has
paid a business visit or any other visit to France, an individual need to have a deep insight into the
country's politics, history, among other aspects of French culture to gain an advantage during a
conversation with the people of France. It is also noteworthy that individuals

Representation In Government
With beliefs and identities, individuals apply strongly concepts like obeying rules in exchange of
praise or acceptance has evolved and will continue to do so. With Christianity, there simple, basic
principles that are applied in daily life for certain groups like the discouragement to commit sinful
actions because of the fear that they will have to answer to a higher authority. For certain
communities, these teachings by their creed or culture are internalized and are continuously applied
in their lifestyle and daily choices. This displays the significant weight that ideational traditions
continue to hold over societal development and behavior even to today. Although the way these
philosophies have evolved in the way their applied, the importance ... Show more content on
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For social scientists, it will be interesting to study and analyze how organized religions will attempt
to gain back their power to influence and to stay relevant in the political process as well as staying
in individuals' routines. The change in perception of the public on the perceived relationship
between the church and state can cause major change in how government officials are elected and
whether these official will continue to turn to their religious beliefs when deciding policy. Again,
France is an example of how religion has been taken out the political process which discourages
officials from referring or mentioning their faith in public discourses and speeches. The change in
representation in government can be affected by secularism especially in the United States where a
large number of officials claim taking part in a certain religion. In Congress, about 90% of members
claim to be Christian and only 1 member claims to be unaffiliated with any religion. With an
incoming generation that is not religious–oriented or wishes not to have religion in government, it
can transform the scale the extent in which religion and culture can have on social and political
progress. Communities could no longer rely on religious beliefs or social norms on their own
modifying individual behavior and political choices in order to be

Spread Of Diversity
The drastic spread within the world religions has been causing a great deal of diversity in today's
society. Due to the spread, as well as the diversity there has been formed lots of stereotypes which in
its length has created conflicts between both religious and nonreligious groups. Despite the tragic
facts, people are still sticking to their religions and the question is: Why?
Today's society, especially in the west, has grown to become more and more secular. It is said that
this is due to our governments. Since religion is about faith, moral and voluntary associations they
mean that if the government would be controlled by religion it would be forced to implement
religious acts. That could often lead to unnecessary conflicts that eventually

The Inclusion Of The Church
The Inclusion of the Church in the State
The recent immigrant wave in Europe has highlighted the various flaws and successes of Muslim
integration models in Britain, France, and Germany. The two opposing methods of integration
competing in Europe are Multiculturalism and Assimilation. Multiculturalism can be seen in the
church–state relations in Britain and Germany as those two countries allow for the Muslims to
worship and carry out their religious obligations and have received praise for their efforts by
esteemed authors Joel S. Fetzer and J. Christopher Soper. However, the authors point out the
respective shortcomings of each country by calling attention to Britain's lack of providing equal
academic opportunities for religiously affiliated private schools. Assimilation can be demonstrated
through France's policy on church–state relations, Laicite, which received noticeably more criticism
from Fetzer and Soper for failing to place the Muslims in the most optimal situations for living as
intended. The ending to the film, "In This World", also leaves critics pondering the question of how
the young boy was integrated into British society. Finally, the socio–economic opportunities of
Muslims in Europe has been exponentially limited by integrational policies that have been in places
like Germany. While each country does have positive aspects to their respective approaches, as
Fetzer and Soper would attest, there is an imminent need for new guidelines to properly update

Similarities Between Laicite And Mission Civilisatrice
Share something you've learned or experienced on this trip.
When we first arrived in Paris, we learned more about laicite and Mission Civilisatrice. Laicite has
multiple contexts for which many people can't seem to agree on. However, some say laicite has
solely to do with secularism within France, while other theories have explained as the ways in which
the French have attempted to create ideal French citizens by way of laicite. This is done when one
puts their French identity above all other identities for which they may affiliate themselves with.
Concepts surrounding laicite seem to suggest guidelines as to how one should act and fall in line.
*Due to the differing notions of laicite, religious identities typically fall back into the foreshadows.
Public displays of religious affiliation are generally frowned upon within French culture, as the
French believe that French culture should come before all else. These notions coincide with the
concept of Mission Civilisatrice, which is the equivalent to concept of Manifest Destiny within
American history. In other words, the term refers to a civilizing mission that is used as a rationale
for intervention or colonization which purports to contribute to the spread of civilization. ... Show
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Although, it was interesting to see the similarities between French history and American history.
Both histories seem to initially revolve around ideas of ethnocentricity and xenophobia. Despite the
fact that the United States of America is often considered a melting pot of different cultures, there do
seem to be similar themes throughout history where the idea of the "ideal" American citizen seemed
to prevail and other culture groups had been expected to fall in line with those

Persuasive Speech On Prayer In School
Prayer plays such a big role in many people's lives. It happens each and every day and multiple
times throughout the day. Even though it can play a huge role in someone's life, it cannot be
practiced in schools. Prayer in school has been a very controversial topic for many years. According
to Steven K. Green, "On June 25, 1962, the United States Supreme Court decided in Engel v. Vitale
that a prayer approved by the New York Board of Regents for use in schools violated the First
Amendment by constituting an establishment of religion (Green 1)." It has since then been taken out
of school preventing teachers to preach or teach about religion. Around the year of 1962, a new law
was passed in the constitution stating that prayer in school was no longer allowed to be taught in
school. Now, as you can imagine, that angered many people all around the world, but it also relieved
some at the same time. There are many reasons why people were angered by this decision. Religious
people who supported the right to pray within the school system made accusations about this change
because they thought it broke the freedom of religious practices, the separation of church and state,
and their right to their own freedom. There were also many reasons why people were relieved. Many
people do not believe in praying every day, and to those people, they might have had the fear of
sending their kids off to school knowing that they may be forced to partake in public prayers.
Nowadays, students have

The French Of Religious Identity Essay
Have you ever wondered why the French are so private about their religion? It is because the French
are required to keep their religious identity out of the public space. The French call it laïcité or
secularism but it means much more than just the separation of church and state. It guarantees the
freedom from religion in the public domain so that no one is oppressed by religion and everyone is
seen equally. Muslims, living in France, are being treated unequally by the state while they support
the catholic majority. This seems hypocritical coming from a nation that prides itself on being
secular. The hypocrisy of Frances outdated laws of secularism and deep catholic roots cause
discrimination and oppression of Muslim identity while aiding catholic organizations.
Frances transition from a monarchical society with close relations to the catholic church into a
secular republic dates to the French revolution in 1789. After a dispute between the Vatican and the
French state, they came to an agreement known as the concordat. This arrangement would keep the
church under state tutelage but leave it alone if they kept to themselves. It wasn 't until 1905 when
the law of separation was ratified that the church and state would be completely independent. Laïcité
at its core is considered "the belief that religion is a private matter". In this manner, the republic
would adopt laïcité as its national religion and no longer recognize, remunerate, or subsidize any
other religion. However,

