Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. There are various ways to improve memory, such as chunking information, rehearsal, mnemonics, and semantic networks. Memory can be declarative or nondeclarative, explicit or implicit, and is supported by different brain regions like the hippocampus and amygdala. Factors like interference, failure of encoding, and context dependent cues can lead to forgetting over time.

1. Memory

2. Memory
the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve
information
3 Basic Processes:
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

3. Three-System Memory Theory
Sensory memory
the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an
instant
types are dependent on the source of sensory information
(iconic memory, echoic memory)
can store information for only a very short time, but its
precision is high
can be destroyed or replaced with a new one

4. Short - term memory
memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds
Long - term memory
memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis,
although it may be difficult to retrieve

5. Improving Memory

6. Chunk
a meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in
short-term memory
can be individual letters or numbers, or may consist of larger
categories such as words or meaningful units

7. P B S F O X C N N A B
C C B S M T V N B C

8. PBS FOX CNN ABC
CBS MTV NBC

9. Rehearsal
the repetition of information that has entered short-term memory
information is maintained in the short-term memory or may transfer into
long-term memory
Elaborative rehearsal
occurs when information is considered and organized in some fashion
expanding, linking to another memory, turning to image, transforming to
some other way
Mnemonics
formal techniques for organizing information in a way that makes it more
likely to be remembered

10. Semantic Networks
mental representations of clusters of interconnected
information
Spreading activation
activating one memory triggers the activation of related
memories

11. Serial position effect
the ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list
an item appears
primacy effect
items presented early in the list are remembered better
recency effect
items presented late in a list are remembered best

12. Improving Memory
keyword
encoding specificity
organization cues
effective note taking
practice and rehearse
don’t believe claims about drugs that improve memory

13. Memory Modules

14. Declarative memory
memory for factual information
Semantic memory
for general knowledge and facts about the world as well as memory
for the rules of logic that are used infer other facts
Episodic memory
memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context
Procedural memory
memory for skills and habits

15. Forms of Memory
Explicit memory
intentional or conscious recollection of information
Implicit memory
memories of which people are not consciously aware, but
which can affect subsequent performance and behavior
unclear dislike for an acquaintance
prejudice and discrimination

16. Neuroscience of memory
Hippocampus
aids in the initial encoding of information
Cerebral Cortex
where information is stored
Amygdala
involved with memories involving emotion

17. Recalling Long-Term Memory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
the inability to recall information that one realizes one knows
- a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from
long-term memory
Retrieval Cue
is a stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information
that is in long-term memory

18. Recall
memory task in which specific information must be retrieved
Recognition
memory task in which individuals are presented with a
stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in
the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives

19. What are the names of the seven dwarves in the Disney Movie
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs?
Which of the following are the names of the seven dwarves in
the Disney Movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs?
Goofy Bashful
Sleepy Sneezy
Smarty Happy
Scaredy Doc
Dopey Crazy
Wheezy Donald

20. Priming
a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept
(prime) later makes it easier to recall related information,
even when there is no conscious memory of the word or
concept
Name the moon of Mars.
_ _ obos

21. Flashbulb Memories
memories centered on a specific, important, or surprising
event that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot
of the event
memories that are exceptional are more easily retrieved
(although not necessarily accurate) than are those relating to
events that are commonplace
romantic experience, witnessing car accident, first airplane
flight

22. Source amnesia
when an individual has a memory for some material but
cannot recall where he or she encountered it before

23. Schemas
organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the
way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled
are based not only on the specific material to which people are
exposed, but also on their understanding of the situation, their
expectations, and awareness of motivations of others

24. Why We Forget
Failure of encoding
Decay - loss of information in memory because of nonuse
Interference - the phenomenon by which information in
memory disrupts the recall of other information
Cue-dependent forgetting - forgetting that occurs when
there are insufficient retrieval cues to revive information that
is in memory

25. The Before and After of Forgetting
Proactive interference
interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the
recall of newer material
Retroactive interference
interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of
information learned earlier because of later exposure to
different material

26. Memory Dysfunctions
Alzheimer’s disease
an illness characterized in part by severe memory problems
Amnesia
memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties
retrograde amnesia
in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain
event
anterograde amnesia
in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury