SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 24
Dana Allen-Greil New Media Project Manager National Museum of American History allen-greil@si.edu  “Making Everyone a Winner: Universal Design of Multimedia,” American Association of Museums Annual Meeting, April 29, 2008
Topics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Photo: Visitors interact with the “America on the Move” exhibition at the National Museum of American History.
MAKING THE CASE Best practices and selected statistics to help you make universal design part of your institutional culture
Universal Design is a Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Universal Design is for Everyone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Audience: Older Adults ,[object Object],[object Object],Sources:  2030 Vision: Anticipating the Needs and Expectations of Museum Visitors of the Future,  Smithsonian Office of Policy and Analysis, 2007;  The State of Aging and Health in America 2007 .
The U.S. Population in 10 Years 17 and under TBD Generation Z 2000+ 18-37 80 million Generation Y/ Millennials , larger than the Baby Boomers 1981-2000 38-53 46-50 million Generation X , about half the size of the Baby Boomers 1965-1980 54-72 76 million Baby Boomers  , 1/3 of current adult population 1946-1964 In 2018 will be… Size Generation  Born
Trend: Growing Disabled Population ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sources: “Change in Chronic Disability from 1982 to 2004/2005,” PNAS 103, no. 28 (2006); “Disability Status and the Characteristics of People in Group Quarters,” Feb. 2008.  U.S. Census Bureau.  National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey. “Change in Chronic Disability from 1982 to 2004/2005,” PNAS 103, no. 28 (2006).
Audience: Multi-generational Groups Source: Results of the 2004 Smithsonian-Wide Visitor Survey.  Smithsonian Institution Office of Policy and Analysis.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Issues to consider when implementing multimedia devices in your museum
Multimedia Opportunities ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Use of Mainstream Technologies
Case Study: iPods ,[object Object],[object Object],Source: “iPod accessibility,” Simply Blog, July 30, 2006. http://web.mac.com/simplytom/iWeb/SimplyTom/Home.html
Challenge: Complexity ,[object Object],Source: "National Council on Disability Explores Emerging Technology Trends and Provides Strategies for Change," December 27, 2006.  Photo: (left) Philips 1500 VCR; (right) Philips DVD Remote.
Challenge: Size ,[object Object],Source: "National Council on Disability Explores Emerging Technology Trends and Provides Strategies for Change," December 27, 2006.  Photo: (left) Dr. Martin Cooper, father of the mobile phone (fcc.gov); (right) “Zoolander” (2001).
Challenge: Touchscreen controls ,[object Object],Source: "National Council on Disability Explores Emerging Technology Trends and Provides Strategies for Change," December 27, 2006.  Photos: (Top) Microsoft Surface; (Bottom) McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum interactive
Challenge: Handheld devices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: "Museums in Transition: Emerging Technologies as Tools for Free-Choice Learning."  Science Museum of Virginia and Gyroscope Inc., November 2006.  Photo: sign language presentation for Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum. .
PROJECT TO CREATE GUIDELINES Results of a June 2007 study on the state of guidelines for universal design of digital interactives
Digital Multimedia in Museums ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Allen-Greil, Dana.  Survey Report: “Guidelines for Designing Computer-Based Interactives in Museums,” 2007.
What Should Guidelines Do? ,[object Object],[object Object],Source: Allen-Greil, Dana.  Survey Report: “Guidelines for Designing Computer-Based Interactives in Museums,” 2007.
State of Guidelines in Museums ,[object Object],[object Object],Source: Allen-Greil, Dana.  Survey Report: “Guidelines for Designing Computer-Based Interactives in Museums,” 2007 Photo: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History,  America on the Move  exhibition..
Concerns about Guidelines Source: Allen-Greil, Dana.  Survey Report: “Guidelines for Designing Computer-Based Interactives in Museums,” 2007.
A Call for Collaboration ,[object Object],[object Object]
Selected Resources ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

More Related Content

What's hot

VRA 2015 R&R Handbook
VRA 2015 R&R HandbookVRA 2015 R&R Handbook
VRA 2015 R&R Handbook
Visual Resources Association
 
Literacies and issues of intellectual freedom
Literacies and issues of intellectual freedomLiteracies and issues of intellectual freedom
Literacies and issues of intellectual freedom
CASL
 
