Argumentative Essay On Human Genetic Engineering

Argumentative Essay On Human Genetic Engineering
Human genetic engineering is an implementation of gene therapy methods that has helped treat medical conditions that originate at our genes. Are our
future peers more capable of being programmed? If so, should we be depending on the manipulation of appointed experts to conduct such
modifications? Our race of mammalian beings has become solely dependent upon the advancement of capabilities sourced from physical attributes,
mental development, and structural manipulation resulting from previously mentioned. According to scientists around the world, our genetic make up
as naturally evolved and sustained important order within the majority. Aside from nature's destructive capabilities, we have endured using our genetic
make up to survive the conditions... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are an increased number of possibilities for enhancing human performance. Some performances that can advance industries in which create or
provide solutions for society. According to the article, James Pethokoukis, prepared, "With the proliferation of plastic surgery, for example, or the use
of Ritalin by achievement–crazed students hoping to score better on the SAT, enhancement seems to be the wave of the future. Even Bush's Department
of Commerce appears to be buying into it. In a 2002 joint report with the National Science Foundation (coauthored by Bainbridge among others), the
agency recommended a national research–and–development effort to enhance humanity in order to create a world where human brains communicate
directly with machines, and scientists "control the genetics of humans" to make bodies "more durable, healthier . . . and more resistant to many kinds
of stress, biological threats, and aging processes." If successful, the effort will "create a golden age that would be a turning point for human
productivity and quality of life(62–63)." This excerpt has provided evidence of the beginning of super enhancments of the human being. Although
experts envision this era in biotechnology as a promising progression towards total control. There may be more to the process than is
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Genetic Counseling Paper
Genetic Counseling
According to Berger (2014), a patient can receive genetic counseling to learn more about a condition/disease he or she may possibly be at risk for and
may possibly pass onto their children (p. 88). A genetic counselor is educated and trained to describe to the patient the condition/disease, the benefits
and drawbacks for taking the genetic test, the test results' meaning, and how having the condition could affect their future children (Berger, 2014, p.
88). Then, the patient – not the genetic counselor – makes decisions about his or her next steps with respect to all the information they have been
provided by the genetic counselor (Berger, 2014, p. 89).
In order to see if genetic counseling services are made available in the Denver Metropolitan area, I first started with my company's LifeResources
program, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only 2 genetic counselors had their employer's specific genetic counseling website links as part of their contact information. The Children Hospital's
Colorado's website mentions the services provided by a genetic counselor if a genetic mutation is found for hereditary cancer (Hereditary Cancer, 2016).
However, I could not find genetic counseling for other types of conditions and diseases. Overall, the genetics information on this website is scarce. In
contrast, Parker Adventist Hospital has much more information about genetic counseling on its website, especially for hereditary cancer, breast cancer,
and cardiovascular conditions and diseases (Genetic Counseling, 2016). Both websites are very informative about genetic counseling – presenting
current detailed material in an organized format without appearing to be pushy or aggressive toward the reader about this

Argumentative Essay On Designer Babies
Imagine a world where having a baby was like looking through a menu at some fancy restaurant. Imagine being able to choose how a baby will look
and act. As mind–boggling as it sounds, scientists and researchers came across an unbelievable discovery: it is possible to design and edit a baby
however a person may like. Hanson asserts that personality, gender, appearance, intelligence, hair color, and height can be changed using technology
that was originally used for animals (Hanson). These babies are called designer babies. Phillip Ball, a science writer, claims that it is possible to
change the genetic makeup of an unborn baby using bio–technology. However, these changes can have more negative effects than positive. Although
most countries have not legislated the use of genetic modification, studies have been done on human embryos in China (Ball).
According to "The Ethics of Designer Babies" article, a process called "in vito fertilization" must be done before any genetic changes can be made.
In this process, the mother's mature eggs are retrieved from the ovaries and taken to a lab to be combined with sperm outside of the body. They are
fertilized in a petri dish. This is the reason why they are sometimes referred to as test tube babies. After fertilization, the embryo is sent back into the
mother's uterus and a "third parent" comes into play. The third parent, or the donor, has his or her mitochondrialDNA inserted into the embryo, a
process known as cytoplasmic transfer.

The Prospect Of Human Genetic Engineering
Rafi Ebne Rafi Dr. McKinnis ENG 201 April 8th, 2015 On the Prospect of Human Genetic Engineering In the year of 2013 roughly 7.6 million
people died of cancer, 1.5 million people died of AIDS, and another 70,000 of Cystic Fibrosis ("World Cancer Day"; "CF Foundation"). What do
all these diseases have in common? Modern medicine has no guaranteed way of curing them. The fact of the matter is that we as a society don 't
know much about these, and some other life threatening diseases. As a result, more years of research need to be undergone in order develop
unique drugs that may cure these, and other complex diseases . How long do you suppose it will take for a drug to come forth? Five, ten, thirty
years? What if it doesn 't even exist? How many people do you suppose will die in the meantime? Now my point is not to make one think that there
is no method to curing diseases similar to those previously mentioned. As a matter of fact, my point is to shine light upon a promising method that has
been showing results: genetic engineering. With the advancements of science, genetic engineering is becoming a more and more developed procedure
that has already saved the lives of those terminally ill. But where one problem is solved, another arises. With the ever growing social prominence of
genetic engineering, ethical concerns are reaching a frenzied state. Many are weary of playing God, and the idea of changing one's genetic makeup
seems morally unjust. They see genetic

Genetic Testing and Screening Essay
There are numerous genetic disorders present in today's society that produce handicaps and threaten longevity. Genetic determinants are at the root of
many cases of infertility, miscarriage, stillbirths, neonatal deaths, multiple malformations, retardation in growth and development, mental illness, and
mental retardation. Estimates of the problem's magnitude have been made from data provided by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
which suggest that genetic factors are involved in one fifth of infant deaths, one fourth of the institutionalized mental retardates, almost one half of
individuals with IQs less than fifty, and half of first trimester abortions (Finley 1982). Genetic screening is the systematic search within a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It prevents disease manifestation by helping patients cope with environmental conditions in the face of inadequate genetic endowment. This type of
screening began in the early 1960's with the screening for phenylketonuria (PKU) and is currently the most widely practiced. Over the years, more
tests have been added for other diseases that like PKU could be discovered by simple tests and treated by following a strict diet (Gitzelmann 1982).
The second goal of genetic screening is the provision of reproductive information. Through simple techniques such as serum enzyme determinations
and hemoglobin electrophoresis it is possible to identify individuals possessing genes that will cause serious disease in their offspring. Screening is
most efficient if it is conducted to discover couples who are carriers of recessive disease inducing genes that can be diagnosed through amniocentesis.
Examples of such diseases are Tay–Sachs disease, Beta thalassemia, and possibly sickle–cell anemia. It was specifically the screening for the
Tay–Sachs trait, which began in 1971 that became the model for all carrier screening to follow (Gitzelmann 1982).
The third goal of genetic screening, enumeration, has less immediate application, but serves in future developments. Enumeration (or counting)
involves the estimation of the prevalence of mutant alleles, their distribution and biological significance. This type of information will add to the
knowledge of human genetic

