Renewable Energy And Natural Gas Research

Renewable Energy And Natural Gas
Finally, the last form of power generation to be examined before the moral analysis is renewable
energy, for example wind and solar power. Renewable energy is the least established method of
generating electricity and is therefore still heavily tied up in research. By definition, renewable
energy sources have a theoretically limitless amount of energy production since they do not deplete
any resources through their use. This means that for as many years as humans inhabit the earth they
can use renewable energies, such as solar, wind, hydro–power or others, which has much more
potential than the 100 years for coal and natural gas. Renewable energy also has fewer negative
environmental impacts since it does not directly release any ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One utilitarian approach used to determine which act is most ethical, is cost–benefit analysis. This
analysis compares the potential benefits against the costs (financial, physical risks etc.) of possible
decisions. For choosing which energy source the public should invest money in and engineers
should invest research in, the criterion detailed above are compared. For cost–benefit analysis,
shown in Table 1, the effect on future generations is incorporated at the same value as the effect on
current generations. For the cost criterion, renewable energy is currently the least beneficial in
regards to price to the public, cost of updating current technologies, researching new technologies,
and implementing new infrastructure. Natural gas has lower costs related to infrastructure and
technology changes than renewable energy, but when compared to coal, it has higher public cost as
well as higher implementation costs. Consequently, for the greatest amount of happiness for people,
which is related to lower costs, coal is the best energy source. Furthermore, natural gas has a much
higher efficiency than renewables and coal, which have similar efficiencies. Human fulfilment,
coming from happiness in the utilitarian theory, relates to the best/most effective use of resources,
i.e. people do not like to waste time or money. Therefore, natural gas, with
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Natural Gas Business in Indonesia
3Natural Gas Business in Indonesia
Introduction
Gas is an energy future of Indonesia. It is a fact that cannot be denied anymore. Based on existing
data, throughout 2010 there were new discoveries of gas reserves are significant enough to achieve
2.09 trillion cubic feet, while the discovery of oil only amounted to 140 million barrels only. On
January 1, 2011, proved reserves position and potential of gas in Indonesia reached 153.72 trillion
cubic feet of proven and potential reserves and crude oil for 7.41 billion Barrels. (BPMIGAS
Bulletin Issue, 2011)
If the reserves are produced with current production levels then the Indonesia's oil reserves will run
out for 12 years, while Indonesia's natural gas reserves are still able to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Natural Gas Business Scheme
In 2001 to 2008, sales of natural gas from KKKS have never been done in an open tender, natural
gas can be sold directly to natural gas distribution companies without any tender, in other words,
KKKS never announced to the media (newspapers, websites etc.) regarding the potential for natural
gas that will be commercialized. Hence, Natural Gas Distribution companies who have network to
KKKS will benefit from this kind of process. The process of selling gas without open tender as
mentioned above can lead to unethical business behavior, because KKKS is the only one who
gained full authorization from BPMIGAS to control the commercialization process but KKKS did
not doing a transparent business process.
What KKKS doing is not in accordance with the principles of good corporate governance that
includes Transparency, accountability, responsibility, independency, and fairness to attain a
company's sustainability by also considering the interests of stakeholders. (Binhaldi, 2006)
To avoid unethical business behavior, commercialization of natural gas process by KKKS must be
done transparently. KKKS must Provide timely, Appropriate, clear, accurate and comparable
information accessible to stakeholders that their rights commensurate with (Binhaldi , 2006).
Indonesian Natural Gas Business in 2009 – 2011

In 2009, BPMIGAS issued

The Future of Liquefied Natural Gas
The production of natural gas has increased over the past decade along with its consumption.
However, some of the top consumers consist of countries such as Japan and South Korea, where
natural gas is not produced at a sufficient amount domestically. As a result, the need for liquefied
natural gas, also known as LNG, has increased. This need for LNG comes from the concept of
condensing natural gas to its liquid state so that its volume is reduced to 1/600th of its original
volume, making it easier to transport (Source, 2–––). Plus, the demand for natural gas in countries
such as Japan and South Korea is starting to increase the need for LNG since most natural gas
producing nations are too far for pipelines. Therefore, LNG is becoming a viable option for the
transportation of natural gas. In this paper, the creation of LNG will be discussed to show how LNG
is becoming a major factor in the energy industry and the global economy.
In the creation of LNG, many technological advances to the conversion process from gas to liquid
have been essential to its increasing popularity in natural gas exchanging nations. The primary idea
behind the creation of LNG is condensing natural gas after it has been removed from a deep
subsurface reservoir. This condensing process requires an LNG plant. While there is not a standard
for the components of LNG plants, there are some major elements that most of the plants contain.
These elements consist of 5 different sections as shown below.
Gas

Essay on Natural Gas Fracking Risks
Natural gas is said to be one of the most popular forms of energy today. In the past, often left
undeveloped and wasted, it was once considered "unusable" and "worthless", compared to oil. In
order to try to break our country's dependence on foreign oil supplies, we have begun to dip into our
own natural gas supply. Natural gas is found underground, and is produced when trapped gas is
released above ground. Hydraulic fracturing or fracking is a process that extracts natural gas from
the ground. As harmless as the billion dollar producing oil companies would want us to believe,
environmental groups, scientists, and average citizens have raised concerns about the negative
impact of hydraulic fracking on the environment and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As more and more natural gas locations are sprouting up so close to home, it makes sense to explore
the risks proven to be associated with fracking. Groundwater polluting of communities near natural
gas drilling sites, has been linked to fracking. "At least 15 water–wells in Rosebud, Alberta, have
gone bad since EnCana Corporation fracked into their aquifer in search of shale gas in 2004"
(Nelson 25). By fracking into the aquifer, the chemicals used in the process undoubtedly
contaminated the drinking water of the area. Nelson also reports of Rosebud resident, Jessica Ernst
and her family's experience with fracking. Ms. Ernst stated that Encana gas told her family that they
would never fracture near her family's aquifer. By 2005, Ms. Ernst says that her water started going
bad, she was receiving horrible burns and rashes from showering, and her dogs refused to drink the
water so that is when she began to pay attention (Nelson 25). It is a horrible thought that a person
could get burnt taking a shower in their own home or not be able to provide their pets safe water to
drink. " In 2006, Ernst decided to go public, showing reporters how she could set fire to her tap
water, and speaking out about the industry" (Nelson 25). "One gas company recently bought out the
town of Dimock, Pennsylvania, for $4.1 million because fracking made the water completely
undrinkable" (Nelson 26). It makes one wonder how large drilling

Natural Gas Research Paper
Introduction What separates natural gas from other fuel types is that it can be used in power
generation, industrial, commercial, transportation and residential while producing approximately
half of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions than its largest competitor coal. An abundant amount of
natural gas available within the borders of the United States opens many opportunities including the
chance become more energy independent. As natural gas becomes further available in the world
technology will continue to compete for ways to eliminate the use of coal and other fossil fuels.
Natural gas unlike other alternative energy sources i.e. wind and solar is a reliable energy source
that can be used with those other energy sources as a base energy source. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Luckily for the industry with the backing of the government comes a lot of money to perfect the
uses for it. Already states are putting money towards new plants, refurbishing old coal plants into
natural gas plants, and even making upgrades to be able to mix the two products since coal is still
being delivered for the fore seeable future. Already on the road today there are fleets that utilize the
efficiency of natural gas while lowering their carbon footprint, technologies such as natural gas
fueled transportation, houses that can run all appliances more efficiently (i.e. fireplaces, dryers,
stoves, water heaters), and devices to more efficiently extract the energy source are just a few of the
advantages that we can already see. As time advances the technology that this fuel source will affect
will continue to improve and reach new heights unimaginable to us today. Who knows perhaps the
first commercially available flying car may be a hybrid natural gas/solar