Essay on School Prayer Should Be Allowed
School Prayer Should Be Allowed
I attended twelve years of Catholic School. My parents consented to the decision of my enrollment
and they knew what was involved. They knew that the study of God and prayer was mandatory.
Prayer in school in my case produced and environment of discipline and respect for the teachers.
The involvement of my parents and the faculty in the use of prayer was in full agreement. However,
my view was not even considered important. My rights had been violated.
The First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States gives every individual the same
rights. One right is the constitutional protection for the free exercise of religion. The second right is
prohibition of the establishment of religion by the state. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the permission of the school a group of students could establish a prayer club. All these things
are legal, but what the government is trying to avoid is mandatory school prayer. Mandatory school
prayer is illegal and violates the constitution. It would contradict all separation between church and
state. If prayer in public school was made necessary the country would most likely be divided. You
would have the religious leader ecstatic about the freedom of prayer. Then you would have offended
non–believers or believer of other denominatio ns or people who find the government too
controlling. With legalization of prayer, would come disruption in the way the government is run.
Whereby the beliefs of an individual, like the president or a member of congress, would set goals
using feelings and not thinking through the problem. For example, a president with strong religious
beliefs would be against anything dealing with moral issues. The ideals of an individual would then
be imposed on another. Also the government, in giving permission to a prayer in school, would
imply that one religion was better than the another. This could be solved by giving each major
religion a prayer and read separately by individuals.
School prayer should be decided by the parents and the individual.
This way giving more control over what happens to where it belongs. The parents who are religious
would not mind if their children recited

Prayer in the Public School System Essay
Prayer in the Public School System Over the past thirty years or so the issue of prayer or "religious
expression" in the public school system has brought on heated controversy, but the question is still
open for debate–––Should students be allowed to have prayer or to express their religious ideals
openly in the public schools across America? Many people have attempted to come up with an
answer to that question, but, so far no compromise has been agreed upon. This is due to the fact that
many people hold strong opinions when it comes to religion and education. As with any argument or
debate there are basically two sides, but this conflict has three sides: those people who think that are
"pro–prayer" and believe that there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The applicable part of that amendment (freedom of religion) has been broken down into two major
clauses which are the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise
Clause. The Establishment Clause has been translated as to say the Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion (Concerned Women for
America 1). The second clause deals with exactly what the title implies–––the free exercise of
religion. It basically states that Congress can make no law prohibiting anyone's right to freely
exercise their religious beliefs (CWA 1). Therefore, students have the same right to engage in
individual or group prayer and religious discussion during the school day as they do to engage in
other comparable activities (U.S. Dept. Of Education 1). Individual students are free to pray,
express, religious viewpoints, read the Bible, and carry on any other form of religious expression as
long as they are not being disruptive or disrespectful to the rights of other students. Students are also
allowed to participate in religious clubs or groups at school. According the Equal Access Act, if a
secondary school permits other extracurricular activities time to meet during non–instructional
periods, then religiously affiliated groups must be given equal treatment (American Bar Association
1). Such meetings are protected by the
Equal Access Act and may include a prayer service, Bible reading, or other worship exercises (U.S.
Dept. of

Essay On Secularism In The United States
Secularism in the United States is similar to those of other countries where we are able to practice
our religion peacefully and separate from the state and government. In the United States, the legal
apparatus of the state periodically defines what religion is by deciding whether particular forms of
public behavior come under the principle of freedom of religion. The phrase "separation of church
and state" is a phrase used by Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, as well as
others who express an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free
Exercise Clause of First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Wilfred McClay, a
historian from SunTrust Bank Chair of Excellence in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes the two have conflicts with each other, but the American culture has found room for both
to be present. American secularism derived from the strength of religion, not from its weakness.
McClay makes one more observations about the relationship of religion and secularism in American
life and that is that the most successful movements for social reform in American history are likely
to have had a respectful relationship to the country's religious heritage, if not being driven by it.6
Avoiding church does not excuse Americans from marking the birth of Jesus, however. Most of us
have no choice, but to stay home from work or school and if you complain about this evident
exception to the separation between church and state, you must be a miser with no heart for
tradition. Christmas has been a federal holiday for 146 years. The idea of Protestant civil religion
sounds strange in a country that prides itself on secularism and religious tolerance. However,
America's religious free market has never been entirely free. The founding fathers prized freedom of
conscience, but they did not intend to purge society of Protestant influence.7 In contrast to the
secularism in the United States, secularism in France is the polar opposite of that in the

Rel 1300 Essay
REL 1300 MWF 11:15–12:05 Final Exam: Apr 25, 2016 | 10:00AM–12:00PM
Study Guide
1. Which early theorist of religion said the following: "The criticism of religion disillusions man, so
that he will think, act, and fashion his reality like a man who has discarded his illusions and regained
his senses, so that he will move around himself as his own true sun"? 2. Which early theorist of
religion proposed the concept of the numinous? 3. What does Emile Durkheim say that religion
essentially is? 4. In Eliade's model of the sacred and profane, what does it mean for something to be
profane? 5. What does Martin Ruel say about the concept of belief in the study of religion? 6. Why
does Catherine Bell suggest that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is the Enuma Elish? 22. Which empire destroys the Jerusalem temple in 587/586 BCE and
exiles the society's elite? 23. What is an apocalypse? 24. What did the edict of Antiochus IV in 167
BCE do? 25. What are the Deeds of the Divine Augustus? 26. What event prompted Saul to convert
to Christianity and change his name to Paul? 27. Historically, who was the first caliph to succeed the
prophet Muhammad? 28. According to which Islamic sect should the first caliph have been the
cousin of Muhammad, Ali? 29. Which Muslim ruler oversaw the construction of the Dome of the
Rock in Jerusalem? 30. After the Qur'an, what is the most important book in Islam? 31. What
theoretical model did Maurice Halbwachs propose? 32. Which traditional Indian practice came
under fire by British colonialists and was outlawed only to later be reinstated because practitioners
said it was a religious practice? 33. Why does the Pramalai Kallar subcaste reimagine their origin
story to say that the younger brother of three, proud and independent, leaves his native home and
searches for a new land in which to set up his livelihood? 34. Which of the following is not one of
the sights that the Buddha's parents wanted to prevent him from seeing? 35. Which of the following
is not one of the Four Noble Truths? 36. What does the N in the word Tanakh represent? 37. Who
initiated the Maccabean revolt by refusing to renounce his beliefs and

Should The Public Space Act Of A Public Service?
According to the Dawn, which is Pakistan's the most famous and widely read English–language
newspaper, "A French court Wednesday, January 08, 2014, convicted a young woman for wearing a
full–face Islamic veil in public and threw out her bid to have the country's controversial burqa ban
declared unconstitutional. Cassandra Belin, 20, was given a 150–euro fine for wearing the veil" (The
Dawn 2014). The importance of incident comes from its connection to a very controversial law,
which was adopted six years ago by the French government. In 2010, the French parliament passed
a law, which forbids the wearing of clothing that conceals the face in public places: "No one shall, in
any public space, wear clothing designed to conceal the face. ... Show more content on
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The common view that the France made this law for the purposes of the identification problem is
fallacious. The French revolution of 1789 defined France's national identity and its culture for next
two centuries. The revolution created three fundamental values of French culture. Liberty, equality
and fraternity became the basis of the French way of life, the French culture. Later, laicite
(secularism), fourth founding principle, was added to them. This principle, which is based on a
separation between church and state, is intended to make citizens loyal to the state and free from the
religious claims. The loyalty of citizens toward the nation shouldn't be divided according to their
religious beliefs and the state was free from obligation to take into consideration the interests of
different religious groups. These four founding principles together define French culture and form
French identity. Then, the Frenchness is a commitment to the founding values of France and
integration into French culture.
The veil is incompatible with the French ideals of equality and laicite because it accentuates the
existence of differences in a nation considered as one and indivisible. In 2003 When President
Jacques Chirac created a committee to investigate whether religious signs in schools violated secular
principle he said that "France is a secular republic" and that laicite guarantees the protection of

Argumentative Essay: Prayer In Public Schools
Prayer in School
As the bell rings you walk through the lunchroom doors. It seems just like any ordinary day. You
smelled the mystery lunch as soon as you walked in, you fought your way into the lunch line, and
you saw the principal escorting some troublemaking kids from their tables. But wait, those kids
weren't the usual trouble makers. They were the kids that always follow the rules and even pray
before lunch. Was this some kind of alternate universe? No, they were actually in trouble. No one
ever paid it much attention but praying in school was against the rules. Why is it that our school
system is so concerned with students that pray when there are students with problems that deserve
much more attention? Students ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1962 in the case Engel v. Vitale the court outlawed prayer and bible reading. In 1963 in the
Abington School District v. Schempp case and the 1992 Wiseman case ruled that prayers during a
commencement ceremony were unconstitutional. In the year 2000 the case Santa Fe v. Doe barred
students from leading prayers at public school events. (School Prayer Case History) For the past
fifty–five years the court has worked to rid the public schools and America?s children of religion.
Prayer: A Prohibited Privilege
Praying is a privilege every American is given in the First Amendment where it states: ?Congress
shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.?
Many people get caught up with the phrase that says, ?Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion.?(The Constitution) It is true that the founding fathers of this country
wanted to ensure that no American citizen would be forced to practice a religion. However, when it
comes to understanding the laws concerning religious freedom it is crucial that both parts of this
statement are given equal attention. The second part states that Congress can make no laws
concerning religion that would result in ?Prohibiting the free exercise thereof.? Therefore, Congress
can outlaw schools from forcing religion upon a student, but they cannot keep a student from
exercising their beliefs. It is not up to the administrators

Is the Ban on Muslim Headscarves in French Schools Justified?
I will advance the thesis that the banning on Muslim headscarves in French schools is not justified.
By saying that the French ban on Muslim headscarves in public schools is not justified, I mean that,
even though this ban was implemented as a means to neutralize public space, in hope of developing
autonomy, as well as to protect females' rights in traditional Muslim communities, the ban actually
infringes on a more pressing rights of a person, and thus means that it is not justified as it does more
harm than good. I have two reasons for attacking the justification of the ban on Muslim headscarves;
first, the children's autonomy; and second, positive and negative liberty. As mentioned above, my
thesis asserting that the ban on Muslim ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this this lax enforcement on most religions, the French intolerance of Islam is displayed
because the government is openly discriminating against them by enforcing this ban, while
dismissing cases against other religions, and thus proving that this idea of neutralizing the public
space is actually an agenda to prohibit Islam in public. In a similar sense of intolerance, the second
justification that supports the ban is the protection of Muslim girls, who are vulnerable as members
of a hierarchical tradition. So this ban forces them to ignore their religion when in school, yet, once
again, the French only see Muslim headscarves as a negative aspect because they assume the girls
are unwilling. Although, it is the duty of the state to intervene if a person may be compromised in
their ability to make informed judgments about how they wish to live their life, however this is not
the case with Muslim headscarves, as, according to Islam, the wearing of a headscarf is a completely
voluntary act of religious observance, and thus it is the choice of the girls whether or not to wear it.
Correspondingly, for many Muslim women, the headscarf signifies, not a position of oppression or
submission, but

Pros And Cons Of Banning The Veil
conclude that banning the veil isn't as just about assuaging the suffering of the Muslim woman as
much as it is about protecting French republican notions of sexuality, notions considered
fundamental and foundational against the disturbing influence of Islam (Scott pp. 123). Women
choosing to wear a Burqa however may be doing so as a symbol of demanding control over their
bodies and rejecting the sexuality and objectification of the republic culture. What's appalling is the
assumption that a veiled woman means submission and oppression. Based on their own perceptions
of what is empowering and what is suffering, proponents of the ban have been speaking on behalf of
the Muslim woman: 'As a non–muslim, I would never wear a burqa and therefore you should not
wear a burqa'. By foisting their own perceptions of what is right and wrong, they are stigmatizing
Muslim women and imposing restrictions on their freedom of choice. A veil could ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is an increasing anxiety about French identity in light of the changing demographic structure.
Moreover, the majority of practicing female Muslims in France who choose to wear the veil have
immigrants roots. They are part of the wave of immigrants into France from its former colonies of
Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. During the French colonization of the Maghreb, Muslims were
depicted as inferior people, incapable of self–government. Expressions of bias against Muslims stem
from a deep–seated psychological preoccupation with 'the other'. As Professor Bate explained, a
process that anthropologists have come to call schismogenesis – the formation of Self in terms of
what we apprehend in the Other. In the French psyche, the immigrants are defined by what the
French are not. The ban on the veil is a manifestation of this, the way in which Frenchness has come
to be constructed in contradiction to a Islamist