Essay The Benefits Genetic Engineering for Medical Purposes
Genetic Engineering has developed by very rapidly over the past twenty years. It is also one of the most controversial topics to go through the United
States. From the research gene therapy to the cloning of different animals, genetic engineering can save lives while at the same time, endanger them
as well. There are many pros and cons which are being heavily debated by political, scientific, and many other organizations. Most are centered on the
idea of using Stem cells as a way of curing diseases.
Stem cells are cells that have the capabilities to develop into many different types of cells in the body. Serving as a type of repair system for the body,
they can theoretically divide without limit to take over for other cells for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists once believed that human adult stem cells could be used, but that idea was quickly put to rest when scientists discovered that the cells may
be damaged by sunlight or toxins in the air, as well as the fact that adult stem cells may contain more DNA abnormalities. Stem cell research could one
day lead to the cures of diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (NIH, FAQ's, 1).
Did you know that with the science of DNA manipulation, animal cadavers can be turned into insulin for diabetics? Back in the 80's scientists isolated
the human gene for insulin and transferred it into bacteria. Now bacteria cultures are used to produce large amounts of human insulin. DNA
manipulation is especially important in medicine, where it holds the hope of curing genetic diseases such as Huntington's, and even some types of
cancer. There are several major types of DNA–manipulation enzymes used by living cells. The first type is DNA polymerase, which cells use to
replicate their own DNA. The next type is DNA ligase, which joins 2 pieces of DNA to create a single piece. The third type is restriction enzymes,
which appear to be made only by bacteria. Restriction enzymes are very important enzymes that are vital to our manipulation of DNA (Rapoza, DNA,
2).
Another way of manipulating DNA is by cloning. Cloning is the production of exact copies of the original, kind of like a copying machine. With DNA
molecules, cloning means putting new DNA into a

The Disadvantages of Genetic Testing on Children Discussed...
In chapter four of her book Genetic Dilemmas, Dena Davis asserts that it is unethical for parents to subject their children to genetic testing for the
markers of adult–onset genetic diseases because it places an unfair constraint on a child's right to an open future. It both removes the child's ability to
choose whether to be tested as an adult and has the potential to negatively alter the overall trajectory of their lives. While the current consensus
amongst medical professionals is that such testing should be prohibited (Davis, _____), many concerned parents correctly point out that discouraging
such testing creates a conflict of interests between the "beneficence model of patient care and the rights of parents to their own autonomy"... Show more
(Davis ____). Testing irreversibly robs children of the right to choose whether to get tested as adults, when they can better understand the
implications of test results (Davis ____). Thus it constitutes a violation of a "right in trust," (a right such as the right to reproduce or vote that the
child cannot use yet, but must be protected so that the right may be exercised later) and removes the child's ability to choose, as his or her parents
did, to be tested later on in life for reproductive, marriage, or medical reasons. She also asserts that testing is a violation of the child's privacy since
she can no longer choose whether to disclose her test results to her parents. Thus, healthcare providers should protect any child's ability to choose
which information she shares with her parents, particularly if that information (as is the case with late onset genetic diseases) only becomes relevant
in adulthood and will affect her choices in marriage or reproduction (Davis _____). There are two main ways genetic testing places a constraint on a
child's right to an open future. The first of these is that the revelation of a child's disease status can change his life narrative and the way parents and
others treat him, and substantially alter his or her life's trajectory (Davis _____). Parents may feel guilty or shelter their not–yet–sick

Genetic Engineering : Medical Perfection Or Playing God
Thesis Statement
"Genetic engineering differs from cloning in key ways. Whereas cloning produces genetically exact copies of organisms, genetic engineering refers to
processes in which scientists manipulate genes to create purposefully different versions of organisms–and, in some cases, entirely new living things",
duplication of genetic cells is known as human cloning. Development of genetic engineering biotechnologies undermines the natural autonomy of life.
Does genetic engineering interfere with God's natural order or a manipulation of God creation and the intended purpose of our lives? Genetic
engineering goes against the theological belief of the authority of God and religion governance order. This new paradigm of genetic engineering
reproduction of life as we know is an interference of the creation of God's and life. I believe if we continue the use of genetic engineering cloning it is
against everything we believe in, genetic engineering is not God's will and it should be prohibited,
GENETIC ENGINEERING: MEDICAL PERFECTION OR PLAYING GOD
Genetic engineering is an issue that involves ethical, moral and social choices. With breakthrough research of human genetic engineering and
experiments in DNA in medicine, pharmacology, and reproductive technology, DNA a deoxyribonucleic acid, that has a self
–replicating chromosomes
cell that has genetic information that can be used for to divide, reproduce DNA molecules, that has been used in bioengineering for

Genetic Counseling Personal Statement
The perfect combination of research, personal connection, and health care. Genetic Counseling is the practice of informing and advising patients who
may have a potential risk of genetic disorders concerning appropriate testing methods, medical treatment, and many other critical decisions concerning
their health. I have chosen to pursue the career of genetic counseling because it fulfills the dream I have had that I will one day be able to do research
concerning genetics and interact with the patients that the research would affect. My decision to become a genetic counselor has been influenced by
many factors; including my high school biology class, which played a part in introducing me to the profession, and my personal discovery of the unique
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some counselors choose to focus their work on the regular practice of comforting and guiding families through the often traumatic process of
discovering their genetic predisposition to a multitude of diseases. Other counselors can choose to gear their focus on the side of research. This
type of counselor usually catalogs family medical history and information about pregnancy. The noting of this vital information becomes necessary
as it leads to an increase in the study and understating of how patients will someday be able to carry out a normal life while simultaneously living
with a genetic disease. ( Who Are Genetic Counselors? nsgc.org ) These are only a few examples amongst many others that give way to the wide
variety of unique attributes I will be able to provide as a genetic counselor that would not be available in any other

Essay on вЂњHeaven Scenario.вЂќ
Outline
Thesis: Each day as the advancements of technology doubles, the world will soon not worry about diseases and health; everyday gene technology will
better our minds, bodies, and most future generations, thus making the "Heaven Scenario."
I. Introduction
A. Quote from Alan Kay in Radical Evolution Pg. 88
B. Importance of Genetic Engineering
C. Thesis Statement
II. History of Gene Therapy
A. Definition of Gene Therapy
B. Why they study Genomics 1. Quote from Rob DeSelle
2. Help from Organizations
III. Oganizations that fund studies
A. Who's DARPA
B. Who's CAP
1. Example of unstoppable human being
2. Quote from Goldblatt
3. Benefits of organizations
IV. National Science Foundation
A. Believed in Heaven ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then you attack it" (Garreau 28–30). Organizations such as DARPA and CAP strive to make unstoppable human beings. For instance, take the
well–developed movie Gattaca which came to theaters in 2010 and was about a man that manipulates his DNA to hide his identity to be a more
advanced, genetically engineered, human being. No one is capable of stopping him from becoming a better meaningful species to society. Most
Americans strive to build themselves up to become the best they can be. Americans' study the use of DNA manipulation in bodies and cells to help
fight off diseases and illnesses such as the common cold or flu. Goldblatt proclaims, "We do not fear the unknown, and we relish exploring the
unknowable" (Garreau 19). Americans should be more like this quote and strive to become the best species that has ever existed. DARPA is studying
a vaccine that will help in pain management. Such vaccines will make milestones in terms of medicine. If someone is hurt they will feel the first
trigger of pain but the pain will soon subside (Garreau 19–28). This pain vaccine will have many benefits to Americans dealing with diseases and to

society.
The National Science Foundation believed in the "Heaven Scenario":
They predicted in 10–20 years the world will evolve much better. Wearable sensors will enhance every person's awareness of his or her health condition,
environment, chemical pollutants, potential hazards, and information of interest about