21st Century Fluencies
21st Century Fluencies21st Century Fluencies
21st Century Fluencies
Lobachev
 
LIBR 559M Project Outline
LIBR 559M Project OutlineLIBR 559M Project Outline
LIBR 559M Project Outline
aashmore
 

What's hot (20)

Why Libraries are Vital to Closing the Digital Divide
Why Libraries are Vital to Closing the Digital DivideWhy Libraries are Vital to Closing the Digital Divide
Why Libraries are Vital to Closing the Digital Divide
 
VRA 2015 R&R Handbook
VRA 2015 R&R HandbookVRA 2015 R&R Handbook
VRA 2015 R&R Handbook
 
VRA Awards 2015
VRA Awards 2015VRA Awards 2015
VRA Awards 2015
 
Science Gateways and Their Tremendous Potential for Science and Engineering
Science Gateways and Their Tremendous Potential for Science and EngineeringScience Gateways and Their Tremendous Potential for Science and Engineering
Science Gateways and Their Tremendous Potential for Science and Engineering
 
Transliteracy the latest stage of the literacy continuum.
Transliteracy the latest stage of the literacy continuum. Transliteracy the latest stage of the literacy continuum.
Transliteracy the latest stage of the literacy continuum.
 
Wikipedia in the college classroom
Wikipedia in the college classroomWikipedia in the college classroom
Wikipedia in the college classroom
 
Generational Diversity in the Library Workplace: Challenges and Opportunities
Generational Diversity in the Library Workplace:  Challenges and OpportunitiesGenerational Diversity in the Library Workplace:  Challenges and Opportunities
Generational Diversity in the Library Workplace: Challenges and Opportunities
 
Module1
Module1Module1
Module1
 
Literacies and issues of intellectual freedom
Literacies and issues of intellectual freedomLiteracies and issues of intellectual freedom
Literacies and issues of intellectual freedom
 
British columbia september2014_final
British columbia september2014_finalBritish columbia september2014_final
British columbia september2014_final
 
21st Century Fluencies
21st Century Fluencies21st Century Fluencies
21st Century Fluencies
 
Tapio varis avi2009 v
Tapio varis avi2009 vTapio varis avi2009 v
Tapio varis avi2009 v
 
College
CollegeCollege
College
 
Towards Generation Z
Towards Generation ZTowards Generation Z
Towards Generation Z
 
Teaching Kids to Code
Teaching Kids to CodeTeaching Kids to Code
Teaching Kids to Code
 
Future of open education scenarios
Future of open education scenariosFuture of open education scenarios
Future of open education scenarios
 
Media and Information Literacy through the lifecourse
Media and Information Literacy through the lifecourseMedia and Information Literacy through the lifecourse
Media and Information Literacy through the lifecourse
 
LIBR 559M Project Outline
LIBR 559M Project OutlineLIBR 559M Project Outline
LIBR 559M Project Outline
 
Future Trends in Technology and Education, the view from spring 2016
Future Trends in Technology and Education, the view from spring 2016Future Trends in Technology and Education, the view from spring 2016
Future Trends in Technology and Education, the view from spring 2016
 
Media Evolution
Media EvolutionMedia Evolution
Media Evolution
 

Similar to Making Everyone a Winner: Universal Design of Multimedia

Citizen science
Citizen scienceCitizen science
Citizen science
samar1407
 
World Conservation Congress 2008
World Conservation Congress 2008World Conservation Congress 2008
World Conservation Congress 2008
Tom Moritz
 
DigiCCurr 2013 PhD Workshop - Citizen Science and Data Curation: Who needs what?
DigiCCurr 2013 PhD Workshop - Citizen Science and Data Curation: Who needs what?DigiCCurr 2013 PhD Workshop - Citizen Science and Data Curation: Who needs what?
DigiCCurr 2013 PhD Workshop - Citizen Science and Data Curation: Who needs what?
Todd Suomela
 
Cordeiro education2030berkeleyopensciencesummit2010
Cordeiro education2030berkeleyopensciencesummit2010Cordeiro education2030berkeleyopensciencesummit2010
Cordeiro education2030berkeleyopensciencesummit2010
Open Science Summit
 

Similar to Making Everyone a Winner: Universal Design of Multimedia (20)