The World Of The Middle Ages
Since the Middle Ages, Islam has been defined as a distinguishable "Other" from the European
population, as the Crusades characterized Europe as a distinctly Christian entity warring against the
Muslim identity of the Middle East. Religion has been a divisive force for centuries in these portions
of the world, but the 1905 laïcité law in France established this nation as a secular society, breaking
away from Christianity and promoting the privatization of religion in order to guarantee its free
exercise. 20th century France witnessed waves of immigration in the form of those of Islamic
descent, first with unskilled laborers from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia coming to work in French
factories. The Algerian War between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front saw a
second massive wave of those with Muslim affiliation, as Algerians who fought with the French
Army feared the NLF's wrath after Algerian independence and migrated to France in its aftermath
during the 1960s and 1970s. Today, France is home to between 4 and 5 million Muslims, which is
the largest Muslim population in the continent of Europe, but this presence has done little to
alleviate the influence of the Othering of Muslims in French society. Terrorist attacks committed by
extremist Islamic groups in recent years, such as the Charlie Hebdo killings in January 2015, the
Paris suicide bombings of November 2015, and the truck running over crowds celebrating Bastille
Day 2016 in Nice have only heightened

Essay on One Nation, Under God
With sounds of youthful laughter, conversations about the students' weekends, and the shuffling of
college ruled paper; students file into their classrooms and find their seats on a typical Monday
morning. As the announcements travel throughout the school's intercoms, the usual "Please stand for
the Pledge of Allegiance" becomes no longer usual but rather puzzling to some students. "I pledge
allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands,
indivisible, with liberty, and justice for all." Confusion passes through some of the student's minds.
With the reoccurrence of "God" in the backdrop of American life, the relationship between church
and state has become of little to no matter for American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the value of the constitutional liberties to each citizen of America, it is a must that the
government stresses the freedom to teach, practice or worship based on religion. Throughout the
history of America, religion has gradually decreased in importance although it is needed more now
than ever. Pursuant to the first amendment to the constitution, the country must honor the values of
its people. In the article "Religious Exemptions, Formal Neutrality, and Laicite" Frederick Mark
Gedricks asserts that, "The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the United States
Constitution provides that neither the national government nor the states may enact a law prohibiting
the free exercise of religion" (Gedicks). If chosen to live in a country where the government has
stated the protection of religion, it is a must that they stand by that ruling. Providing the protection
of religious freedom is vital to maintaining the integrity of constitutional liberties as citizens defend
their own beliefs. Also, with the many disagreements of religious acts, Judge Roy Moore and his
allies' belief of the religious commitment of the country was undermined once Moore chose to place
a 5, 280 pound granite monument in the state's judicial building in Montgomery in July of 2001. His
act placed disregards to his religion in which he was denied of his own beliefs. In the article,
"Religion and Civil Rights",

The Folly Of Secularism By Jeffrey Stout
The Muslim headscarf, or Hijab has been a matter of ongoing debate and controversy in the secular
state that is France. Secularism does not exist in a vacuum in France it builds upon 'complicated
emotional inheritance, specifically the negotiation between the religious and state secularism which
appears to continually lead to an image of hostility being constructed for Islam, despite the
promotion of universality that is allegedly key to the French Republic. This essay discusses the
Hijab in France in regard to Jeffrey Stout's 'The Folly of Secularism' and is structured in three main
parts. It looks at how Secularism is intensely debated and contested, the way in which event
intellectual, political, social shifts are changing through analysing firstly the controversy itself, then
laïcité. Secondly, through looking to different aspects of French secular society; law, media and
education. and thirdly, as per Stouts framework, discusses how the topic takes us to the heart of the
most pressing issues of today, Gender politics, French state personality/nationhood and the
Islamophobia that is a result of all of these things.The headscarf affair was generated by multiple
social anxieties, namely the preservation of laïcité. The headscarf Controversy in France illuminates
the politics of secularity in the way that it reaches across all social and political aspects of secular
society in France. Overall, this essay will argue that the politics of secularity are indistinguishable
from

How Did The French Revolution Influence The Revolution
How did the ideals of the enlightenment influence the revolutions? Can you see these ideals in our
society? Answer: One of the biggest ideals of the enlightenment was to reform society using reason.
Freedom was seen as being able to think rationally for yourself, which supposedly would lead
humans to the truth as well as away from ignorance, superstition and unfair government. Both the
American and French people saw the authority as restricting them from experiencing the benefits of
reason by letting them live in poverty, with famine and by exploiting them for profit. The people of
the enlightenment also highly valued equality and the idea of having a popular government, a
government controlled by the people by election of executives and legislators. The revolutionaries
were inspired by these ideas and came to see themselves as equal to their rulers and the aristocracy.
They believed that they could rule themselves and so demanded further power and influence in
society, as they were repeatedly met with resistance, this demand ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Did the American and French people have the right to violently overthrow what they saw as an
unjust system? Replacing it, with what they were convinced in their hearts, to be a more just system.
Is this relevant today? Do you believe that you have this right

Separation Of Church And State
France is known to be home to the city of love, the Eiffel tower, the perfect holiday destination,
paradoxically, the people are on the verge of war, living in neighbourhoods peppered with conflict,
laced with cultural and religious intolerance and garnished with aggression. The social situation
within France regarding the relationship of church and state has become increasingly strained, the
accumulation of terrorist attacks and marginalisation of minority groups is only intensifying rising
tensions. Although France is a secular nation where constitutionally there is a declared separation of
religion and state, Muslims as a minority group experience repression and cannot freely express or
practice their religious beliefs. The present ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Evidence of the Christina faith is exceedingly more prominent within France, as there are an
abundance of Churches and Cathedrals littered throughout the country, as historical and cultural
monuments, Mosques in comparison are scarce both in quantity and quality, as the current
constitution denies the government of the right to fund their construction (Gangelhoff, G 2008). (––
removed HTML ––)
France's historical events have played a major role in shaping the practices evident today.
Christianity has been an overwhelmingly majority religion in France after its initial arrival in the 1st
century BC, as the superiority of rulers supported the Roman Catholic Church the faith was further
enforced upon the society. (Christian Assemblies International, 2017). In the mid to late 16th
century tension and conflicts were rising between Protestants and the Roman Catholic Church
(Britannica, 2017). Prior to the French Revolution, the Church had power and influence over both
primary and secondary education, as well as responsibility in running the hospital system, it
maintained registers of births, marriages, and deaths, as well as extensive land ownership
(Anderson, M, J 1933, p.143). After the French Revolution the Church's relationship with state was
radically redefined, as it was stripped of its land ownership and many of its previous rights and
properties, consequently losing much of its previous wealth (Harvard, 2017). (–– removed HTML
––)
The