Is Genetic Testing A Type Of Medical Test?
To screen, or not to screen, is the question. Genetic testing is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The
results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition, help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic
disorder or link up and reunite lost family lineage, ties (Sofge, 2014). For instance, the American reality TV star Snooki once thought she was
Italian–American but her skin color was too dark. A genetic test showed that she had been adopted and her parents came from Chile instead. Regardless
of the myriad benefits of genetic testing in solving various human mysteries and identification of people in criminal cases (innocent or guilty),... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A chromosomal genetic test technique analyzes the whole chromosomes or long lengths of DNA to verify if there are any large genetic changes, such as
an extra copy of a chromosome that cause a genetic condition of concern to one's health ( Scuffham & MacMillan, 2014). The biochemical genetic tests
technique study's the amount or activity levels of proteins; abnormalities in either may indicate changes to the DNA that result in a genetic disorder.
Evidently, genetic testing can provide information about a person's genes and chromosomes. The available types of genetic testing include: The
newborn screening that is performed after birth to identify genetic disorders that can be treated early in life. In the United States (U.S), millions of
expecting parents provide consent for their babies to be tested each year. Currently, almost all states test infants for phenylketonuria (PKU), a genetic
disorder that causes intellectual disability and congenital hypothyroidism, a disorder of the thyroid gland if left untreated. Diagnostic type of genetic
testing is done before or after birth to identify or rule out a specific genetic, chromosomal condition. In many cases, it is used to confirm a diagnosis in
suspicious condition based on physical signs and symptoms (Scuffham & MacMillan, 2014).
The results of a diagnostic

The Human Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is a technique that uses new genes to treat or prevent disease by replacing or adding new effective genes. This technique is aimed to
allow doctors to treat genetic disorders without the prescribing drugs or scheduling surgery to correct the disorder. Gene therapy isn't a fully effective
method as of today. It is still undergoing tests. Several of the most common tests include introducing a new gene into the body to fight against a
disease or disorder, replacing a mutated gene with a healthy gene, and removing a mutated gene in the body that is not functioning as it should be.
Gene therapy is seen to be a fair treatment to diseases or disorders that have no other form of cure. It is sometimes used for inherited disorders,
certain viral infections, and certain cancers. But Gene Therapy is not a certain option for treatment as of today. It is still under study as success
rates are low. Genetic disorders affect one out ten people. Symptoms vary with each disease or disorder as some can appear early in a person's life,
while others appear at an older age. Genetic disorders cannot be prevented as they are passed on through a family's genes and is within the DNA unlike
a regular disease is caused by bacteria or a virus. There are two possible ways a genetic disorder can be passed on to the offspring, or child. One way is
caused by dominant genes in which only one gene is altered resulting in the disorder or disease. The second way is caused by recessive genes in

Courage In Amelia Earhart
"Courage is the price that Life exacts for granting peace. The soul that knows it not, knows no release from little things."– Amelia Earhart. Life is not
meant for the meek. It is not meant to be lived in a box or in a comfort zone. As Amelia Earhart so eloquently put it, it takes courage to experience
peace in this life. I have had to embody that as I follow my dreams and fight for my goals. My goal is to be a pediatric genetic counselor. To
accomplish this goal, I have had to use courage to face adversity, step outside my comfort zone, and strive for what I want. You can't just sit back and
wait for what you want. It's not enough to just say you want something and go through the motions. You have to fiercely and actively seek out what
you want and prove that you are the best choice. It may not always work out in your favor, but it is better to fail then to never try at all.
"The soul that knows it not knows no release from the little things: knows not the livid loneliness of fear." –Amelia Earhart. When trying to accomplish
your goals, not everything will go as planned. Very rarely will you just be handed what you want. When you work for something, sometimes you
will fail. You will be told you weren't the best choice or you were good, but just not what they were looking for. And it hurts. It beats you down and
steals your confidence. But failure is the best teacher. Failure makes you stronger and builds you up to be the best you can. It can be challenging to try
again

Genetic Testing : Types Of Medical And Forensic Tests
Genetic Testing
WHAT IS GENETIC TESTING?
Genetic Testing is the process of using medical and forensic tests to identify and analyse a human, animal or plant DNA sequence. It can reveal
changes or mutations in your genes that may result in illness and disease.
TYPES OF TESTING
Presymptomatic and predictive testing
If you have a family history of a condition, undergoing genetic testing before you have symptoms may reveal if you 're at risk for developing that
condition
Carrier testing
If you have a family history of a genetic disorder or belong to an ethnicity that has a high risk of a certain genetic disorder, you may have genetic
testing before you have children to see if you are a carrier and can pass on that disease to the child.
Diagnostic Testing
Genetic testing can reveal if you have a suspected disorder that runs in your family or if you have symptoms of a disease that may be caused by
mutations in your DNA.
Pharmacogenetics
This type of genetic testing assists people in identifying what medication and dosage will be the best and most effective for them.
Newborn screening
This type of genetic testing is very important because results can show genetic disorders right away in newborn babies. The faster these abnormalities
are tested for and identified, the faster treatment and proper care for the illness can be provided.