Pros And Cons Of Natural Gas Fracking
Fracking is a relatively new way of retrieving oil and natural gases from shale rock and other natural
resources that reside in the earth's core, using air and water together. Thus far it has been proven to
be a quicker alternative to oil well drilling compared to conventional drilling methods. Oil and gas
companies are still learning about the side effects of this elaborate process day by day. Despite a few
side effects that have been discovered within the process, fracking has been very efficient and
beneficial. As stated in, "Pros and Cons of Fracking: 5 Key Issues", "Fracking saves lives, and it
saves them right now and not at some indiscernible date well into the future".
(http://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2015/05/pros–and–cons–of–fracking–5–key–issues/) ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nation is shifting towards electricity generated by natural gas– over the past ten years 81
percent of new electricity capacity has been gas fired– and state governments are playing regulatory
catch–up with the drilling technology's rapid expansion to meet this burgeoning demand".
(http://www.gracelinks.org/191/natural–gas–fracking–introduction) However; to meet this demand,
gas and oil companies have ignored some rather important harmful effects of hydraulic fracturing.
These harmful effects include; water droughts, increased pollution, the spread of toxins, and
possible negative influence on local economies. Water droughts because of the fracking process are
caused by using up to approximately one–hundred times more water than previous drilling methods.
This means that gradually less and less of the world where drilling is active or was active will have
the ability to attain non chemical induced water. The article, "List of Pros and Cons of Fracking"
published by Occupy Theory states that, "Anywhere from 10 to 40 percent of fracking waste water
flows back to the original drilling surface" (http://occupytheory.org/list–of–pros–and–cons–of–
fracking/) Hydraulic fracturing causes pollution in several different aspects. Oil and gas companies
are not required to provide a list of chemicals used in the process which causes those in the areas
where drilling is present to not be able to adapt correctly to these toxins. According to research, a
few of the chemicals that have been found present in fracking include; benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene. These three chemicals are known to the scientific community to cause
harmful effects on the health of people. Also, the article, "Pros and Cons of Fracking: 5 Key Issues"
explains that because of the dropping gas prices, drilling use will

The Gas And Natural Gas
As Alberta Energy Regulator (2016) stated the irregular reservoirs of oil and natural gas are located
underground in different formations. The unconventional reservoirs of oil and natural gas are
considered hard to extract as these are in the rocks where it is difficult for oil and gas to travel to
surface. In order to extract those reservoirs a technique called fracturing is developed over the years
to make use of the hidden natural resources which were considered unfeasible to dig out as
explained in Hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic Fracturing is a very recognizable and most commonly
used technique in North America to extract natural oil and gas from unconventional reservoirs as
Manfreda John (2015) stated. The fracturing started ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.0 Fracturing: What is Fracturing? Oil and gas is extracted through the technique by shattering the
unusual formation which has oil and gas in it. This technique is called fracturing. The term
Hydraulic fracturing is widely used in place of fracturing. The Alberta Energy Regulation (2016)
explains that in the fracturing process rocks or other forms of substance underneath the earth are
broken down by using pressurized liquids. Other ingredients include sand or other forms of tiny
particles which will help keep cracks in the arrangement. These small particles will remain there
making the space flow of oil and gas to flow freely from these rocks. As per UKOOG (2013) in
fracturing a well is made to access the area where there are the resources of unconventional oil and
gas. The well is very similar to what we dig to get the water. The unconventional oil and gas
resources are very deep in the earth so the well is made way deeper. The well for the unconventional
oil and gas is normally deep. A pipe is then inserted into that well to make the flow of the
unconventional oil and gas to the surface. The sides of the pipe are cemented in order to make sure
that the natural water is not being contaminated. The holes are made at the horizontal section of the
pipe at few places. The holes are made to crack the rocks which contain unconventional oil and

The Natural Gas Vehicle ( Ngv )
Significant oil companies such as Sonatrac was founded and became immersed in LNG production
and transportation. Along with Exxon, Shell, and Burma Oil who became profoundly involved
(Kennedy). As refineries were built in the nineteen sixties, the growth of LPG expanded. The
regional business had its own structure for distribution and sale. During the oil crisis of nineteen
seventy–three, many countries built liquid recovery plants when they realized LPG is a significant
product. The expansion within the middle east of LPG production expanded tremendously between
nineteen seventy–five and nineteen eighty–five topping out at thirty million tons by nineteen
eighty–five. By nineteen eighty, exportation of LPG went worldwide (History of LPG).
The natural gas vehicle (NGV) has been inconsistent throughout history. With our environmental
conditions in fuel consumption, reaching years a new position in this arena has emerged positively
for gas to be an alternative for the fossil fuel. (AR) Natural test vehicles were prevalent in Europe
during World War II in the United States, in the interest in this gasoline alternative raised in the
nineteen fifties. The International Association for natural gas vehicles was formed during the
Canadian energy exhibition in Vancouver in nineteen eighty–six. By the early nineteen nineties,
natural gas vehicle supporters' set–up guidelines for international commercialization of natural gas
vehicles. Many natural gas vehicle associations emerged,

Fracking And The Natural Gas Production
"Fracking" isn't a word that most people are familiar with unless they are well informed or active in
local government or natural gas extraction. "Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, involves extracting
natural gas from shale formations underground" (Collier, Galatas, Harrelson–Stephens, 2008).
During the process known as fracking, millions of gallons of water are shot underground into shale
formations to help bring the natural gas trapped inside the formations to be released so that it can
surface and become available for extraction. This is the technique that is used for traditional
fracking methods. Although fracking increases the states natural gas production, it also carries some
negative side effects that are affecting the state and its people. When most people think of Texas
they think of the booming oil industry that the state has. According to our textbook, "Texas accounts
for almost one–third of the country's natural gas production and holds almost almost a quarter of the
country's natural gas reserves." Texas has greatly invested in the recourses that are found within the
state which makes gives the state a huge economic advantage. When fracking is used to help turn
out even larger quantities of natural gas, the economic impact is huge. If the state greatly invested in
fracking sites and the use of both traditional and horizontal fracking, the economic gain in the near
future could be huge. The state could be turning out twice the amount of natural gas as it is

Natural Gas Fracking
Not only is breathing in the methane fumes a risk to health, but also methane is flammable. In
Wyoming, a leaking methane gas well burst into flames, swaying the views of several individuals
(Lavelle 109). Since this well not only leaked methane but also natural gas, this fire quickly
expanded and burned a large flame. This fire lasted for months until the firefighters were finally
able to put it out. Copious amounts of individuals became forced to evacuate and eventually, their
homes would be engulfed in the flames. Another fire broke out, but this time it was located in a
home. A family in Colorado, who lived near a fracking well were enjoying supper (Lavelle 109).
Shortly after supper concluded the mother turned on the sink to wash ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another significant benefit produced is the amount of jobs one well would create. To frack,
hundreds of truckloads of equipment needs to be carried from one place to another. As well as the
need to have an individual to watch over the fracking stations and watch for any troubling signs.
These people would be important in the safety of the town and the people. Not only would there be
hundreds of jobs created to build the wells, but there has to be people to maintain the wells, perform
maintenance work on them. In the past years, jobs have been a laborious task to come by,
unemployment rates have soared high and people would do anything to earn income. Fracking
helped create several jobs, and it still is creating them. Even if it is only for one month out of a year
that this individual could work, they would be thankful for an