The Pledge Of Allegiance From A Very Young Age
The Pledge of Allegiance was taught to me at a very young age. Most children in the United States
learn the Pledge in Kindergarten. As a child I never questioned the phrase "Under God". Perhaps I
did not question it because I was raised as a believer of God. Fortunately, with age, I have become
more of a critical thinker. I have become more cultured and knowledgeable to the people who differ
from me. Not every American citizen is a believer of God; there are various religions with different
or multiple gods. Also many American citizens do not believe in God or any type of higher power.
The phrase "Under God" in the Pledge is a current social issue being debated constantly. I am going
to investigate both sides of this issue and determine if God should be mentioned in the Pledge of
Allegiance. The history of the nation's Pledge of Allegiance is a crucial component to this issue.
Often times students are taught to recite the Pledge but not to understand the history and meaning
behind it. The Pledge of Allegiance holds tremendous importance to this nation; an importance that
is often forgotten. The reciting of the Pledge represents patriotism to America. In America citizens
are tremendously protective of their rights. The First Amendment of the Constitution establishes
religious freedom. The phrase "Under God" was not a part of the original Pledge but added in the
early 1950's. In the article, "One Nation, Under God: Tolerable Acknowledgement or
Unconstitutional Cold War

The Controversy Of The Burqa Ban
Religion is a part of life for millions of people around the world and can often define a person and
their way of living. While some countries solely recognise a religion through cohesion of religion
and state, other countries are secular, having a definite separation between church and state affairs. It
is often the lack of separation between these two ideologies, which causes conflict amongst people,
groups and sometimes countries, clearly showing defects in the relationships of various factions of
society. April 2011 saw a controversial law come into effect, known as the 'Burqa Ban', which
prohibits the wearing of the full–face burqa in public places. In the present day and specific to Islam
in France, religion and the state are in conflict with one another on the issue of wearing religious
symbols in public. In a secular country where a minority religion struggles to define itself, it seems
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be seen when discussing France as a secular nation, how religion and the state are at
conflict with each other and how adherents of Islam are uniform with beliefs in relation to this
potentially unconstitutional law.
Since the French Revolution of 1789, religion and the state of France have gone trough a transition
of separation from influencing and working with one another, to becoming completely secular. In
the present 21st Century, France deviated from their secular nature by instituting a law that directly
affects some adherents of Islam, which is causing difficulty, particularly for those looking to live
lives of freedom and equality in France. Pre–French Revolution, Catholicism was the recognised
state religion of France, however, over time suspicion and criticism grew clouding religion and
diminishing its power amongst the state, until it was formally separated on 21st February 1795

Headscarves In France
Headscarves in France
In my research I want to look at the headscarf in France and how the French government has made it
difficult for Muslim women to integrate into society. France has one of the highest Muslim
populations standing at almost 8 percent of their nation's population; that's almost 5 million Muslims
(Caldwell, 2003). France's government strongly supports the term laicite, which doesn't translate
correctly in the English language, but is similar to secularism (Bowen 2007, 2). Laicite means that
the French government keeps a neutral space for all people in order to ensure equality for all.
Headscarves and 'conspicuous' symbols are considered to be disruptions of neutral space (Caldwell,
2003). The headscarf ban in France ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He finds that over time the meaning and discussions of laicite have altered. Through his discussions
and observations of other scholars he discusses ways in which people have talked about the French
government and laicite in order to justify the ban of the headscarf. In doing so he finds that the ban
has been justified in multiple ways those being: the discussion of the French as a Republic, France
remaining uniform, and the protection that the French government offers when it defines religion
(Bowen, 2007). He discusses how the French as a Republic has created a system in which it deals
with outsiders and concludes they do so by teaching them how to conform to French society and
ideals (Bowen 2007, 11). The way Bowen describes these justifications support of one another.
Because France is referred to as a Republic, he emphasizes ways that the Republic has been used to
justify a uniformity of the people, which shows how the headscarf would not coincide with these
values. Another discussion he exemplifies is that often used to ban the headscarf is the definition of
religion. He interviews the chief of organized religions in order to define religion and what it means
in France (Bowen 2007, 16). Vianney Sevaistre explains to Bowen that religion is not protected
under French law only culte which means a mass, the structures, and its teachings (Bowen 2007,
17). Bowen uses popular discussion from direct sources in order to explain the limit of protection
under laicite. By interviewing people and talking with scholars Bowen provides ways in which
terms can be interpreted differently to develop his writing and show that laicite and equality can
carry different meanings making it difficult for Muslim women and their fight for religious
expression (2007). Ways that laicite has been talked about and rights to a neutral space have created

The Importance Of Assimilation And Human Rights
When does the search for equality justify human rights abuses? As France has a large and quickly
expanding Muslim immigrate population (Mamou, 2017) it provides an important case study
regarding the intersection of two different perspectives, that of secularism and religion. In 2004 Law
No. 2004–228 of 15 March 2004 (National Assembly, 2004) was adopted by the French National
Assembly and Senate which forbade the wearing of overtly religious clothing which would identify
individuals religious affiliation in public schools, colleges and lycees. In 2010 Law No. 2010–1192
of October 11, 2010, was passed which banned the wearing of any outfit, in a public space, designed
to cover the face (National Assembly, 2010). Although neither the 2004 nor 2010 laws appear to be
directly targeting Muslims they have gained recognition because as both have a direct impact on
Muslim women. Both of these laws have been criticised since they appear to constitute human rights
abuses. However, rather than looking at the laws in isolation one must understand their context in
French society, specifically the broader human rights issues which they reflect such as gender
equality, assimilation of immigrants, and the perceived threat of religious fundamentalism. All of
these issues are related and they cannot be written about in isolation of the rest. As France fights to
protect its culture of laïcité (secularism), care must be taken to not abuse human rights in the name
of equality.
Assimilation vs.

The Coup : The World Turned Upside Down
The Coup: The World Turned Upside Down "We need to embrace our loved ones no matter what we
believe in. We need to come together and no other event could remind us of the need for solidarity."
At ten o'clock on July 15, 2016, news anchor Tijen Karas for Turkish Radio and Television was
forced to read a statement by insurgents calling themselves the Peace at Home Committee, in
reference to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's–the founder of the Turkish Republic–famous mantra "Peace at
home, Peace in the world." As rebels held Karas at gunpoint, she read a declaration by of military
plotters against the government claiming secular and democratic law had diminished under Turkish
President Recep Tayyip Erdogan (Filkins 2). Established on the basis of secularism, the Turkish
constitution provides the military with the authority to intervene in the government to maintain
democracy and prevent Islamic nationalists from gaining power. The recent attempted coup in
Turkey, believed to have been led by forces loyal to exiled cleric Fethullah Gulen, was inspired by
an alternative to a near–authoritarian regime of President Erdogan. The failure of the coup provided
President Erdogan with even greater powers, which has resulted in the loss of freedoms in Turkey
and in dire consequences to the wider world. Forces loyal to Turkish President Recep Tayyip
Erdogan thwarted an attempted coup executed by a small junta within the Turkish Armed Forces–
claiming that the AKP (or Justice and Development Party)

Cultural And Religious Influence Of The European Union
Jocelyn Keresman
Professor Michele Vialet
Study Tour France 3061
5 June 2015
Cultural and religious influence in the European Union, the United Kingdom, France and Bordeaux
The European Union seeks to preserve Europe's shared cultural heritage and help make it accessible
to others, as well as supporting and promoting the arts and creative industries in Europe. Creative
Europe supports transnational cooperation projects involving cultural and creative organizations
from different countries taking part in the program. It aims to improve access to European culture
and creative works and to promote innovation and creativity. Cross–border cooperation projects
between cultural and creative organizations within the EU and beyond. Having ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The initiative provides opportunities ranging from guided tours to open–air performances, took
place across Europe every year in September. It was a collective initiative managed by the European
Commission and the Council of Europe, in close coordination with national coordinators.
The European Heritage Days aim to raise awareness of Europe 's cultural richness and diversity, to
increase appreciation of Europe 's cultural heritage, and encourage greater tolerance for other
cultures across Europe. They invited all of Europe to respond to the social, political, and economic
challenges of the culture sector. The European Heritage Days, launched in 1985, take place in the
fifty signatory states to the European Cultural Convention, putting new cultural treasures on display
and opening up historic buildings normally closed to the public. European Heritage sites are
milestones in the creation of today's Europe. To walk through one of these sites is to experience
European values and civilization in the making. These sites celebrate and symbolize European
integration, ideals, values and history. They are cautiously selected for their symbolic values and the
roles they play in the European history and the activities they offer in order to bring the European
Union and its citizens closer together.
Cultural and creative industries are unfolding as an important sector for support and investment for
several, the sector is triggering increasing numbers of jobs, and

The Stereotypes Of Muslims In The 21st Century
It is no secret that post 9/11, there was a newfound apprehension toward Muslims that would change
their world for years to come. Since then, research has revealed that approximately half of all British
mosques have been subjected to violent Islamophobic attacks. The antagonism has not stopped –
and continues to fester throughout Europe, Australia and the United States. The scare mongering
from politicians have not helped the situation either. David Cameron has insisted that British
Muslims are failing to conform to British norms, and if people are not careful, are secretly
condoning ISIS. Donald Trump has sworn that when he is elected, he will implement tighter border
controls and rip potential terrorists of their American citizenships, in order to "make America great
again". All around the western world, Muslims are feeling like they are having to choose between
their religion and their national identity.
At a peak in time where the Muslim population in Europe felt most discriminated, the ban on the
hijab was declared in France in 2004. This piece of religious clothing was no longer allowed inside
public work settings ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite all this, I refuse to believe that society cannot become more tolerant and the issue resolved. I
do not believe that all Westerners are definitively narrow–minded. However, it is a fact that many
people do carry prejudices against Islam based on what they see on the media. If there was an active
effort to try change these misconceptions, then people would feel safe with the 1.6 billion existing
Muslims on Earth and less inclined to incite hatred. With right wing organisations that act to repress
our opinions, it is hard to make us believe that the West encourages diversity like they claim to. As
Arundhati Roy once said: "There's no such thing as the voiceless, only the deliberately silenced and
the preferably

How Did Nicholas Sarkozy Ban The Construction Of More...
Amidst the furore instigated by the Swiss minaret referendum in 2009 (Migration Policy Institute,
2009), former French president Nicolas Sarkozy voiced his sympathy and his understanding for the
collective decision to ban the construction of more minarets within Switzerland through an article
titled "Respecter ceux qui arrivent, respecter ceux qui accueillent" (Sarkozy, 2009b). Sarkozy's
article first appeared in the December 8th publication of Le Monde– a French daily newspaper– in
2009, and was subsequently edited and translated by The Guardian, an English news agency based
in the United Kingdom (Sarkozy, 2009a). It is of importance to note that this discourse is based on
the translated (English) version of Sarkozy's article. Given the nature of translations, expressions
and connotations from the original commentary may be altered and hence, discrepancies may arise.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although his argument may seem compelling upon first glance, due to Sarkozy's vast omission of
crucial information, it is evident that his claims are incomplete, erroneous, and moreover, a
perversion of what he purports. This paper attempts to present a thorough exposition of Sarkozy's
argument, confront his baseless conclusions by considering and highlighting four factors: the
background and cause of the Swiss minaret vote, the opposition and their perspective, the image and
lives of Muslims in Switzerland and France, and the development of populism; additionally, to
provide a retort to potential

Headscarf Controversy
French media coverage of the headscarf controversy perpetuates considerable misunderstanding of
Islam and thus the politics of secularism extend to media framing of the tension between religious
minorities and the non–religious in a society where secular is hegemonic. In 1989, in a small town
outside of Paris, three girls were expelled for wearing Hijabs. The girls were in no way disruptive,
or incapable academically, however, the event became significant to the reframing of the headscarf
as a ;veil; or misrepresentation as a chador through and by the media. Furthermore, public
intellectuals in the media promoted concerns regarding "Iran–type" mobilisation in France. A similar
incident occurred in 1994, 69 girls were expelled for wearing what ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The term 'cuius regio eius religio', 'the religion of the ruler is the religion of all of his subject',
applies in France's largely irreligious society in the sense that it suggests an absolute power, with a
single political task; the care of its population, which in this case ought to abide secularism.
The"crisis of laïcité " is embedded in a political struggle over the model of France's future, one
which aims to maintain a secular personality of the French Republic. Anniversary of the French
Revolution in 1989 – reiterates issue of Universalism being a defining trait of republican France.
However, as Casanova suggest the secular is a 'central, modern category', aïcité constructs/frames a
reality based on its differentiation and separation from the religious.Thus, in terms of French Secular
politics Universalism in the public sphere is limited to individuals who practice secularity/ reinforce
the nation's drive for laïcité. The way in which the French community negotiates two conceptual
boundaries, establish secularity and subvert religion , as Asad suggests, tell us how people live in the
secular. This personality of the French state expresses itself through law, media and education and as
a result of this, The headscarf is held to be a religious symbol that conflicts with and is a threat to