Prenatal testing
A prenatal test can detect abnormalities in baby's genes when women are pregnant. Down syndrome and trisomy 13 are genetic

Genetic Disease And The Medical World
Genetics plays a large role in the medical world, specifically when dealing with disease. Some genetic diseases remain a mystery as to their specific
origins, but this only highlights the importance of continued research and an accurate and complete knowledge of one's family medical history. This
paper will cover one inherited genetic disease for which there is no cure, Fatal Familial Insomnia ("Self management of Fatal Familial Insomnia. Part
1: What is FFI?", 2006, p. 65). This particular disease was chosen due to its severity, swiftness with which it ends life, and its ability to exist undetected
without symptoms for decades unless one's family history is known. Fatal Familial Insomnia, (FFI), is a neurodegenerative prion disease classified as a
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, (TSE), meaning that it is genetically transmitted (Belay, 1999, p. 284). FFI is autosomal dominant (Xie et
al., 2013, p81–90), meaning that an individual with A or AA alleles, a component of a gene pair, could carry this gene (Ireland, 2013). The capital,
"A or AA", denotes a dominant genetic trait (Ireland, 2013). The carrier will usually only present with one mutated gene and one normal gene in these
cases which would be symbolized as, "Aa", meaning the genotype is heterozygous, one dominant coded allele and one recessive (Ireland, 2013). Due
to this 50–50 presentation of the gene itself, the likelihood of passing an autosomal dominant disorder or gene to offspring is also 50–50. The

Human Genetic Engineering And Eugenics
Human genetic engineering and eugenics have been a largely controversial topic over the past decades. Eugenics can be popularly defined as the
science of improving and enhancing a human population or person through manipulating the human genes, selective breeding, and sterilization. The
end goal and desired result of eugenics is to basically create a human race or people with more desirable biological, physical, or psychological traits.
Eugenics and genetic modification is a current, pressing subject; in April 2015, a group of Chinese researchers, used a new gene–editing technology,
called CRISPR to "[tinker] with the genomes of human embryos" (Adams). Presently, according to CQ Researcher, "New genetic technologies allow
scientists to delete a mutant gene and insert a healthy one, which...has the potential to eliminate inherited diseases, such as cystic fibrosis." However,
these techniques have only been used on embryos belonging to laboratory animals. The big question here is whether or not science and technology are
crossing an ethical boundary by using these techniques and performing genetic modification on human embryos. Do humans have the right to "play
God" and alter nature?
Following the background and history of genetic engineering and eugenics, it can definitely be seen why ethicists and scientists are concerned. The
concept and idea of passing on heritable traits was introduced by English naturalist Charles Darwin in his work The Origins of Species in 1859. Soon to

The Case Of Jennifer And Jianshe Li
Case Study Journal Two
The case of Jennifer and Jianshe Li would be extremely challenging and difficult for any counselor/therapist to handle and guide the couple through;
furthermore, the goal would be to guide the couple thorough the difficult decisions they have to make regarding Jennifer's prognosis and pregnancy. As
a helper, there would be many issues involved; in addition, there would be some extremely sensitive material the worker would have to deal with. My
main purpose would be to guide them through the process. First of all. Jennifer has been diagnosed with a progressive disorder of the on the central
nervous system, which is linked to genetics. I would recommend they ask the specialist how the pregnancy could affect Jennifer. Would the
pregnancy be detrimental to her health? I would suggest getting a second and a third opinion. Would the fetus survive if it was afflicted with the
disease? These are questions that only a specialist in neurology would be able to answer. I would help them look for a specialist who is familiar
with the disease; consequently, it would be beneficial to find an expert who has dealt with it before. I would help the couple research the disease, then
they can take it from there. There are two routes for this couple; therefore, they can select to have their child and try to minimize the risks. It was their
dream to have a child, and I can empathize due I love my children. If the specialist came to the conclusion that the pregnancy might

The Ethics Of Genetic Testing
Genetic testing is a relatively new and rapidly emerging field. Even though this science was seen as controversial, genetic testing has been going on
for conditions such as phenylketonuria and sickle cell disease for years.
The increase in genetic testing has resulted in the convergence of public health, morals and ethics. Many ethics related issues arise with genetic testing,
as well of fear that insurance companies will not reimburse such services. Many moral and ethical obligations appear with genetic testing. For instance,
the decision to inform relatives of a patient with test results, whether positive or negative is highly controversial. The decision to inform or not varies,
and is based on different moral theories.
Genetic testing comprises of three forms. They are diagnostic, carrier, and predictive testing. Diagnostic testing involves identifying the state of a
current disease. An example of this is prenatal and newborn screening, which is the most common form of genetic testing. Carrier testing is done to
determine if a patient is a carrier of a certain genetic trait. Each individual's genetic traits are comprised of two chromosomes, one inherited from the
father and one from the mother. Agenetic disorder is either dominant or recessive. When a person has one abnormal chromosome, this is considered
dominant. If a genetic disorder is recessive, the disease characteristics are present when the individual has two abnormal chromosomes. Additionally,
X–linked

Genetic Engineering : The Pros And Cons Of Gene Therapy
We are at a point in time where critical decision revolving around the ethicality of new technology are being made. One of these upcoming
technologies is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is defined as making changes in the DNA code of a living organism, and it has a wide
variety of uses from creating bacteria that produce insulin to enlarging the size of corn. However, DNA can also cause disorders. Because of this,
Genetic screening was created. Genetic screening is the process of testing DNA to determine a person's risk of having or passing on a genetic disorder
to future generations, and this is used to find out the chances of a person's offspring having a genetic disorder. The controversy surrounding genetic
engineering lies in this: gene therapy. Gene therapy is the replacement of a defective or missing gene or the addition of a new gene into a person's
genome to treat a disease. This process is experimental and risky which gives reason to the controversy surrounding it.
Gene therapy could cure many genetic disorders, such as Cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder with no cure that causes excess mucus in
lungs, digestive tract, liver, and increases susceptibility to infections. In the case that a couple is likely to birth a child with cystic fibrosis, most
specialists recommend against the couple having children, as cystic fibrosis can greatly shorten the child's lifespan. One such case would be a scenario
such as this: A couple has

How Would You Like Your Baby Mam?
How Would You Like Your Baby Mam? "Hi, thanks for choosing "Create A Baby" can I take your order?" says a young minimum wage paid
college student. "Okay, so let me read your order back to you. You want a strong male baby, blue eyes, 6'4, brown hair, no learning disorders such as
dyslexia, take out obesity, and eliminate any chances of getting cancer. Is this correct?" Now stop, doesn't this sound absolutely ridiculous? Giving
parents the leeway of tweaking their child's genes almost as easy as ordering off the dollar menu at McDonalds? Allowing them to make these
alterations to the embryo's genes just to fit their "satisfaction"? Why is this becoming a "thing"? In 2007, the Human Fertilization and Embryology
Authority (HEFA) approved a request of a British family who had the intention of removing breast cancer from their child's gene pool. "To its critics,
the HEFA, in approving this request crossed a bright line separating legitimate medical genetics from the quest for "the perfect baby"" (Green 495).
Genetic modification of human beings is not acceptable and should not be the future solution when it comes to creating a baby. The word perfect is
an adjective with the definition; having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be. Humans of
every race strive to be "perfect" in society today. But, when it comes to the way a person acts or looks "perfect" should not be the deciding factor. The
word does not exist; no