Pros And Cons : The Use Of Natural Gas
Natural Gas One environmental issue today is about the use of natural gas and whether it is a good
source of energy. I believe that the use of natural gas has pros for both the environment and as a
good source of energy for our societies. Natural gas releases less pollution into the air than other
alternatives that have been used and natural gas is also a cheaper source than others. Natural gas is
very important because as we move along and use up the other fossil fuels, we will have to rely
mostly on the use of naturals gas as our world's main energy source. First, natural gases releases less
pollution into the air that any of the other major fossil fuels. According to
Environmentalscience.org, "Natural gas burns cleaner than other fossil fuels, producing half the
carbon dioxide as coal and about a third less than oil. It also emits fewer amounts of toxic chemicals
like nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide"(Natural Gas 101). Therefore, the use of natural gas will
actually be less destructive to the planet than to keep burning coal and oil which are on a far more
limited supply than natural gas. Transitioning to where natural gas is our main source of energy will
start to help decrease the amount of pollutants that are being released into the air by burning coal
and oil. At a time where the pollutants that are being released into the air are being blamed as the
cause of global warming, the cleaner pollutants of natural will also help reduce those effects.

Using Natural Gas and Liquid Natural Gas
Introduction
For decades the United States of America has been relying on fossil fuels to power its economy and
to function as a country. One namely Diesel fuel has power big rigs that our country depends on to
transport merchandise and goods. It seems like it is part of the American way of life burning more
than 1 billion dollars' worth of oil per day. An estimated 10 percent of that is consumed by big rig
trucks. The United States military also used diesel for a majority of its craft and vehicles. That is a
large amount of oil and that is why there is research being done looking for alternative options to
keep the country going. The topics at hand are natural gas and liquid natural gas.
Details and science of natural gas
It goes without saying that there are many skeptics that argue liquid natural gas deposits create just
as much emissions as coal and oil. The main thing in natural gas is methane which is much more
potent than carbon dioxide. Natural gas comes from dense rock clusters known as shale. Energy
drilling is really quite simple. It starts out with deposits of natural gas found deep in the ground.
Scientists find these deposits using various methods like looking for seismic energy and magnetic
traces. Once a probable deposited is found the drilling or energy company drills deep into the earth's
crust to reach it. The next part is hard because after the hole is drilled the gas will not simply flow
out of the hole. The natural gas is in the shale

A Brief Note On Shale Gas And Natural Gas
Shale gas is a natural gas that can be extracted from the fabric of shale rocks by means of hydraulic
fracturing, or fracking. There is controversy surrounding this extraction process, as in the process of
building facilities in which gases are extracted, people are made aware of the hazards that are
involved both with building the site of extraction and with extracting the gas itself. This essay aims
to assess the extent to which these hazards can affect those residing in Lancashire.
Throughout the course of human history, conventional natural gas deposits have been the easiest to
extract from formations below the surface. These conventional deposits cannot last forever and are
declining in number, meaning that people are pushed to search for alternative sources whilst
increasing the price of the natural gas that is currently available (Berman, 2016). Fortunately, the
search for alternative sources for natural gas has generally been positive; recent utilisation of
unconventional gas deposits in the US which have led to them becoming the US's primary source of
indigenous gas production (Korn, 2010: 5). As humans advance technologically and steadily
improve their geological knowledge, the percentage of unconventional gas sources that make up
power supplies continue to grow. In 2010, 47% of the UK's electricity was produced by burning
natural gas. In comparison 28% of the electricity the UK had produced in 2010 was from burning
coal, 16% from nuclear reactors and 7% from

The Oil And Natural Gas Resources
"In North Dakota, the nation's second largest petroleum producing state after Texas, the number of
rigs has dropped to 65 from some 191 last year. More than 10,000 jobs have been lost. And
unemployment insurance benefits have risen by a reported 115 percent" (Bobb). The Bakken
Formation is the oil and natural gas resource in North Dakota. The Bakken Oil Field in North
Dakota is young, at only ten to fifteen years old. It has experienced tremendous growth and success,
but is now in its first recession or bust cycle. The drop in oil prices on a worldwide level has forced
oil companies to stop drilling. Prices of Bakken Oil topped out over one hundred dollars per barrel,
and now are in the teens. Because of the drop, it is not profitable to drill new oil wells. The result of
fluctuating prices is a continuous boom and bust cycle in the oil industry. When oil prices drop,
most people think of the positive sides and personal benefits of inexpensive fuel. However, many
people do not take into consideration the negatives. People who rely on oil field production, as well
as supporting industries are adversely affected through job layoffs and company bankruptcy
(Bringe). As a result of lower oil and gas prices in the Bakken Oil Field, North Dakota has
experienced overbuilt housing, a financial crisis, and resource company bankruptcy. One effect of
low oil prices in North Dakota is overbuilt housing. Developers and towns accurately predicted a
boom, so many houses and apartments

The Natural Gas Vehicle ( Ngv )
Significant oil companies such as Sonatrac was founded and became immersed in LNG production
and transportation. Along with Exxon, Shell, and Burma Oil who became profoundly involved
(Kennedy). As refineries were built in the nineteen sixties, the growth of LPG expanded. The
regional business had its own structure for distribution and sale. During the oil crisis of nineteen
seventy–three, many countries built liquid recovery plants when they realized LPG is a significant
product. The expansion within the middle east of LPG production expanded tremendously between
nineteen seventy–five and nineteen eighty–five topping out at thirty million tons by nineteen
eighty–five. By nineteen eighty, exportation of LPG went worldwide (History of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
European associations believe the use of CNG will increase to twenty–seven million vehicles and be
used as a main fuel by twenty–twenty. Today, there are over five million on the road worldwide. The
Iranian fuel preservation group, created infrastructure and developing CNG in Iran. Their aim is to
manage fuel consumption and decrease air pollution. They have established CNG car factories and
developed companies within the private regions to construct CNG fueling stations. (Majidpour).
This has led to the private sector to produce one hundred and sixty conversion workshops
countrywide (Kauffmann).
There are distinctive energy contents with LPG and Natural Gas, they are the same, but they are
different in many ways. LPG and Natural Gas are broadly accessible and consumed in numerous
products. There are two core distinctions in the way that natural gas (Methane) and LPG (Propane)
are expended. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is a readily substitution of petrol that is made by
compressing natural gas (Hahn). CNG is odorless, colorless and tasteless, comprising mainly of
methane. In addition, CNG is yielded from drilling natural gas wells or in combination with crude
withdrawal (Sirdah, Rahma). The term LPG encompasses more than one kind of gas, and a number
of hydrocarbon gases that fall into this type of LPG. The common trait between CNG and LPG is
their ability to be compacted