Citizen Science overview for ASU HSD598 graduate course, "Citizen Science"
Citizen Science overview for ASU HSD598 graduate course, "Citizen Science"Citizen Science overview for ASU HSD598 graduate course, "Citizen Science"
Citizen Science overview for ASU HSD598 graduate course, "Citizen Science"
 
ARC 211: American Diversity and Design: Edwin Chiu
ARC 211: American Diversity and Design: Edwin ChiuARC 211: American Diversity and Design: Edwin Chiu
ARC 211: American Diversity and Design: Edwin Chiu
 
App4 allens winter2010[1]
App4 allens winter2010[1]App4 allens winter2010[1]
App4 allens winter2010[1]
 
Citizen science
Citizen scienceCitizen science
Citizen science
 
Mark Van't Hooft, Kent State University
Mark Van't Hooft, Kent State UniversityMark Van't Hooft, Kent State University
Mark Van't Hooft, Kent State University
 
The Online Museum
The Online MuseumThe Online Museum
The Online Museum
 
Leveraging Technology to Attract, Engage & Educate Museum Visitors
Leveraging Technology to Attract, Engage  & Educate Museum VisitorsLeveraging Technology to Attract, Engage  & Educate Museum Visitors
Leveraging Technology to Attract, Engage & Educate Museum Visitors
 
dissertation poster revised
dissertation poster reviseddissertation poster revised
dissertation poster revised
 
Using Data for Science Journalism
Using Data for Science JournalismUsing Data for Science Journalism
Using Data for Science Journalism
 
Using Data for Science Journalism
Using Data for Science JournalismUsing Data for Science Journalism
Using Data for Science Journalism
 
Future Flight Fridays: Public Trust in Future Flight
Future Flight Fridays: Public Trust in Future FlightFuture Flight Fridays: Public Trust in Future Flight
Future Flight Fridays: Public Trust in Future Flight
 
Arc 211: American Diversity and Design: Christopher Chudy
Arc 211: American Diversity and Design: Christopher ChudyArc 211: American Diversity and Design: Christopher Chudy
Arc 211: American Diversity and Design: Christopher Chudy
 
ARC211: American Diversity and Design: Jacob Henry
ARC211: American Diversity and Design: Jacob HenryARC211: American Diversity and Design: Jacob Henry
ARC211: American Diversity and Design: Jacob Henry
 
World Conservation Congress 2008
World Conservation Congress 2008World Conservation Congress 2008
World Conservation Congress 2008
 
Universal Usability Presentation
Universal Usability PresentationUniversal Usability Presentation
Universal Usability Presentation
 
DigiCCurr 2013 PhD Workshop - Citizen Science and Data Curation: Who needs what?
DigiCCurr 2013 PhD Workshop - Citizen Science and Data Curation: Who needs what?DigiCCurr 2013 PhD Workshop - Citizen Science and Data Curation: Who needs what?
DigiCCurr 2013 PhD Workshop - Citizen Science and Data Curation: Who needs what?
 
Arc 211 american diversity and design dongfang fu
Arc 211 american diversity and design dongfang fuArc 211 american diversity and design dongfang fu
Arc 211 american diversity and design dongfang fu
 
Cordeiro education2030berkeleyopensciencesummit2010
Cordeiro education2030berkeleyopensciencesummit2010Cordeiro education2030berkeleyopensciencesummit2010
Cordeiro education2030berkeleyopensciencesummit2010
 
Citizen Science in the Introductory Classroom
Citizen Science in the Introductory ClassroomCitizen Science in the Introductory Classroom
Citizen Science in the Introductory Classroom
 
Extreme Citizen Science: the socio-political potential of citizen science
Extreme Citizen Science: the socio-political potential of citizen scienceExtreme Citizen Science: the socio-political potential of citizen science
Extreme Citizen Science: the socio-political potential of citizen science
 

More from Dana Allen-Greil

#ArtAtoZ: Serial Social Media at the National Gallery of Art
#ArtAtoZ: Serial Social Media at the National Gallery of Art#ArtAtoZ: Serial Social Media at the National Gallery of Art
#ArtAtoZ: Serial Social Media at the National Gallery of Art
Dana Allen-Greil
 
Ignite MCN: Blogging is dead. Long live the museum blog.
Ignite MCN: Blogging is dead. Long live the museum blog.Ignite MCN: Blogging is dead. Long live the museum blog.
Ignite MCN: Blogging is dead. Long live the museum blog.
Dana Allen-Greil
 

