The document discusses topics related to online learning and instructional design, including: 1) Definitions and concepts of online learning, e-learning, and blended learning. 2) Instructional design models and theories, such as the ADDIE model and Bloom's taxonomy. 3) Components of designing online courses, like learning objectives, instructional strategies, and course content. 4) Types of e-learning platforms and learning management systems. 5) Comparisons between traditional classroom learning and online/e-learning.

1. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 1
Online Learning:
Definition and Design

2. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 2
Designing Multimedia
Instructions

3. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 3
The principle challenges in Interactive
Multimedia (IMM) are those of
pedagogy and design
Hooper, 1988
What the experts say about
educational software…

4. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 4
Enhance retention & transfer
Assess performance
Provide feedback
Elicit performance
Provide learner guidance
Present stimulus materials
Stimulate recall of prior learning
Inform learners of objectives
Gain attention
Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction (Gagne, 1977)

5. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 5
PRESENT
INFORMATION
Pretest
ARCS
Strategy
Interaction
Media
Time
Keller’s Motivational Model
(Keller, 2010)

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



Attention
Relevance
Confidence
Satisfaction

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An ideal multimedia team for
Interactive Multimedia software
production:
• instructional designer
• graphic designer
• animator
• audio-video experts
• programmer
• content experts

8. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 8
Mastery Learning Model
Specify learning objectives
Teaching and Learning
Diagnostic evaluation
Achieved objectives ?
Unit 2
Unit 1
Enrichment
Activities
Remedial
Activities

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10. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 10
Typical multimedia screen layout should have fixed
locations for content area, navigational buttons and
possibly menu. We must plan the layout so that the
content is presented with good balance. Divide the
screen into regions (Do layout analysis).

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Some important screen design principles:
Font: must be readable easily; with
proportional spacing between characters
Choose suitable background colour to
produce a good contrast of your text
(foreground). Use drop shadows text for
photographic background
Text and pictures must be arranged in
such a way so that they look neat
Always adopt a common look especially
colour of text and buttons

12. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 12
Some important screen design principles:
Use metaphors for popular interfaces like
next, previous or home buttons
Example :
Home Previous Next

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Some important screen design principles:
Interfaces must be user-friendly, functional
and easy-to-remember and consistent in
term of location
Certain interfaces can provide feedback
after being clicked so that user know the
progress of certain action
Example: Save button
Location of navigational buttons are
usually fixed at one location throughout
the presentation

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Types of Interactivity
• Sims (1996) describes 10 types of
interactivity
• Object interactivity
• Objects are activated through mouse
clicks or input devices
• Linear interactivity
• Forward and backward movements of
electronic pages
• Hierarchical interactivity
• Freedom of movements to selected
modules via a menu

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Types of Interactivity (cont …)
• Supporting interactivity
• Users are provided with help and
messages (simple to complex)
• Updating interactivity
• Problem solving with provided
dialogue boxes (discussion)
• Constructive interactivity
• The system creates a situation where
objects manipulation can take place to
achieve certain objectives

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Types of Interactivity (cont …)
• Reflective interactivity
• Users are provided with answers from
other users for comparison purpose
and self-evaluation
• Hyperlink interactivity
• Users are provided with vast electronic
resources in databases to solve
problems dynamically

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Types of Interactivity (cont …)
• Non-immersive contextual interactivity
• Virtual reality type of interactions
using all the above types of
interactivity
• Immersive virtual interactivity
• Virtual reality type of dynamic
interactions using all the above types
of interactivity in a computer
generated VR environment

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Online Learning:
Definition and Concept

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Web Authoring Programs
 Also known as Web page editors or HTML
editors
 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a
tagged language used by web browsers to
display web pages
 Examples of Web page editors :
- MS FrontPage
- online web builder (most common nowadays)

20. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 20
Web Authoring Reminder
 When doing a multimedia project or creating a
Homepage: all multimedia components
especially audio, video and animation OR web
pages must be confined to a folder
 All graphical objects/pictures, audio and video
files must first be copied into the same folder
before they are hyperlinked

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Upload To Web Site
 All files in the folder must be uploaded to your
registered web site
 Files are transported to web site using File
Transfer Protocol (FTP) programs
 Examples of FTP programs :
- WS FTP Pro
- built-in FTP in FrontPage
- most online website creators have built-in
files uploaders

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Example: WS FTP Pro

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Instruction Design
Instructional Design is a technology for the
development of learning experiences and
environments which promote the acquisition of
specific knowledge and skill by students. It is a
technology which incorporates known and
verified learning strategies into instructional
experiences which make the acquisition of
knowledge and skill more efficient, effective,
and appealing.

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The ADDIE Model
Analysis: Need analysis of learners
Design: What strategies are needed to
present materials to learners
Development: Develop materials with tools
Implementation: Try out with learners to get feedbacks
Evalution: Find whether objectives are met

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Designing Objectives: Bloom’s Taxonomy
Source: B. Bloom & others. Taxonomy of cognitive outcomes, 1956]

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E-Learning

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E-Learning
The word has been written in many
different ways: e-Learning, eLearning,
ELearning, E-Learning. Besides that, other
terms have been used interchangeably
with e-learning and they include:
online learning
online education
technology-based learning/ training
web-based learning /training
computer-based training (generally
thought of as learning from a CD-ROM)

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Blended Learning

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Types of E-Learning Platform
Learning Management System (LMS):
• Moodle (most commonly used)
• Blackboard
• Coursenetworking.com
• schoology
• Edmodo
• Openlearning.com
• coursera

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Importance of e-learning
• Self-paced
• Consistency
• Easy to update content
• Provision of content (quality)
• Increased understanding
• Increased participation: forum,
quiz, assignment
• Encourages independent learning

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Traditional Learning versus E-Learning
Scenario
• Traditional learning merangkumi proses penyampaian
maklumat/isi kandungan secara bersemuka di bilik darjah/
dewan kuliah
• E-learning atau online/mobile learning merupakan proses
penyampaian maklumat/isi kandungan melalui internet. Ia
juga lebih dikenali sebagai pembelajaran tanpa sempadan
• Sering didebatkan bahawa traditional learning lebih popular
dan efektif manakala e-learning pula lebih menjimatkan kos
dan kuasa penyebaran maklumat yang meliputi kawasan
geografi yang lebih luas

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Perbandingan
Tradisional Learning E-Learning
Kekurangan ruang apabila
pelajar meningkat
Boleh menerima ramai
pelajar serentak mengikut
kapasiti Pelayan Komputer
Merupakan pembelajaran
synchronous
Pembelajaran
asynchronous (nota + forum
atas talian) dan
synchronous (chat / video
conferencing)
Isi kandungan pembelajaran
kurang menarik
Isi kandungan pembelajaran
menarik seperti multimedia
Traditional Learning versus E-Learning

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Perbandingan
Tradisional Learning E-Learning
Satu kaedah pembelajaran
iaitu kuliah atau pengajaran
guru kepada pelajar sahaja
Kaedah pembelajaran
dipilih oleh pelajar; forum,
kaedah latih tubi,
multimedia
Isi kandungan statik Isi kandungan beranimasi
Bilangan graduan dihasilkan
kurang
Bilangan graduan dihasilkan
ramai
Traditional Learning versus E-Learning