Lpg And Natural Gas : Lpg
There are distinctive energy contents with LPG and Natural Gas, they are the same, but they are
different in many ways. LPG and Natural Gas are broadly accessible and consumed in numerous
products. There are two core distinctions in the way that natural gas (Methane) and LPG (Propane)
are expended. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is a readily substitution of petrol that is made by
compressing natural gas (Hahn). CNG is odorless, colorless and tasteless, comprising mainly of
methane. In addition, CNG is yielded from drilling natural gas wells or in combination with crude
withdrawal (Sirdah, Rahma). LPG envelops consequential type's fuels, along with hydrocarbon
gases, which are considered to be LPG. The familiar trait between CNG and LPG is ... Show more
CNG has limited uses since consumption needs to be in adjacent to where it is consolidated.
Natural gas, finds its way into the market place by nineteen eighty–five, as a motor fuel. Specific
containers were unrefined however, a few unrefined efforts created machine knowledge obtainable.
Advanced nations, expanded LNG and proceeded to transform engine transformations to CNG.
Vessels carrying LNG applied the boil–off method for gas as an alternative to re–liquefaction or
venting. Specific unrefined and petrol autos consumed CNG and LNG, while experiments were
occurring on marine engines, airplanes, helicopters, trucks, and trains (Kennedy). Nonetheless,
activity in these capacities had no economic influence on gas industry or LNG amenities
(Momenimovahed, Olfert). Since nineteen eighty–five, automobile comonents has progressed
quickly and numerous global corporations are immersed in exploration (Kennedy).
As described previously in the history of natural gas, around nineteen fifty Italy was associated with
the innovation, natural, nowadays it is the driving force of vehicles and are lucrative (CNG
Compressor). In recent times, the totality of natural gas automobiles has multiplied. One reason for
this growth of natural gas is economizing, in many nations the number of natural gas automobiles
has risen to over a million throughout the world. Natural gas are considerably less costly than
conventional fuels. The benefits of natural gas are

Overview of the Natural Gas Industry
Natural Gas Industry Employee
Cover Letter
I am currently working as a natural gas regulator assistant inspector on a full–time basis. Basically
this position required me to work in a formal apprenticeship, and I was trained and became
familiarized with all the important particulars of this job.
What my trainers made very clear to me is the importance of workers in the natural gas industry
having a deep understanding of all the implications relating to safety. There have been some
catastrophic explosions due to leaking gas pipelines in recent years, and energy companies want to
hire people that are very alert, intelligent, and who are willing to learn and be good listeners during
training and once on the job.
I am one of those quality employees. I feel fortunate to have this position, and moreover, I have
conducted research into the industry giving particular attention to the specifics of my own job,
duties and responsibilities and I present that information through this report. Learning well,
following directions, and being competent are things my family taught me, and I do believe I am
well suited for my position and will be able to climb the ladder and be given more responsibility as
time goes by and my supervisors become confident in my aptitude and my work ethic.
Abstract
The position of a natural gas regulator assistant inspector is a very important position because in
addition to the quality assurance and economic aspects, there are important safety aspects

Hydraulic Fracturing : Natural Gas
Hydraulic Fracturing
Natural gas is a keystone of United States economy, it providing the United States a quarter of the
country's total energy; Outstanding to the many advances in technology. Production from shale
formations has gone from a small amount just a few years ago to being almost thirty percent of total
United States natural gas manufacture. This has gotten lower prices, domestic jobs due to the
possible of extensive production growth. Although the growth has also brought many difficult
questions about both current and future making can be done in a naturally way that meets the needs
of the public trust.
Hydraulic fracturing is a gas and oil, which involves a process that involves injecting sand, water,
and many other chemicals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These wells are drilled to a depth of 10,000 to 12,000 feet. Many argue that this water is taken out of
the hydrologic cycle because it doesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere.
In a political perspective is very uncertain many are against this because the facts surrounding
chemical use are clear water and sand comprises and majority of the mixture used. United States
environmentalist and civic community groups are seeking specific chemical disclosure and
supporting lawsuits of potential drinking water contamination. Many other questions are being
raised about the use and reuse and disposal of water in the process of fracturing. The EPA had
already concluded a study explaining that hydraulic fracturing environmental risks in 2004.If
hydraulic fracturing environmental risks existed, they would occur in the shallow fields. The federal
government has been really reluctant to enact some environmental regulation to the expanding
industry to expand. As natural gas prices rise and the use to use a different source for oil has spread;
it has become a very large export for the United States (Mandel, 2010).
From an ethical point of view we have to look at both the harms and benefits that we can obtain
from hydraulic fracturing. We have to view the dangers of fracking; which can mean contaminating
our water supply. But on the other hand there are huge benefits,

Natural Gas Is A Non Renewable Resource
Natural Gas
Natural gas is a non–renewable resource, meaning that it will not last forever. If the production of
natural gas continues at the same rate, it will only last for approximately another 91 years. Natural
gas is a power source used to power particular things in homes, for example heaters, hot water and
stoves. The way this particular power source is produced/sourced is that at the bottom of the ocean,
deceased animals and plants etc. otherwise called organic matter are found and can be broken down
into the formation of natural gas through a series of wells and pipes, and delivered to homes and
businesses and other places where natural gas is used through the pipes. Scientists are trying to find
other resources for gas because they are aware that the current one won't last and that they are
harming the environment and habitats of creatures in the sea through this procedure. This procedure
is called Hydraulic Fracturing, otherwise known as 'fracking'. Part of the fracking procedure is that a
high water pressure is sent through tubes and pipes under water being forced onto different rocks.
This water, however, contains several harmful chemicals that damage the organisms and animals
and their habitats under water. Once the rock is cracked/ fractured, the oil and gas is carried back up
the pipes. The air is also polluted in this procedure as the findings of the fracking process are
relocated into either evaporators or into condensation tanks releasing dangerous

Natural Gas Grills
Natural gas grills eliminate the cost of buying propane by plugging directly into your natural gas
line. Natural gas is a cheaper option and also environmentally, a better option because it is classified
as a greenhouse gas. The initial cost of gas plumbing and installation can be expensive, but you do
save money over time. Size is one thing you need to consider when buying an outdoor grill. How
big is your patio or deck where the grill is gonna go? Also, are you the average griller, cooking
mostly chicken and steak? Or do you grill bigger meats more regularly? Obviously the size of the
grill matters, so really evaluate your options. A grill's primary square inches refers to the size of the
main cooking grate. The higher the number, the

Gas Transportation Methods Of Natural Gas
GAS TRANSPORTATION METHODS
Natural gas is a clean and environmental friendly energy source which is estimated to constitute a
major part of world energy consumption in the coming years. Usage of natural gas is increasing due
to its relatively cheaper costs than diesel or gasoline. Transportation and Storage falls under the final
stage of Oil and Gas processing where it gets transported to the end user for further use in industry,
plant or any other facility. Transportation of natural gas remains as a challenge due to its isolated
reserves throughout the world. Natural gas has more problems in transportation and storage when
compared to other forms of energy such as petroleum, coal etc. The main reason is due to the energy
density of natural gas which is low at ambient temperatures and pressures (Kidnay et al. 2011). So
in order to transport the gas by pipeline, its energy density has to be increased using high pressures.
Another problem of Natural gas due to its low energy density, lies in its storage. Natural gas is
highly volatile and sophisticated storage facilities are to be provided to prevent any hazards.
Therefore natural gas has to be transported continuously to the end user avoiding reasons for
storage. When there is less demand for its usage, natural gas has to be converted to Liquefied
Petroleum Gas (LPG) and then stored.
Otherwise transportation of natural gas is carried out in different ways such as:
1. Pipelines
2. Compressed Natural gas (CNG)
3. Liquefied

The Future Of Natural Gas And Crude Oil
The Future of Natural Gas and Crude Oil
Throughout history, as well as present day, the usage of natural gas has played an immense role in
our everyday life. However, over recent decades, the extraction and usage of natural gas has become
a more frequent topic of debate. Even though extraction of natural gas and crude oil has been proven
to boost the global economy, people still question weather these methods of extraction will
ultimately destroy our planet. There is an abundance unconventional and conventional reservoirs of
oil and gas under the surface, each with the potential to increase the production of both resources
vastly. Advancements in engineering, such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, have
allowed us to take advantage of all aspects of these varying reservoirs. With this impending influx
of resources, many regions will see an increase in production and consumption. Throughout this
paper, we will discuss the current methods of extraction, the uses of natural gas both past and
present, and the US export ban of crude oil. Finally, after reviewing the reasons behind the current
low prices on energy, we can make projections for the future of natural gas.
Shale production and fracking methods have opened a whole world to the oil and gas industry. Just
like the nuclear power, oil and "shale gas" are being used in wide varieties such as: vehicles and
energy. Furthermore; natural gas and oil are used in a wider range than nuclear power. We need
more

Oil And Natural Gas Pipeline
Pipeline transportation is a process which can be used to transport natural gas from discovery areas
or refinery plant to its distribution station, its length is generally from hundreds to thousands of
kilometers. It has already had 130 years history, its development is closely related to the
improvement of oil and gas industry as one of the main way to ship oil and natural gas. Modern
pipeline transport began in the mid–19th century, the first natural gas pipeline around the world has
been built at 1886 in Pennsylvania of American but its further development is beginning in the 20th
century. With the expansion of natural gas industry after World War II, countries in the world have
begun to build considerable natural gas pipelines, the length of global main pipelines have exceed
1,600,000 Kilometer so far. Currently, it has already become an important way to transport a large
quantity of natural gas on land. This essay will show the efficiency of natural gas pipeline
transportation in safety, stability and economy aspects. In addition, pipelines can enable natural gas
transport more secure, stable and economical. Pipelines' safety will be discussed in the first,
following this, the essay will show that pipelines are easier to maintain a stable operating condition.
At last, the economy of pipelines will be given.
There are several ways to transport natural gas in energy industry, such as through vehicles, rails
and ships. However, pipeline transportation could be one of the

Fracking For Oil And Natural Gas
ASSIGNMENT #13
Fracking for Oil and Natural Gas
WRITTEN BY
MOSOPE ODUWOLE
250817380
moduwol@uwo.ca Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL
For centuries, oil and natural gas have been drilled and mined using conventional means, by digging
in oil rich sandstones, conventional rocks. Due to the permeability of these rocks, it is easy for the
oil and gas to flow to the surface from well bores and be collected for commercial use. But recently,
concerns have been raised regarding the over–exploitation of these resources, as various reports
show that with the current level of exploration, these reserves will soon be depleted. ... Show more
The difference between these two sources – conventional and unconventional oil – is in the type of
rock and depth of drilling, as well as the method used in bringing up the oil and gas. Whereas
conventional oil and gas makes use of vertically drilled bores and shallow depths, unconventional
oil is drilled at depths farther below in the earth's surface (depths of up to 10,000 feet have been
recorded), by making use of horizontal bores (figure 1).
1.2 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FOR OIL AND GAS
Prior to what is today known as Hydraulic Fracturing or "Fracking", in the 19th century, water wells
and bores had been fractured using explosives to create high permeability for both water and oil
wells. Over the years, the technology has been refined and improved into what is used today for
exploration in Shale rocks due to their low–permeability.
Fracking is the process of pumping large gallons of water, mixed with sand and a "cocktail" of
chemical compounds into existing crevices of underground oil and gas reserves, under very high
pressure, thereby creating fissures and cracks in the rocks and hence improving the porosity and
permeability of the rock formation. Figure 1: Conventional Gas reservoirs and Unconventional Gas
Reservoirs (Shale Rock)

Naturally occurring veins in the rock formations are used in the conventional sources to tap the oil,
but in unconventional sources, these veins are either not large enough, or are too far apart and not

The Gas And Natural Gas
With reserves in 31 states, the US has a supply of natural gas large enough to provide the country
with energy for decades ("Gas Drilling: The Story So Far"). Access to these vast deposits is helping
to significantly decrease the United States' reliance on foreign energy, as we have recently become
the largest natural gas producer worldwide ("Hydraulic Fracturing Natural Gas and Oil
Development"). In addition to abundance, natural gas has several other benefits as well. Natural gas
emits only half as much carbon dioxide when burned than coal does, and currently the cost per unit
is only one third that of oil, giving it some clear advantages over other widely used fossil fuels
(Harvey, Hal). As stated by chairman of BP Capital T. Boone ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the additives on this list are known toxins, carcinogens, and volatile organic compounds
that are recognized for their ability to cause harm in the human body (Lustgarten, Abraham).
Colborn and her co–authors went a step further to evaluate every chemical on the list in terms of
health effects, and the results were alarming. Although the effects were detrimental across the board,
Colborn found 71 chemicals that were associated with causing harm in 10 or more areas, including
the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and reproductive systems. What is even more
concerning is that companies find a way to justify their use of harmful substances by claiming that
they make up only a small fraction of the injected fluid; less than one percent. However, experts like
Colborn believe that even a seemingly small percentage translates to tens of thousands of gallons of
these chemicals being pumped underground, and their research shows that even very low doses of
the compounds can cause significant damage (Lustgarten, Abraham). One of the most prominent
concerns regarding the toxicity of chemical additives lies in the threat of groundwater
contamination. Although a 2004 EPA study concluded that fracking poses no threat to drinking
water, the rising

The Future Of Natural Gas
To date gas markets have been regional in character. Is LNG likely to alter this?
BSM179 Oil & Gas Economics
ABSTRACT
Natural gas is finding its place at the very heart of the energy discussions. The recent discoveries of
quite a substantial amount of natural gas in the U.S.A, primarily as a result of the shale gas
development, have attracted much interest towards natural gas as a key component of energy supply
and have lowered prices well below recent expectations. But in other parts of the globe, prices of
Natural Gas remain high and also at the same time: varied. This study seeks to inform discussion
about the future of natural gas and will LNG be able to narrow the price diversity quite prevalent in
regional respective gas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
GLOBAL GAS MARKETS
Source: Waterborne, US FERC (prices as of 7th June 2013).
Traditionally, world gas markets have operated as three largely self–contained regions. These are
comprised of the Americas; Europe, Africa, and the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS) and the Far East and Middle East. These regions enjoyed limited interconnectivity and
each region developed its own distinctive supply/demand and pricing dynamics. In the Americas,
prices are determined by short–term contracts indexed to the primary market prices set at the "Henry
Hub." In Europe, prices are mostly determined by long–term contracts based on the "next best
alternative," typically indexed against fuel oil and heating oil prices. In the Middle and Far East,
pricing is also typically based on long–term contracts, indexed to a mix of oil prices, but within a
defined range and often at higher levels compared to Europe.
These different pricing models have, to date, resulted in very different price levels and price
volatility between the regions.
North American natural gas prices now hover at $4/MMBtu, down from highs in the $10/ MMBtu
to $13/MMBtu range just a few years ago.
In Europe, demand for additional gas continues to accelerate, driven by the depletion of
conven¬tional gas, on–going environmental concerns (particularly the growing consensus against
shale gas) and the Fukushima disaster's impact on the role of nuclear power.