Max Weber's Emphasis On Protestant Ethic And The Spirit Of...
Understanding Society I: Introduction to Social Theory
Lecturer: Dr Filipa Figueira
Topic: Is Weber's emphasis on Protestant/Northern European values in The Protestant Ethic and the
Spirit of Capitalism useful to explain economic disparities between countries in the 21st century?
C andidate Number: TMVG1
Word Count: 1938
Max Weber, one of the founding fathers of Sociology, is described as 'our greatest resource as a
sociologist' (Collins, 1986: 5), and is considered by many contemporary sociologists the most
important contributor to the discipline. As Bendix notes, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism (1904; 1976), Weber's most acknowledge work, was also his most controversial work
(Bendix, 1959: 49) and is at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This observation had been made many times before. Weber himself noted that the Catholic
congresses in Germany had previously acknowledged the issue (1930:3), and another scholar,
Trevor–Roper(1967), noted that this argument had been addressed even 100 years before Weber, in
Charles Viller's essay on 'The Spirit and Influence of Luther's Reformation (Villers 1804). Weber's
contribution instead was to give a reason for it – to turn the observation into a 'grand socio–
economic theory' (Young, 2009:

Research Paper On Charlie Hebdo
Charlie Hebdo is a satirical weekly newspaper located Paris France. They consider themselves
supporters of laïcité (secularism), far–left–wing, and anti–racist; and tend to make attacks on the
far–right–winged politics, religion, and culture. Their extreme comics got them in to trouble on
January 7, 2015. Shots were fired and killed twelve people, injured eleven more and struck terror in
Paris and around the world. When police arrived at the scene a French National Police officer was
also killed by the gunmen. Later the gunmen identified themselves as being a part of the ISIS
terrorist group. I agree with specific principles of Charlie Hebdo; I am Charlie Hebdo because I like
them support the freedom of expression, separation of church and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Charlie Hebdo spoke out against touchy matters that in turn provided many enemies against Charlie
Hebdo. When they were threatened by Islamic State Charlie Hebdo fought back by producing a
cartoon showing to men kissing saying "love is stronger than hate" (Taub). The producers at Charlie
Hebdo knew that this was going to offend the Islamic State even more, but that was their goal.
Charlie Hebdo felt as though they had a purpose to step on toes, and would not back down in the
eyes of danger. Charbonnier told Le Monde "I'm not putting lives at risk. When activists need a
pretext to justify violence, they always find it" (Calderone). Because of Charbonnier principles cost
him his life that day, but the end of his life sparked a new stand for free expression. As Mahoney
said, "Journalists must now stand together to send the message that such murderous attempts to
silence us will not stand" (Calderone). Charlie Hebdo stood for their principles and their destruction
sparked a larger stand for Charlie Hebdo's

France Bans the Muslim Burqa and Veil Essay
Within the Middle East, the largest population of the men and women are Muslim. The Muslim
religion suggests that the women wear a veil or hijab, which is a headscarf that only exposes a
woman's eyes, accompanied by a burqa which is a full body cloak. The sole purpose of the clothing
is to cover a woman's feminine features from men's eyes. The Qur'an, an Islamic scripture supports,
and slightly obligates the uniform by saying that women are to be conservative, "Let them wear their
head covering over their bosoms, and not display their ornaments." (Qur'an). Muslim women,
instead of feeling oppressed, view this as a positive aspect in their lives, influenced by their devotion
to Allah. Their acceptance could be influenced by their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The anticipated law, whose purpose is to ban the use of the burqa and veil, finally took place in
France. The ban started within school, and expanded into a restriction within the entire country.
France drew international attention, questions, and opinions on the justification of this new law.
Even though France's main response to their justification of the ban is to preserve the French
culture, the law also positively addresses other problems such as: religious freedom, public safety,
and women's rights. When I was first introduced to the topic of France's ban on the veil, I disagreed
with the law. I took a position based on my customs as an American citizen which differs completely
to those of France. International critics began to argue that France is violating what people call
"Freedom of Religion", which I agreed with at first. As a foreigner from America, I am accustomed
to the American governments definition of freedom of religion. Protected by the First Amendment
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof: or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." (Religious Freedom). You can
express your religion in public, during church, mass, or religious meetings. So the presence of
religious items such as the

Secularity Governance in Turkey
Turkey has been inhabited for thousands of years, since the Paleolithic Age. From its extremely
detailed and complicated history to its rich ethnic heritage, Turkey is a culturally diverse land where
east meets west. Turkey is located at the crossroads of both Asia and Europe, which makes it
politically and economically significant to both eastern and western regions. Historically, Turkey
was part of the cradle of civilization, when it was known as "Asia Minor". When it was colonized by
the Ancient Greeks, it was introduced into western European influence, along with the establishment
of the Byzantine Empire (Now, present day Istanbul) by the Romans. The capture of the city by the
Ottoman Empire, however, brought it back to Eastern control. Unfortunately, the Ottoman Empire
began slowly declining for several centuries, finally bringing the fall of the empire and thus
establishing the Turkish Republic in 1923. This modern nation–state was forged by the reforms of
Mustafa Kemal. Kemal sought to impose a secular– rather, laïcité, democratic system, in a
predominantly Islamic nation; this began Turkey's course toward progression and modernization.
"My people are going to learn the principles of democracy the dictates of truth and the teachings of
science. Superstition must go. Let them worship as they will, every man can follow his own
conscience provided it does not interfere with sane reason or bid him act against the liberty of his
fellow men.".
― Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Pros And Cons Of Unveiling Secularism
Unveiling Secularism
"I swear by my religion. I will die for it. But it is my personal affair. The state has nothing to do with
it. The state would look after your secular welfare, health, communications, foreign relations,
currency and so on, but not your or my religion." (Gandhi). When debating the word "secularism",
many people will dispute that the public has become less religious and stopped believing in God.
They assume that a secular government is an anti–religious one; a government that aims to reject
religions. In fact, "secularism is the belief that religion should not be part of the affairs of the state or
part of public education."(YourDictionary). In other words, secularism is the belief that government
and religion don't influence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea of secularism appears a little bit strange for some people and some countries. At first,
fanatic people refuse to make any change to their lives and consider this concept (secularism) illegal
and will separate them from God: they think that secularism will abolish religions and decrease the
number of religious people. They believe that the only law is the law of God. For example,
homosexual couples are free to do whatever they want (they become able to marry for instance) due
to the law of secularism. Thus, those religious people take this example to oppose secularism
because for them homosexuality is a sin. In addition, separating religion from the state is a difficult
task as Elizabeth Shakman Hurd mentioned: "The creation of the category of religion and its
demarcation from politics is a highly politicized decision that is not subject to a final settlement, and
the pretense of a final settlement exacerbates international conflict rather than diminishing it." (
Hurd 235). The most difficulty that faces secular people is that they are assailed by all the religions
because those secular people are minorities and cannot afford the pressure imposed on them. In view
of this fact, each secular human being will be neglected and considered as enemy which is not the
case. Therefore, being a secular person may lead to different hitches. On the other hand, some
secular people try to trigger problems and conflicts between religious people and themselves. So
even in secularism you find extreme positions that lead to conflict like the militant secularism. As
Simone Chambers said that we have three types of secularism: militant, restrictive and open
secularism. What makes secularism difficult is the Militant secularism because it is mistrustful and
suspicious of