Pros And Cons Of Genetic Testing
What are the most serious genetic diseases and what are the pros and cons of genetic testing? Here is a real life story of a woman who has been
greatly affected by genetic testing and has seen both the good and the bad of genetic testing. This is a story that was posted in an article called "6
Moms Share Their Real Prenatal Testing Stories" on the website "What to Expect" from Courtney from Lake Stevens, Washington about how
genetic testing has affected her life. So for Courtney, a few weeks after her 13 week ultrasound and her quad screen her doctors told her she had a
positive screen for Down syndrome. So at 17 weeks she had to go back in for another ultrasound and genetic counseling which according to kids
health.org is counseling that allows a genetic counselor to evaluate the results of a genetic test with the parents and helps the parents understand
and reach decisions on what to do next. Her ultrasound looked great but still had a positive screen for Down syndrome. So she was was
recommended for either an amnio or verifi test. Courtney then went to genetic counseling and choose to have the verifi test done over the amnio.
A week later her results came back negative for Down syndrome and confirmed the baby was a girl. Courtney said "I am glad we opted to get the
verifi test done especially after the stress of getting a positive screening before. I like how that if the NIPT did turn out positive for Down syndrome,
I could have prepared ahead of time for the care of a special needs child would require, rather than feeling completely caught off–guard at birth." As
you can see genetic testing is very important and can affect a child's and parents lives for the better and the worst. Children all over the world have
serious genetic diseases that affect their life on a daily. Some of these diseases are Achondroplasia, Down syndrome, and Turner's syndrome. Many
believe genetic testing is a good way to test for these genetic conditions before the child is even born, but others think that it can harm the baby very
badly and even cause a miscarriage, so they choose not to do this kind of testing. Knowing about the most serious genetic diseases is very important
for expecting parents to be informed as well as being

A Child With Developmental Delays
When Mia was only two–years–old, her parents noticed that she was not up to speed with other children her age. This discovery led her to the
genetics department at A.I. DuPont Children's Hospital. For a child with developmental delays, I only saw that she lit up the room with her energy
and friendly nature, which made me fall in love with her as she explored the room. While the counselor consulted her parents, Mia continued to come
up to me and grab my hands, something that she apparently did quite frequently. During the appointment, her mother began to cry, worried that she
may have inadvertently caused Mia's condition during pregnancy. Her father had concerns that his first child may never be able to live a normal life
and have children of her own. The counselor eased the parents' concerns by educating them on her syndrome and basic genetics as well as getting them
in contact with a support group for children with the same syndrome. Mia and her family went home well–informed and in good spirits despite the
devastating news they received. This family is a prime example of the benefits of genetic counseling, and why patient care is crucial in the profession.
That experience drew me into genetic counseling, a profession that I did not know existed a year prior. I entered college with the mentality of
becoming an engineer due to my interest in science, my fondness of problem solving, and the desire to help others. After I changed my major to
neuroscience and gained experience

The Benefits of Human Genetic Engineering Essay
Pre–implantation genetic diagnosis is a revolutionary procedure that utilizes in vitro fertilization to implant a healthy egg cell into the mother's uterus
after it is screened for mutations or other abnormalities. That way, only healthy eggs can develop to term and become beautiful, bouncing boys or
girls. Designer babies have a bright future in the face of science because they are genetically engineered to be: disease free; viable donors for a sibling
or parent; and with optional elimination of any severe cosmetic disorders that might develop,–without risk to human diversity in the future. One of the
most well–known, wide–spread, and enigmatic diseases on this Earth is cancer. It sneaks its way into family blood lines and travels ... Show more
If money were not in the equation, this might someday be a viable cure for cancers. If geneticists screened every embryo and removed the cancerous
genes, they could potentially exterminate the disease! This would take years and not every child could be accounted for, but it would be a start.
Embryo Screening is a Godsend for couples who might have otherwise passed on an inherited disease like Huntington's. Huntington's disease is
degenerative, destroying nerve cells in the brain and affecting the use of muscles and hindering cognitive thinking. The "onset of [Huntington's
Disease] symptoms... [can] occur anywhere from 40 to 70 years of age" (Norrgard). Most parents, at the time of onset, have already passed on the
disease to their kids without knowing it. Pre–implantation could have prevented this from occurring. But what if the disease was a disability instead,
like deafness or blindness? Most families turn to embryo screening as a way to ferret out harmful genes and eliminate disability but there is another
side to PGD called "negative enhancement". On this flip–side, "The technique [of PGD] also may... [be used] to select an embryo likely to have the
same disease or disability, such as deafness, that affects the parents" (Naik). A child who shared the parents' disability would grow up accustomed and
suited to the lifestyle, whereas a child not born with that disability might not be as comfortable in a household tailored

Genetic Counseling Personal Statement
Genetic counseling is a newfound passion of mine fostered by my NIH research postbac position in Dr. Karen Usdin's lab and volunteering as a crisis
prevention & intervention hotline counselor. These are the experiences I have been able to procure on my path to graduate school to explore my
interest in the scientific and psychological relationship needed to counsel individuals about genetic disease.
It was after I was able to sit in and observe one of the Johns Hopkins/NHGRI genetic counseling seminar classes that I knew genetic counseling was
the profession for me. The class that I observed was about deafness and loss of hearing. While I was familiar with some of the genetic causes of
deafness, I never thought about what it actually meant to be someone who was living with the condition. Learning more about the deaf community I
was surprised to learn that many deaf parents also want deaf children. I was also able to see case studies discussed in depth and hear ... Show more
Almost every one of my science courses had a lab component in order to provide a deeper understanding of the scientific content. I also have taken
graduate courses before as an undergraduate, specifically tissue engineering, bioinformatics that stressed sequence analysis and perl/bioperl. While NIH
I have also taken python, embryology and psychology. Furthermore, I was a Teaching Assistant for an upper levelGenetics and Advanced Cellular
biology course which I had the privilege of guiding students into learning and thinking critically about the material. I independently prepared materials
for the lab, assisted students with experiments and encouraged and answered students questions. I also was in charge of grading lecture and lab content
and served as a mentor for younger

Genetic Testing Case
While the consumers are optimizing for their health, another stakeholder that plays a critical role are the genetic testing companies. To investigate the
growing market for lab–developed genetic tests, it is important to examine how companies are developing, marketing, and selling tests to understand
the reasons behind this immense growth. Usually the mission of the companies that develop LDTs says that they aim to "empower people so they live
healthier, longer" in the case of VeritasGenetics, are "dedicated to saving lives and improving the quality of life of patients worldwide" in the case of
Myriad Genetics, or another mission statement heralding a patients–first mentality. Underneath this patients–first ideal, there is inherently a tension ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is surprisingly not trivial to find a genetic counselor or clinical geneticist. The three options are to: "ask your doctor for a referral," "call the
Genetic Disease Foundation," and "contact the National Society of Genetic Counselors" ("Find a Genetic Counselor"). In addition to being able to
find a genetic counselor, another factor that may prevent access is the question: "who pays for genetic counseling?" While some insurance plans cover
the cost of the genetic test itself (usually for single genes and only if certain criteria are met), very few plans reimburse for genetic counseling, creating
an expense that would be out–of–pocket. Those that do, such as Cigna, have seen their genetic counseling programs succeed tremendously. In 2013,
Cigna began their genetic counseling program, which required before their customers could receive coverage for LDTs for "hereditary breast, ovarian
and colorectal cancer" ("Cigna Builds"). After being used by 32,000 Cigna customers, nearly 95 percent of customers say they are "satisfied with the
service", "feel more informed about their genetic risks", and "can make informed decisions about their hereditary risks" ("Cigna Builds"). Additionally,
there are genetic testing companies that offer the help of a genetic counselor, included with the test itself. Color Genomics, which offers breast and
ovarian cancer testing includes complementary genetic counseling. In March 2016, Veritas Genetics announced the launch of myGenome, which
provides whole–genome sequencing for $999. This was a major breakthrough in the area of delivering genome sequencing because the price not only
includes whole genome sequencing, but also interpretation and genetic