Hydraulic Fracturing And Natural Gas
Hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking" is a drilling process that allows access to unconventional oil and
natural gas reserves that would otherwise be inaccessible. Limestone, sandstone and shale far below
the ground contain natural gas. This gas is formed as dead organisms in the rocks are decomposed.
We can capture this gas at the surface when the rocks that contain the gas are drilled. To increase the
flow of released gas, drillers use pressurized water to break the rocks apart, "fracturing" them.
Initially this was sometimes done through detonating small explosions in the wells to increase the
flow of gas to the surface. Around 1940, oil and gas drilling companies started fracking the rocks
through pumping a high pressure water, sand and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, water from gas wells often returns to the surface containing low, but measurable radioactive
elements, and huge concentrations of salt. Economic Benefits/Liabilities Some potential benefits of
fracking include job creation, increased income and wealth for those who sign gas leases on
privately owned land, expanded local business opportunities for those who directly and indirectly
service the energy industry. This could be for example construction workers, hotels and restaurants.
Another benefit is rising tax revenue for communities. US oil and gas producers are struggling with
persistently low natural–gas prices and a roughly 50% drop in the price of crude oil in the past year.
The huge drop in oil prices has caused many drillers to do drastically cut their budgets, including
laying off workers. Some firms are also struggling with higher costs of storing fracking related
waste due to stricter regulations. Water, Climate Hydraulic fracturing requires 2–10 million gallons
of water per well per fracture, which raises concern over water resources and quality. Some of the
concern is about depletion of groundwater sources, but there are also a concerns about
contamination of subterranean and surface water. (Boudet, H, 2013) Inadequately treated drilling
wastewater with potentially toxic materials; surface spills of chemicals etc is getting released into
rivers and streams. (Osborn et al., 2011) Instances of water contamination have been

Capabilities Of Natural Gas Fracking
Capabilities of Natural Gas Fracking In the face of looming environmental concerns such as air
pollution and waste disposal while searching for resources, fracking for natural gas has become a
widely debated topic. Fracking for natural gas however, if done responsibly, can have potentially
huge benefits that outweigh any cost. There are a few major reasons that natural gas fracking
Companies that resort to fracking for natural gas are under immense pressure to disclose their
methods, and in accordance to the law, they yield that information willingly. Companies also are
required to frack in accordance to water boundaries, or in locations that cant harm water supplies
essential to certain areas such as towns or habitats. Natural gas fracking also has 3 interlinked
benefits: social improvement, positive economic improvement, and even an environmental benefit,
relating to how natural gas is reusable and has reduced emissions. Alternative energy sources are
needed in todays times where oil and coal aid in the damage of our atmosphere, and natural gas
fracking can help with that wish. Modern fracking companies have been extremely open and willing
to show how greatly they have improved fracking methods over time since its discovery in 1947.
The methods used shortly after its discovery were harmful to the environment and the fracking
companies weren't aware of the geological harm it could do if not done properly. Ground weakening
could occur if not done properly. Companies like

Natural Gas
Natural Gas Natural gas is another means of energy source that provides heating and electricity to
many individuals. It is a natural mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide.
Natural gas was first found back in 1626 when the French found the natives lighting gas seeping in
and out of the ground around Lake Erie. When natural gas was first introduced into civilization as a
means of energy source it was not efficient nor was it environmentally friendly. It was first in the
United States in Baltimore, Maryland in 1816 when it was used to light the street lamps. The first
well that was dug for Natural Gas purposes was in 1821 in Fredonia, New York by William Hart. He
is known as the "father of natural gas: in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
.65 | 1.61 | 1.55 | 1.58 | 1.66 | 1.92 | | 1990 | 2.23 | 1.85 | 1.55 | 1.49 | 1.47 | 1.48 | 1.49 | 1.51 | 1.56 |
1.76 | 1.94 | 2.04 | 1991 | 1.96 | 1.62 | 1.49 | 1.50 | 1.48 | 1.43 | 1.34 | 1.43 | 1.59 | 1.82 | 1.89 | 2.00 |
1992 | 1.74 | 1.26 | 1.35 | 1.42 | 1.51 | 1.62 | 1.55 | 1.84 | 1.92 | 2.38 | 2.13 | 2.07 | 1993 | 2.03 | 1.76 |
2.00 | 2.06 | 2.18 | 1.98 | 1.99 | 2.04 | 2.09 | 2.02 | 2.03 | 2.15 | 1994 | 1.93 | 1.88 | 1.93 | 1.91 | 2.00 |
1.80 | 1.81 | 1.83 | 1.78 | 1.70 | 1.75 | 1.88 | | 1995 | 1.62 | 1.48 | 1.47 | 1.52 | 1.55 | 1.58 | 1.43 | 1.43 |
1.52 | 1.54 | 1.61 | 1.84 | 1996 | 2.05 | 1.89 | 1.95 | 2.08 | 2.01 | 2.08 | 2.25 | 2.10 | 1.85 | 1.94 | 2.50 |
3.26 | 1997 | 3.40 | 2.49 | 1.79 | 1.81 | 2.00 | 2.08 | 2.00 | 2.08 | 2.33 | 2.68 | 2.92 | 2.28 | 1998 | 1.96 |
1.96 | 2.06 | 2.16 | 2.04 | 1.91 | 2.09 | 1.82 | 1.70 | 1.86 | 1.94 | 1.95 | 1999 | 1.85 | 1.77 | 1.70 | 1.90 |
2.17 | 2.14 | 2.20 | 2.51 | 2.62 | 2.52 | 2.68 | 2.24 | | 2000 | 2.60 | 2.73 | 2.66 | 2.86 | 3.04 | 3.77 | 3.84 |
3.73 | 4.26 | 4.58 | 4.40 | 5.77 | 2001 | 6.82 | 5.08 | 4.37 | 4.52 | 4.36 | 3.79 | 3.35 | 3.33 | 2.93 | 2.78 |
3.41 | 3.42 | 2002 | 2.50 | 2.19 | 2.40 | 2.94 | 2.94 | 2.96 | 2.92 | 2.76 | 2.97 | 3.24 | 3.59 | 3.96 | 2003 |
4.43 | 5.05 | 6.96 | 4.47 | 4.77 | 5.41 | 5.08 | 4.46 | 4.59 | 4.32 | 4.26 | 4.76 | 2004 | 5.21 | 5.02 | 5.12 |
5.03 | 5.40 | 5.82 | 5.62 | 5.52 | 5.06 | 5.43 | 6.21 | 6.01 | | 2005 | 5.80 | 5.73 | 5.95 | 6.57 | 6.25