More from Dana Allen-Greil (20)

Storytelling Through Technology and Media
Storytelling Through Technology and MediaStorytelling Through Technology and Media
Storytelling Through Technology and Media
 
Join History Hub: A Support Community
Join History Hub: A Support CommunityJoin History Hub: A Support Community
Join History Hub: A Support Community
 
#ArtAtoZ: Serial Social Media at the National Gallery of Art
#ArtAtoZ: Serial Social Media at the National Gallery of Art#ArtAtoZ: Serial Social Media at the National Gallery of Art
#ArtAtoZ: Serial Social Media at the National Gallery of Art
 
Museums in the Digital Age - Intro Remarks
Museums in the Digital Age - Intro RemarksMuseums in the Digital Age - Intro Remarks
Museums in the Digital Age - Intro Remarks
 
#musesocial
#musesocial#musesocial
#musesocial
 
Beyond the Selfie: Connecting Teens and Art through Social Media (NAEA 2014)
Beyond the Selfie: Connecting Teens and Art through Social Media (NAEA 2014)Beyond the Selfie: Connecting Teens and Art through Social Media (NAEA 2014)
Beyond the Selfie: Connecting Teens and Art through Social Media (NAEA 2014)
 
Workshop: By the People, for the People: Developing Digital Strategy That Mat...
Workshop: By the People, for the People: Developing Digital Strategy That Mat...Workshop: By the People, for the People: Developing Digital Strategy That Mat...
Workshop: By the People, for the People: Developing Digital Strategy That Mat...
 
Ignite MCN: Blogging is dead. Long live the museum blog.
Ignite MCN: Blogging is dead. Long live the museum blog.Ignite MCN: Blogging is dead. Long live the museum blog.
Ignite MCN: Blogging is dead. Long live the museum blog.
 
Beyond the #selfie: Connecting teens and art through social media
Beyond the #selfie: Connecting teens and art through social mediaBeyond the #selfie: Connecting teens and art through social media
Beyond the #selfie: Connecting teens and art through social media
 
Engaging Audiences with Social Media: Outreach Activities for Collections Care
Engaging Audiences with Social Media: Outreach Activities for Collections CareEngaging Audiences with Social Media: Outreach Activities for Collections Care
Engaging Audiences with Social Media: Outreach Activities for Collections Care
 
Horizontal Thinking in a Vertical World
Horizontal Thinking in a Vertical WorldHorizontal Thinking in a Vertical World
Horizontal Thinking in a Vertical World
 
Opening Up Museum Studies with Social Media
Opening Up Museum Studies with Social MediaOpening Up Museum Studies with Social Media
Opening Up Museum Studies with Social Media
 
Engaging Visitors with Social Media
Engaging Visitors with Social MediaEngaging Visitors with Social Media
Engaging Visitors with Social Media
 
Let's Get Engaged!
Let's Get Engaged!Let's Get Engaged!
Let's Get Engaged!
 
Building Advocacy in Museum Social Media
Building Advocacy in Museum Social MediaBuilding Advocacy in Museum Social Media
Building Advocacy in Museum Social Media
 
Today's Document: Now on Tumblr
Today's Document: Now on TumblrToday's Document: Now on Tumblr
Today's Document: Now on Tumblr
 
Quantified Self: How digital technologies can help change behaviors (and mayb...
Quantified Self: How digital technologies can help change behaviors (and mayb...Quantified Self: How digital technologies can help change behaviors (and mayb...
Quantified Self: How digital technologies can help change behaviors (and mayb...
 
Strategies for engagement on a budget
Strategies for engagement on a budgetStrategies for engagement on a budget
Strategies for engagement on a budget
 
Pictures, pictures, pictures! (MAAM Annual Meeting 2011)
Pictures, pictures, pictures! (MAAM Annual Meeting 2011)Pictures, pictures, pictures! (MAAM Annual Meeting 2011)
Pictures, pictures, pictures! (MAAM Annual Meeting 2011)
 
Viral Marketing On a Small Budget: The "Race to the Museum" Initiative
Viral Marketing On a Small Budget: The "Race to the Museum" InitiativeViral Marketing On a Small Budget: The "Race to the Museum" Initiative
Viral Marketing On a Small Budget: The "Race to the Museum" Initiative
 