The 's Genetic Information For Medical Or Cosmetic...
CGE is a way to modify one's genetic information for medical or cosmetic purposes. But in this paper I will only consider the cosmetic purposes,
since CGE for medical reasons seem to be morally unproblematic. The main premise in this paper is that since CGE is safe, legal, voluntary, and
widely accessible, there is nothing morally problematic for someone to choose to undergo CGE themselves or to choose it for their children. And if
this premise is true, then it would also be true that there is nothing morally problematic for engineers to design, construct, or maintain products which
are intended to enable people to engage in CGE in safe, legal, voluntary and widely accessible ways. Firstly, I will confirm that the premise is true and
how it makes the conclusion true as well. Secondly, I will point out Sandel's arguments against the premise, which suggest that the premise might be
false. Thirdly, I would object to one of Sandel's points using my own arguments. Then, I would point out how others, who may sympathize Sandel, may
argue against my objections. Finally, I would conclude the final judgment based on all the arguments made.
If cosmetic genetic engineering is safe, legal, voluntary, and widely accessible, then there is nothing morally wrong or problematic for someone to
choose to undergo it because there is nothing wrong or problematic to have great gifts such as strong big build, multi–talented brain, good at ethics class
and many more. Through "genetic lottery", it is

Positive Effects Of Genetic Engineering On Adults
Forty–four percent of people in a poll at Harvard University fund and support studies of germline editing; changing the genes passed on to children for
future generations (CGS: About Human Germline Gene Editing). Fifty one percent of people oppose it (Begley). Because genetic engineering is the
future of our medicine, it should only be used for medical purposes on adults. This paper will explain genetic engineering and what it is, gene therapy,
stem cell research, problems with genetic engineering, and the future of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the altering of a plant, an animal,
or a human's DNA. It uses genetics to alter DNA to be able to prevent or change a person's mental or physical traits. Physical traits are caused by ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this, we will be able to tackle some of the most deadly and disastrous diseases (Rinkesh). With genetic engineering it is possible to live longer,
to abolish diseases that could kill early on, and help humans adapt to the growing problems of things like global warming (Rinkesh). There are
very few examples where genetic engineering is the only good solution to the medical problem of a genetic disease (Human Genetics Alert). It has
the possibility of being a cure for disease, but it is still extremely unsafe. It can cause huge problems to the human body. It could cause babies to die
early on. Genetic engineering could also cause a new disease we may not be able to stop with genetic engineering. It is wrong to mess with nature and
play the role of God

A Brief Note On Genetic Engineering And Medical Fields
Throughout history several people have felt a desire to change something about themselves. It could have been a gene a person carried that could
cause illnesses. A person might have had a need for a new, healthy organ to save their lie or maybe someone wanted to go all the way to the
beginning and change every aspect of himself. Fast forwarded through time to current day and now all of this is possible with the help from genetic
engineering. Genetic engineering is a historical advance in the science and medical fields that will aid in the cure of diseases and illnesses in humans,
transplant of healthy animal organs to humans, and the creation of the perfect baby for every family.
A typical American family's life is busy today; there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This could mean that people will not get sick around that time of the year or even getting sick from having too much stress. CRISPR–cas9 is a new
technology that allows a nuclease to be deleted or added (Editing humanity, 11). CRISPR–cas9 is responsible for the alterations of the genes of a
person. CRISPR is an antiviral mechanism that acts as a pair of scissors (Even CRISPR, 83). CRISPR ultimately allows scientists to access a person's
gene to pick and choose the genes a person must have and the genes scientists want to cut out because they are causing a problem to the person. This
technology assists in gene therapy because it has the ability to change the DNA of a person. Many people arounf the globe will be helped from this
technology because of the wide range of illnesses and diseases it can treat. CRISPR can treat things ranging from Alzheimer's to cancer to HIV
(Editing humanity, 11). With the aid of CRISPR–cas9 and genetic engineering there will no longer be so many deaths from things such as, cancer and
other disease. People will end up having better immune systems and possibly live longer thanks to the technological advance in science and medicine.
Another great attribute of this technology is once scientists fix the current problems of humans today they will be locked into the germ line and passed
down to future generations (The future of...biology, 41). This means a certain disease or illness that affects thehuman race will be permanently erased
for

Genetic Research : Genetic Researcher
Introduction: My topic for the paper is study on Genetic Researchers. A genetic researcher or a genetic scientist analyzes hereditary characteristics
to develop new pharmaceutical and agricultural products. They also work in clinical settings, as counselors for genetic diseases or physicians
administering genetic treatments. A genetic researcher also alters genes in order to improve the biological capabilities of humans, plants and
animals. In this field, the main goal is to help people lead quality lives. A genetic researcher is on a path of constant discovery of new combinations
and permutations which can enhance the efficiency and optimality of its area of use. For example, trying to improve the quality of genetically
modified seeds for better and more efficient growth of plants. The best part of this work is it is not monotonous, because every new combination
yields different and fascinating results, and can mean revolution if implemented successfully by myself. Secondly, the work is highly practical, as
most of it is in a laboratory and based on experiments. This would give me great deal of room for using my brain in unconventional ways. Thirdly,the
job is tech savvy. Be it the use of complex computer algorithms in bio–informatics or programmable centrifuge techniques, it will help me get exposed
to the latest technology in application areas of electronics and computers. To be a genetic researcher, a candidate needs to have a good all–around
education. Another

Reflection Paper On Babies
BIOL2299 Making Better Babies Reflection Paper
Tram Anh Ngoc Nguyen. NU ID: 001884300
The panel of PBS program Making Better Babies focused greatly on genetic testing in relation to its scientific and social effects. There were many
opposing ideas and concerns coming from different perspectives such as those of expecting parents, genetic counselor, scientists and genetic disease
sufferers. Coming from Vietnam where technology is more limited, I have learned multiple new concepts from the arguments made on the show, many
of which surprised me.
First I learned the possible risks of establishing a society of "Designer babies". According to Oxford English Dictionary, a designer baby is defined as
"a baby whose genetic make–up has been selected in order to eradicate a particular defect or to ensure that a particular gene is present" (1). As discussed
in the "perfect pitch" example of moderator John Hockenberry, science will be hypothetically capable of selecting favorable genetic traits to
create a baby to the parents' preferences. Parents not only can avoid genetic abnormalities such as an extra chromosome leading to Down
syndrome, but they can also choose specific alleles for genetic enhancement. This can range from selecting the baby's gender to his or her hair
color. However, The Guardian's "The Case for Genetically Engineered Babies" addresses gene editing as harmful to children and damaging to the
gene pool. This is because artificial selected traits may be considered favorable in one generation but not the next (2). In addition, this will all lead to
a society that devalues diversity. Diversity is important in all species because it equips individuals to meet environmental changes and demands.
Decreasing diversity is said to be unethical since it decreases the survivability of populations (3). Furthermore, a gap in society will be created
between normal babies and designer babies. There will be a greater stigma towards those who suffer from genetic mutations such as Huntington disease
or Dwarfism hence their physical abnormalities are also accompanied by negative social pressure.
Secondly, the movie also gave me an insight into a parent's perspective and the advantages of genetic testing. If I was an