Fracking for natural gas
#### this is written terribly ###### Have you ever imagine the earth run out of resources, especially
gasoline? The most significant energy we use to take for granted may be in tight supply. It would be
a major inconvenience for us. That's why I am here to discuss about it, that's why I am here to save
the earth, and that's why I want all of you to join with me today. With fossil fuels nearing extinction,
the United States has very limited options for providing the country's millions of energy consumers
with an energy source that is affordable and cost effective ; therefore, the solution is hydraulic
fracking, also known as "fracking," Natural Gas has the capabilities of fueling American cars and
homes for the next hundred years, and the best part is the United States is the largest supplier of
natural gas. Let's broke it down to 3 major parts: first, how fracking natural gas affects our
environment, second how it is going to boost up the economy, and third how it makes the United
States becomes energy independent. First of all, in 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) conducted a thorough report on natural gas in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Minnesota, and Montana.
After the tedious examination, the EPA concluded that "water contamination could not accurately be
tied with fracking." (Groundwater Investigation, EPA) This is a new energy source, and a new
energy extraction process, so radical environmentalists have to agree with the EPA, that the
evidence is not cogent

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Natural Gas
Introduction: (1, 2)
Natural gas is colorless, shapeless, and odorless in its pure form. The gaseous fossil fuel consists
chiefly of methane but comprises significant amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane
heavier hydrocarbons removed prior to use as a customer fuel, as well as nitrogen, helium and
hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is flammable and gives off a prodigious deal of vigor when scorched.
Would involve energy regularly, to heat homes, cook food, and produce electricity, it is this need for
energy that has raised up natural gas to such a level of position.
Natural gas is a explosive mixture of hydrocarbon gases. While natural gas is formed principally of
methane, it can also include ethane, butane and pentane. The composition ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Gas appliances also do not create corrupt electrical fields in your house.
Disadvantages of Natural Gas:
It is highly instable and can be dangerous, if touched carelessly.
It is colorless, unscented and tasteless that makes discovery of its leak very difficult.
Because it is a non–renewable source of energy, its obtainability is finite. Detractors also point out
that its extraction leaves large hollows within the earth.
Even though it is cleansed than coal and oil, it still donates a large amount of carbon dioxide to
greenhouse gases.
By itself natural gas is typically methane, which is 21 times more dangerous for greenhouse
reheating than carbon dioxide so any leakage of the gas subsidizes strongly to greenhouse
emissions.
If your house is not properly insulated it can be very affluent.
It can drip, potentially causing a burst.
Impurities Present in Natural Gas: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
(CO2)
(H2S)
Humidity
The scums are removed by a couple of processes such as solvent absorption technique for (H2S and
CO2) and filter coalescer is used for moisture

Is Fracking A Natural Gas?
In the U.S., the advanced hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling lead to a revolution of natural
gas and oil, brining about the dynamic job opportunities and economic growth which affects other
industries apart from natural gas and oil field. As a superpower of energy, the United States can
make good use of its rich resources with the correct policies and build a bright future for Americans
and reduce energy–caused risks globally (Mark Green, 2014).
1.1 Environmental aspect
As fracking is a good process of drilling natural gas, there must be questions like, "Is natural gas
alternative?" "How long could people keep drilling?" "Is it environmental friendly?" Actually
natural gas is alternative energy and natural form of energy, which can be used to replace traditional
fossil fuels like gasoline and diesel (Fracking, 2014a). , The use of natural gas will benefit
environment by reducing the harmful polluting emission, for example, SO2 and NO released into
the atmosphere. The main constitute of natural gas is CH4 which is less threatening compared with
conventional fossil fuel like coal. For the amount of the natural gas, it is very tough to measure the
precise data, but new technologies are available everyday. What's more, there are more rules and
new standards of fracking by EPA. Howard Feldman, regulatory director of the American Petroleum
Institute, said the EPA would phase in the requirements, requiring all oil and natural–gas wells to be
in compliance by January 2015

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Natural Gas
THE ADVANTAGES AND SHORT COMINGS OF GAS VERSUS LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS
(LNG) CASE STUDY : USA
PREPARE BY: OFOEGBU ROSEMARY. N
INTRODUCTION
Gas is a source of energy, which can generate combustion with the source of heat and oxygen, it is a
consumable product and highly inflammable.
It is a source of energy used in this modern society, it is widely use all over the word for different
purposes.
In this context, we take a look at the benefit of gas and liquefied natural gas, the effect as a primary
source of energy the impact on man and the short comings its posses
However, liquefied natural gas which is regarded as the end product of gas in liquid form i.e. LNG
undergo some stages and processes, it also contain some chemical reaction ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This transfers the Carbon from the Earth to the Environment leading to the Global Warming Effect.
Natural Gas has been touted as a much Greener Fuel as compared to Oil and Coal. However some
experts dispute the fact that Natural Gas is cleaner and say that if you consider the lifetime impact
from the mining of Gas to its use it may be more harmful to the environment than Oil. Natural Gas
leads to Air Pollution due to some Gas that escapes into the Air and it?s not possible to capture all
the Natural Gas that is released. Water pollution is also accounted for as one of the shortcomings of
natural gas
Furthermore, the deliberate increase in terrorism in USA can be traced to huge amount of money
been generate from natural gas. E.g. terrorist attack on America by Osama Bin Laden Like other
sources of fossil fuel energy, Natural Gas Energy has much impact in depleting, and does not form a
sustainable answer to man?s energy questions. Natural Gas is highly combustible and it can lead to
explosions if not carefully handled. This is the reason that it is not used in vehicles more. Also it
exists mostly in the gaseous state which makes handling it more difficult than Oil.

The Oil And Natural Gas Industries
Around the globe, the oil and natural gas industries are a major part of stable and growing
economies, as well as, the individual lives of most people. As individuals we use it to run our
vehicles, heat our homes, cook, and much more. Economies, on the other hand, rely on the oil and
natural gas industries for the jobs they create, the product they supply, and the added value created
by government revenues. In 2011, these industries in the United States made up 5.6 percent of the
nation's total employment, providing $394 billion in labor income (6–15, American Petroleum
Institute). They also contributed an estimated $410.3 billion to the nation's economy through wages,
capital spending, and dividends totaling 7.1 percent of the United States' gross domestic product
(GDP) (25–26, American Petroleum Institute). Those percentages may not seem like much alone,
but when you consider that one industry, out of hundreds in the United States, makes up those
numbers, they seem a lot larger. During the 1990's, oil and natural gas production had hit a snag
spreading worry that the U.S. would become reliant on foreign imports (Inman). One of the world's
leading countries in the industry were beginning to fear the end of a resource that they relied so
heavily on.
As traditional oil and gas endeavors began depleting their resources the oil and natural gas
industries were forced to find a new source of extraction if they were to continue producing fossil
fuels at the same rate. This new