Recently uploaded

Artificial Intelligence: Facts and Myths
Artificial Intelligence: Facts and MythsArtificial Intelligence: Facts and Myths
Artificial Intelligence: Facts and Myths
Joaquim Jorge
 
IAC 2024 - IA Fast Track to Search Focused AI Solutions
IAC 2024 - IA Fast Track to Search Focused AI SolutionsIAC 2024 - IA Fast Track to Search Focused AI Solutions
IAC 2024 - IA Fast Track to Search Focused AI Solutions
Enterprise Knowledge
 
Histor y of HAM Radio presentation slide
Histor y of HAM Radio presentation slideHistor y of HAM Radio presentation slide
Histor y of HAM Radio presentation slide
vu2urc
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Presentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreter
Presentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreterPresentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreter
Presentation on how to chat with PDF using ChatGPT code interpreter
 
Handwritten Text Recognition for manuscripts and early printed texts
Handwritten Text Recognition for manuscripts and early printed textsHandwritten Text Recognition for manuscripts and early printed texts
Handwritten Text Recognition for manuscripts and early printed texts
 
04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptx
04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptx04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptx
04-2024-HHUG-Sales-and-Marketing-Alignment.pptx
 
Artificial Intelligence: Facts and Myths
Artificial Intelligence: Facts and MythsArtificial Intelligence: Facts and Myths
Artificial Intelligence: Facts and Myths
 
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law DevelopmentsTrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
 
Driving Behavioral Change for Information Management through Data-Driven Gree...
Driving Behavioral Change for Information Management through Data-Driven Gree...Driving Behavioral Change for Information Management through Data-Driven Gree...
Driving Behavioral Change for Information Management through Data-Driven Gree...
 
IAC 2024 - IA Fast Track to Search Focused AI Solutions
IAC 2024 - IA Fast Track to Search Focused AI SolutionsIAC 2024 - IA Fast Track to Search Focused AI Solutions
IAC 2024 - IA Fast Track to Search Focused AI Solutions
 
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone ProcessorsExploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
 
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
 
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdfBoost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
 
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected WorkerHow to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
 
What Are The Drone Anti-jamming Systems Technology?
What Are The Drone Anti-jamming Systems Technology?What Are The Drone Anti-jamming Systems Technology?
What Are The Drone Anti-jamming Systems Technology?
 
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
 
How to convert PDF to text with Nanonets
How to convert PDF to text with NanonetsHow to convert PDF to text with Nanonets
How to convert PDF to text with Nanonets
 
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps ScriptAutomating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
 
Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
Finology Group – Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
 
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot TakeoffStrategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
 
Histor y of HAM Radio presentation slide
Histor y of HAM Radio presentation slideHistor y of HAM Radio presentation slide
Histor y of HAM Radio presentation slide
 
08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking Men08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking Men
08448380779 Call Girls In Greater Kailash - I Women Seeking Men
 
GenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdf
GenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdfGenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdf
GenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdf
 

Making Everyone a Winner: Universal Design of Multimedia

  • 1. Dana Allen-Greil New Media Project Manager National Museum of American History allen-greil@si.edu “Making Everyone a Winner: Universal Design of Multimedia,” American Association of Museums Annual Meeting, April 29, 2008
  • 2.
  • 3. MAKING THE CASE Best practices and selected statistics to help you make universal design part of your institutional culture
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. The U.S. Population in 10 Years 17 and under TBD Generation Z 2000+ 18-37 80 million Generation Y/ Millennials , larger than the Baby Boomers 1981-2000 38-53 46-50 million Generation X , about half the size of the Baby Boomers 1965-1980 54-72 76 million Baby Boomers , 1/3 of current adult population 1946-1964 In 2018 will be… Size Generation Born
  • 8.
  • 9. Audience: Multi-generational Groups Source: Results of the 2004 Smithsonian-Wide Visitor Survey. Smithsonian Institution Office of Policy and Analysis.
  • 10. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Issues to consider when implementing multimedia devices in your museum
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. PROJECT TO CREATE GUIDELINES Results of a June 2007 study on the state of guidelines for universal design of digital interactives
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. Concerns about Guidelines Source: Allen-Greil, Dana. Survey Report: “Guidelines for Designing Computer-Based Interactives in Museums,” 2007.
  • 23.
  • 24.