European Immigration Policies And The Economic Crisis
European Immigration Policies and the Economic Crisis The Eurozone economic crisis began at the
end of 2009. Essentially, the failure of the Euro caused huge problems in southern European
countries (such as Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy). After the introduction of the Euro, these
countries suddenly had the credit to borrow money like they hadn't had before. They extravagantly
increased spending with this borrowed money, which at first boosted the economy but eventually led
to massive debts. Since every economy was intertwined, the rest of the Eurozone was effected as
well. Because everyone had been borrowing and lending money to each other, a problem in one
country could reverberate across the continent, creating a chain reaction of defaults. Germany
agreed to bailout these smaller countries, effectively picking up the tab, as long as they agreed to
very strict austerity measures. The contrasting expectations between a financially responsible
country like Germany and one that doesn't pay taxes such as Greece amplified tensions. Cultural
differences such as this are surprisingly relevant to the economic crisis, as the disparities in
immigration policy demonstrate.
ITALY Italy, despite its long history as a collection of territories, is one of the newest European
countries (founded in 1861). As such, it was never a big powerhouse for incoming immigration,
even pre–recession. The government never had an established model for integration or pluralism,
and was not even

American Culture And Conflict
Unit 2 Paper
Violence and bloodshed within and among communities is perhaps the most salient and overarching
problem to afflict the world since civilizations emerged. Academics and policy–makers have strove
for stable peace amongst the world since the enlightenment, with little success. In order to curb the
world's rampant communal violence, agreeing upon the sources of conflict need is imperative. Many
attribute today's violence to economic forces, that unfairly dispersed economic gains have pitted the
poor up against their richer counterparts. While economic factors might have used to be the main
actors in fomenting conflict, their impact is being now being overshadowed by cultural factors. Two
nations that exemplify the modern world's main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In his 1993 article The Clash of Civilizations, Sam Huntington brilliantly explained that economics
facilitates violence not inherently, but in the terms of a new culturally bifurcated world. Huntington
argues that neoliberalism and globalization has seized power from nation–states and transferred it to
a broader global market. What was once a world divided by its economic hierarchy (first, second
and third world nations) is now a world comprised of cultural blocs destined to clash. Free trade
agreements specific to geographic regions helped reinforce these notions. For example, the pre–
existing feelings amongst Europeans that their continent is a distinct collection of values unified by
history and Christianity was validated by the European Union (Huntington, 27). Internecine violence
in France can be explained using Huntington's model of the world. In the face of a strong and
unified West they have been rejected from, Islam is being revitalized and being expressed in a
variety of ways. Among the more benign ways are Muslim women choosing to wear headscarves in
public places in defiance of laicite (Killian). Among the more troubling however, is the added
leverage jihadist recruiters gain in the arguments to young men of the banlieues (Butler, 2). Sadly,
this clash will not be endemic to France. Strife in India between Hindu nationalists and Muslims
shows

The Pros And Cons Of Secularism
"If I were a dictator, religion and state would be separate. I swear by my religion. I will die for it.
But it is my personal affair. The state has nothing to do with it. The state would look after your
secular welfare, health, communications, foreign relations, currency and so on, but not your or my
religion. That is everybody's personal concern!" (Gandhi). When debating the word "secularism",
many people will dispute that the public has become less religious and stopped believing in God.
They assume that a secular government is an anti–religious one: a government that aims to reject
religions. However, thinking deeply in the meaning of "secularism" will lead us in another path. In
fact, "secularism is the belief that religion should not be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea of secularism appears a little bit strange for some people and some countries. At first,
fanatic people refuse to make any change to their lives and consider this concept (secularism) is
illegal and will separate them from God. In addition, separating religion from the state is a difficult
task. And as Elizabeth Shakman Hurd mentioned: "Secularism is unequipped to serve as a universal
model of public life, either domestically or internationally. The creation of the category of religion
and its demarcation from politics is a highly politicized decision that is not subject to a final
settlement, and the pretense of a final settlement exacerbates international conflict rather than
diminishing it. The religion/politics negotiation is a fluid site of authority with complex relations to
the state system, the global economy, international ethics and other more heavily theorized locations
of power in international relations"( Elizabeth Shakman Hurd, Abstract). The most difficulty that
faces secular people is that they are assailed by all the religions because these secular people are
minorities and cannot afford the pressure imposed on them. In view of this fact, each secular human
being will be neglected and considered as enemy which is not the case. Therefore, being a secular
person may lead to different

Civil Liberties: Difference Between Civil Liberty And Bill...
What is the difference between a civil liberty and a civil right? Both words appear in the Declaration
of Independence and the Bill of Rights. The concepts are often used interchangeably. However, they
do refer to different kinds of guaranteed protections. Freedom of religion, as guaranteed by the First
Amendment of the United States Constitution, involves two important components. The first is a
prohibition on the "establishment of religion" by government – the separation of Church and State;
and the second, ensures that the government allows for the practice of religion
Civil liberties are protections against government actions. For example, the First Amendment of the
Bill of Rights guarantees citizens the right to practice whatever religion they please. Government
cannot interfere in an individual's freedom of worship. Amendment I gives the individual "liberty"
from the actions of the government. Civil liberties are about freedom. They determine what you as
an individual are free to do, and what the government cannot do to infringe on your freedom. Civil
liberties are rights that government cannot deny to citizens. Freedom of religion as a legal concept is
related to, but not identical with, religious toleration, separation of church and ... Show more content
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Your individual civil liberties are those – inalienable – liberties men. Civil liberties may be
distinguished from civil rights which refer to rights that members of various groups (racial, ethnic,
gender, and so on) have to equal treatment by government under the law as well as equal access to
society's Scales of Justice: Civil rights, refer to positive actions of government should take to create
equal conditions for all Americans. The term "civil rights" is often associated with the protection of
minority groups, such as African Americans, Hispanics, and

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