Fracking: Natural Gas
Fracking is a modern technique to explore natural gas through a controversial procedure. The
controversy about scientific evidence for the impact of fracking has raged unabated for over a
decade. It has now become one of the most popular debates between the supporters of Greenpeace
or environmentalists and the energy companies. Now it's a centrepiece of discussion in the context
of the energy solution and considered as a really important source of energy by last few decades.
Recent developments in the field of natural gas have led to a renewed interest in fracking. Energy
seekers support a lot of arguments for their strength at the same on their counterparts. However, this
essay will give a brief overview of the history, process, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A clear benefit of fracking in the prevention of CO2 emission could be identified from this analysis.
It may help to gain the fulfilment of energy demand and becoming a Global leader of energy market
for export natural gas. It can be seen that fracking bring wealth for local economy such as Northern
Ireland has the possibility to become an important net exporter of natural gas by exporting surplus
production and also get the tremendous economic gain. Furthermore it seems that Energy Company
positively considered about the impact of fracking on the environment as well as health and safety
issue. As Tamboran clearly stated that they will not utilise any chemicals in the fracking process in
Northern Ireland. Hence, it could conceivably be hypothesised that fracking may consider as a
dynamic, clean, most cost effective means to maintain energy supplies for almost every sector of the
global economy like industrial, commercial, power generation even in residence.
It has been suggested that fracking can be brought energy independence for Poland by 2014 instead
of depending on the Russian gas and abilities to get enough fuel to last for 300 hundred years
(Donald Tuskd, n.d). Fracking can play a significant role for economic gain of a country. Richard
Moorman(2012) remarks their project as an energy and economic game changer for Northern
Ireland. For a widespread expansion of fracking, It

Fracking Vs Natural Gas Essay
Fracking is good for United States because it is used for fueling vehicles, cooking, and heating
houses and offices; unfortunately, fracking is destructive to the environment as it contains many
chemicals. Natural gas is lighter than air and dissipates in an accident, which makes it safer than
flammable liquid fuel. Most models of natural gas cars get the same miles per gallon. Most spend a
lot less filling up the tank using natural gas than anything else. Natural gas costs about half the price
of gasoline or diesel. Another plus is the need to change the car's oil is less frequent because of the
cleanliness of the fuel. A regular gasoline–powered car averages 32 miles per gallon while a natural
gas powered car averages 43 miles per gallon. The natural gas used to fuel vehicles is a certain kind
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Natural gas has been found to be so much safer to use to heat a house than with an electric heater.
Heating a home with natural gas is much safer than heating a home with electric. Electric heaters are
known for catching fire, sparking, and burning. The most common thing electric heaters are known
for is shorting out and causing the electric sockets to burn. Electric heaters are not always the
warmest things they take a very long time to heat homes even if they're not all that small. Natural
gas heaters take less time to heat any sized home and heats the home almost 100% warmer. Natural
gas is 120 to 140 degrees warmer than any other heat, can be used to heat water, and to heat your
pool outside. There are many reasons to love natural gas, it's easier to install and transport, its
warmer, cooks faster, and is better to use as fuel. One thing no one is told when natural gas is used is
if it leaks and no one knows the chance of getting carbon monoxide poisoning is very

Forecasting Natural Gas Prices
Forecasting natural gas prices using cointegration technique
Dr Salman Saif Ghouri
Abstract This paper uses Augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips–Perron technique for determining
whether individual crude oil prices (West Texas Intermediate, Brent, Japan crude cocktail) and
natural gas prices– Henry Hub (HH), National Balancing Point (NBP), European and Japanese
liquefied natural gas (LNG) prices are stationary or non–stationary. It then applies Johansen and
Juselius cointegration technique for establishing long–run correlation between respective oil prices
and natural gas prices. The paper concludes that all individual series pertaining to oil and natural gas
prices are non–stationary and indeed having long–run relationship, despite ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both buyers and sellers have a reasonable assurance that prices marked to HH or NBP are
competitive. In sharp contrast, Table 1 Regional pipeline natural gas trade (bn cu m) Regions North
America Europe Algeria Russian Federation Others 2004 121.78 154.17 34.32 148.44 43.35
December 2006
2006 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
251
Table 2 LNG trade movement, 2004 (bn cu m) Buyers/sellers Asia Pacific Africa Middle East
USA Trinidad & Tobago Total Asia Pacific 81.67 0.78 34.47 1.68 0 118.6 USA 0.99 3.74 0.61 13.13
18.47 40.02 Europe 0.18 34.45 5.39 0.86 0.86 C&S America Total 82.84 38.97 40.47 1.68 13.99
177.95
in a regulated market, there is no competition or transparency, this leads to different prices in the
same market. This paper examines the long–run relationship between natural gas/LNG prices in
different markets with those of respective crude oil prices using cointegration techniques
(Cuthbertson, Hall, 1992). The basic philosophy of cointegration technique is that two or more
variables may have long–run relationship if they move closely together in the long run, even though
they may have drifted apart in the short–run. This long run association is referred to as a
cointegrating vector. If there is a long run correlation between the variables, a regression containing
all the variables of a cointegrating vector will have a stationary error term, even if none of the
variables taken alone is stationary. Stock (1987) has

The Natural Gas Of Gas Essay
Natural gas liquefaction goes back to the 19th century when Michael Faraday, a British chemist and
physicist, experimented with liquefying different types of gases including natural gas. Liquefied
natural gas (LNG) is an odorless, colorless, non–toxic, non–corrosive and non–flammable form of
methane. "The first liquefied natural gas plant was built in West Virginia in 1912" (Dominion). The
LNG was first produced in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1939. In the 1950s and 1960s, the ocean–going trade
in international LNG began. In 1969, the first LNG terminal and commercial liquefaction facility in
the world in the United States began operations in Kenai, Alaska. The Kenai Peninsula LNG plant,
operated by ConocoPhillips, is one of the oldest and constantly operated LNG plants in the world. In
order for natural gas to be exported overseas, it must first be turned into liquefied natural gas,
attested and a safe process that requires the construction and operation of new facilities.
The US government has a deep history of regulating different aspects of natural gas, including LNG,
in interstate commerce. In 1938, Congress passed the Natural Gas Act, which granted the Federal
Power Commission (FPC) exclusive jurisdiction over the import and export of natural gas. The
federal government had been reorganized since 1938. To this day, the function of protecting the
"public interest" for natural gas imports and exports has been allocated between two federal entities
which are the FERC and DOE.

The Natural Gas Price Of Gas
There are various reasons that prediction of natural gas price is imperative to producers, suppliers,
traders, market makers, and bankers involved in natural gas exploration, production, transportation
and trading as well as consumers involved in utilization of natural gas (Mishra, 2012). The prices of
energy commodity including natural gas price are very volatile that make the parties engaged in a
high risk and uncertain activities. More accurate forecast of the price, help them to select an
appropriate strategy to lower the uncertainty and hedge the risk. This research attempt to find the
best way to model and forecast natural gas price among different approaches and choose the
optimum practice to use.
The natural gas price is also important in evaluation of gas reserves (Caldwell & Heather, 1996).
The price of gas has huge effect on the value of the reserves which is a massive part of Gas
Company's assets. Fluctuation in gas price make an oscillation in company's value that increase the
investment risk which results a decrease in company's stock price.
1.1. What is Natural Gas
Natural gas (also called marsh or swamp gas in older texts and more recently Landfill gas) is a
combustible mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting of methane as a major component and
heavier hydrocarbons including ethane, propane, butanes, and very small amount of pentanes or
heavier components (Speight, 2007). The natural gas mixture also includes the unsaturated
hydrocarbons such as

Renewable Energy And Natural Gas Research

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Courtney Bennett

More from Courtney Bennett (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Renewable Energy And Natural Gas Research