Genetic testing is a class of medical testing that...
Genetic testing is a class of medical testing that recognize changes in chromosomes, gene or proteins. This type of test look for abnormalities in DNA
or RNA that is collected from a person's blood, body fluids or tissues. Genetic testing scans the genes looking for large or small change that occur to
gene. These changes to the genes could have missing or addition parts that could change the chemical base within the DNA strand. Abnormal genes
could be the result of other mistakes like the genes are too active, they are turned off, or those that are lost entirely. Having abnormal results on genetic
testing could mean that a person is prone in having a genetic disorder. There are different types of genetic testing for adults and embryos ... Show more
oFISH analysis (fluorescent in situ hybridization) uses fluorescent DNA probes to recognize certain areas on chromosomes. This test can be used to
find small mistakes that was overlooked by the karyotype test. A great example in the use of this test would be discovering missing fragments of DNA
on chromosome 22 which has features of velocardiofacial syndrome.
DNA sequencing is a genetic testing that was mentioned in the movie it is used to figure out the right sequences of bases (nucleotides C, A, T, and G)
in the gene of the person being tested. This test is used in the detection of the breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2.
Pre–implantation testing is a used on embryos which is also called pre–implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). PGD detects genetic abnormalities in
embryos that were created by a method called in–vitro fertilization (IVF). This method consisted of removing egg cells from a woman ovaries and then
unite it with sperm cells outside the body. Pre–implantation is then tested by taking a small number of cells from the embryos and testing them for
certain genetic disorders. To achieve a healthy pregnancy only the embryos without the genetic disorders are inserted back into the uterus.
Prenatal testing is a test used to recognize changes in a baby's genes before birth. If it is detected that a baby will have an increased risk for a genetic
or chromosomal disorder this test will be

Argumentative Essay On Genetic Manipulation
Is genetic manipulation playing God? Does the advancement of medicine discount the ethical dilemma of the production of designer babies? Do
scientists understand the risks involved in genetic manipulation? All these questions need to be answered before moving forward with the study of
genetic manipulation. Designer babies are babies genetically modified for scientific purposes. Designer babies are also formed to become a "savior"
sibling. Savior siblings are children genetically modified to provide an organ or cell transplant for a currently existing child. Although designer babies
were first formed to address a medical condition, they have evolved into being genetically modified for cosmetic purposes. Is this what the future
holds for mankind? A generation of handmade people? Will genetically engineered babies be accepted by society? Despite the ethical dilemma, the
production of designer babies is more helpful than harmful in the expansion of genetics. One scientist, Sarah Ly of The Embryo Project, described
designer babies as "a baby genetically engineered in vitro for selected traits, which can vary from lowered disease–risk to gender selection." The
production of designer babies can also be the difference between life and death for their siblings, like in the case of Adam Nash. The first designer
baby was born on the 29th of August 2000 to his parents, Jack and Lisa Nash. As stated by Frontline Genomics, an online website, Adam's six–year–old
sister Molly Nash was

Genetic Counseling : A New Field Emerging From An...
Genetic counseling is a new field emerging from an intersection between genetics, medicine, and psychology. As with most counseling, genetic
counseling is a process of communication intended to help individuals and their families. However, for genetic counselors, they must also be able to
comprehend medical information, including the management for various disorders. These individuals must also have an in–depth understanding of
how heredity contributes to the risk and occurrence of disorders. They must be able to help individuals choose and follow the most appropriate
course of actions based on their risk and occurrence. Specifically, genetic counseling works with human problems associated with the risk of
occurrence of a disorder in a family. At this point, despite its emphasis on psychological principles, genetic counseling is most often done by medical
geneticists or genetic counselors. Medical geneticists are physicians who have specialized in genetic disorders. Genetic counselors have academic
backgrounds in genetics but also have training in counseling practices. It is also enviable that psychologists will become more involved in the process
of genetic counseling. Roles for psychologists have been laid out as providing direct counseling services to clients, counseling with teams of
counselors, helping train genetic counselors in psychological methodology and researching all aspects of psychology present in genetic counseling. It is
misleading to address every genetic

Genetic Counselor Personal Statement
Throughout my college career, I have been fortunate to experience many opportunities to immerse myself in the field of genetic counseling through
phone interviews, job shadows and internships with a variety of genetic counselors. As a sophomore still seeking to learn more about genetic
counseling, I arranged a telephone interview with Patricia Arscott, a cardiovascular counselor from the University of Michigan. Patricia answered all
of my questions involving the average job duties, responsibilities and aspects of being a genetic counselor and gave me advice about suggested college
courses to take and resources for more information about the genetic counseling profession. By the end of the phone call, the zeal with which Patricia
described her career firmly cemented my belief that I wanted to become a genetic counselor and feel just as passionate about my career too. ... Show
I discovered Sommer Hayden, a genetic counselor specializing in cancer genetics based out of the Midland branch of the Mid–Michigan Health
network. Sommer kindly allowed me to shadow her for an afternoon, where she explained to me the preparation undertaken prior to an appointment
with a patient. I observed Sommer with a patient as well as she counseled them for testing of HBOC. I can still remember how I hung on Sommer's
every word, amazed at how she was using her knowledge of science and genetics to educate and counsel the patient in a way that they could easily
understand. At the close of our day, Sommer mentioned that she would be in need of an intern in the summer months and suggested that I apply for the

Medical Genetics: Cystic Fibrosis
Medical Genetics – Cystic Fibrosis
Name of disease and locus
Cystic fibrosis is also known as Mucoviscidosis. This disorder happens due to thick mucus blocking parts of the pancreatic ducts, intestines and
bronchi. The CFTR gene is located on the q31.2 locus chromosome 7. The locus is 602421.
Frequency
Cystic fibrosis is commonly inherited in the white population. It usually occurs in 1 of 2,500 infants and within this there are 1 in 25 who carriers of
this disease. According to the UK CF Registry, there was a recorded 10,000 people who have cystic fibrosis (Registry Annual Data Report 2013;
Cystic Fibrosis Trust, 2014). However, it is not as common in other ethnic groups.
Inheritance pattern
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To improve the function of the lung, patients can be given mucus–thinning medication which will make the mucus less viscous and improve the
functioning of the lungs. They can also be given an inhaler or nebulizer to help aid with breathing and air flow in the lungs (Sack, 1999). Some might
need the surgical procedures such as lung transplants, bowel surgery or a feeding tube. This is also depends on the severity of the cystic fibrosis.
Mucus levels can get pretty high in the lungs, so some patients will need to have the mucus removed.
References:
1.Verkman AS, Song Y, Thiagarajah JR. Role of airway surface liquid and submucosal glands in cystic fibrosis lung disease. Am J Physiol Cell
Physiol. 2003;284(1):C2–C15
2.Jorde, L. B., Bamshad, M. J., White, R. L. and John C. Carey MD MPH Dr. (2006) Medical genetics updated edition for 2006 – 2007. 3rd edn. United
States: Mosby.
3.Sack, G. H. (1999) Medical genetics. New York: McGraw–Hill, Health Professions Division.
4.Abramovitz, M. (2013) Cystic Fibrosis. Edited by Melissa Abramovitz. 1st edn. Lucent Books: Lucent Books.
5.Beeton, C. A., Condliffe, A. M., Shead, E. F., Haworth, C. S. and Compston, J. E. (2008) 'Expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator
(CFTR) in human bone cells', Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 7, p. S20. doi:

Pros And Cons Of Genetic Counseling
Prompt I On July 27th, 1997, my life and my family's lives changed. My mother received a phone call from my pediatrician, letting her know that her
three–year–old daughter had a positive result for cystic fibrosis (CF). When she describes that moment in her life, she says that it was the most
stressful time she can remember. As a pharmacist, she had always known what CF was but she had no idea how to raise a child who had been
diagnosed with it. To ease her mind my pediatrician referred her to a genetic counselor (GC). I was three when I was sitting across from a genetic
counselor, so I never knew what the role of a genetic counselor was or any specifics of the profession. When I was in high school my mom mentioned
her visit to a genetic counselor and I asked her to expand on that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the case of the relationship between GC and consultand, items discussed would include: medical history, genetic history,family history, and risk
assessment. If a consultand is seeing a GC that specializes in cancer, cancer will be the main focus of that conversation. If a consultand is seeing
pre–natal counselor, family histories of miscarriages, autosomal disorders, and congenital malformations will be the topics of conversation. The
influence of genetics on the life of the consultand is the main goal of the professional relationship. This kind of relationship is also defined by its
limitations. According to the National Society of Genetic Counselors, a genetic counselor is someone who uses "the process of helping people
understand and adapt to the medical, psychological, and familial implications of the genetic contributions to disease". These main goals of a genetic
counselor outline the limitations of the relationship. All professions that involve one on one interaction with clients or patients have a limited skill set,
and therefore a limited

Genetic Testing : A Medical Screening
The issues of genetic testing, screening also known as DNA testing is a medical screening that identifies changes in genes to identify one's vulnerability
from inherited illnesses (Pupecki, 2006).
Advantages and Disadvantages of DNA Testing
The primary benefits of genetic testing are to enable us to know our genetic status. When a person has a gene alteration, he or she could seek available
resources like prevention and monitoring treatment options (Darden Business Publishing, 2004).
The drawbacks of genetic testing are: A) when a person is believed to have a genetic disorder, he or she is prone to discrimination, prejudice or
ridiculed from other people. Employers are hesitant in hiring these individuals because they are believed to pose a risk to other workers. Also, they
are a liability because their disorders can compromise their job performance. B) Genetic testing is also shown to be related to certain diseases that are
used by insurance industries to deny people coverage. Insurance companies believed that individuals with abnormal genetic disorders may generate
potential higher costs that are not suitable for business. C) When the test result is positive it leads to depression, the victim is saddened to believe that
they are carrying a harmful disease (Darden Business Publishing, 2004).
What Were Pilot Reiger's Thoughts?
Specifically in Pilot Rieger's case, DNA testing offered him early detection of the disease. It helps him find medications based on

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Introduction In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia this is the most exciting era regarding medical genetics, where programs based on genetic counseling are
widely spread amongst the region. Concerned about the fact that conceiving a genetically defected child in the Kingdom has become a common case
amongst many families; many have shown interest towards this subject and has accepted genetic counseling the best and the most accurate method to
detect genetic defects in premarital and prenatal stages. Amongst the most common characteristics of Arab societies, which have various effects on the
genetic sequence of the people within the Arabic region, are the early marriages, intermarriage, and the continuation of having children until menopause.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, early diagnosis aims to make the option of aborting the fetus available before birth. We can address the issue by asking the following
question which is, why and for whom should these genetic tests be conducted for? As an answer for the question at hand, we address that early
detection of a genetic defect or mutation means the possibility of preventive measures [2]. Also we would suggest that genetic testing should be done
only on a voluntary basis, fully informed, and under complete confidentiality and security. Furthermore, the results of genetic tests have the potential to
cause great anxiety, and some people would argue that they have a right not to know about their genetic condition. Nevertheless, such diseases
commonly affect the people who are surrounding the individual with such diseases and disorders as well. Also, if an individual has a genetic mutation
or defect, which might suspect that other siblings in the same family might have a great possibility of attaining the same defect or mutation, or they
could be carriers for the defect [3]. In my point of view, genetic counseling is an essential program which should be integrated within the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia, especially with the huge evolution that the country is passing through, despite the modern ideology adopted by the youth who tend to
follow traditional views when it comes to matrimony.

Why Eugenics Is The Human Population Responsible For...
Many wonder if it is ethical to use genetic information to alter natural processes of procreation to give people the best genes they can get. There are
already ways to predict the presence of a genetic disease in a child based on the parents and in vivo testing. Eugenics is "increasing the number of
genes in the human population responsible for improving intelligence, beauty, musical ability and other traits we value" (Munson, 2012 272–273)
Eugenics is often confused to just be for consideration of the parents and the child. However, the definition of eugenics is reliant on the outcome for the
entire human population. The two types of eugenics include positive and negative; positive eugenics is "The aim of increasing the number of... Show
He states that procreative beneficence is "Couples (or single reproducers) should select the child, of the possible children they could have who is
expected to have the best life, or at least as good a life as the others, based on the relevant, available information". (Savulescu 295). This definition
suggests that people have a moral obligation to choose what is best for their child based on what they know. He argues that there is a way to select
from a large range of possible children people could have; most commonly, this is done by using fetal selection through prenatal testing and
termination of pregnancy (Savulescu 296). Technology is already in place for "procreative beneficence", it just needs to be utilized properly. He is
not arguing for the positive selection of traits that will correspond to those that result in a better life. When he presents the example of testing for
the genetic predisposition for poor memory, he suggests that there is a positive obligation to test for memory profiles if the results of poor memory
are horrible (298). Savulescu seems to support the idea of a decent life, but not the best life possible for all traits. The boundaries about what defines
intelligence are still vague, but plato claims that "life is a mixture of wisdom and pleasure" (Savulescu 298). These factors need to be balanced, and if
there is a genetic code that selects for these traits, Savulescu would likely support them being chosen.
There are a few ethical problems with

Argumentative Essay On Human Genetic Engineering

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Crystal Jackson

More from Crystal Jackson (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Argumentative Essay On Human Genetic Engineering