Disease Surveillance Research

Disease Surveillance Research
"Disease surveillance is "the ongoing systemic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination
of specific health data for use in public health" (Lee et al, 2010; Webster's 2008)" (Stanhope&
Lancaster, 2014, p. 267). Disease surveillance helps create knowledge of outbreak patterns such as
timing, vulnerable populations, and geographic distribution. Reduced morbidity and mortality and
improved health are accomplished by observing disease trends by surveillance measures.
Surveillance is just not about reducing the spread of infectious disease. Furthermore, it involves
monitoring chronic diseases, environmental/occupational exposures, and personal health behaviors.
The nurse's "surveillance includes public health surveys on environmental factors such as water
pollution, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The staff nurse partaking in surveillance and investigation activities must be able to participate and
have knowledge about five out of the eight competencies which are: analytic assessment skills,
communication, community dimensions of practice, basic public health science skills, and
leadership /systems thinking. Analytic assessment skills assist with identifying the problem and
finding out a cause. In addition, pertinent data is collected and risks are identified. Communication
provides "oral and written reports" and presents "demographic, statistical, and scientific information
to other professionals and the community" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014, p. 268). Community
dimensions of practice deals with beginning and maintaining links and collaboration among
partners. Basic public health sciences distinguish responsibilities for individuals and organizations.
Leadership and systems thinking recognizes internal and external issues, promotes efforts of the
team and organization, and plays a part in "developing, implementing, and monitoring of the
investigation" (Stanhope& Lancaster, 2014, p.
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Bed Bug Research Paper
Discussion:
1. My selected topic for this discussion is, bed bugs. Recently, I have seen 5 different cases in less
than month in regards to bed bugs. Our clinical staff is well trained and adheres to the policies when
we have bed bug patients. The two websites I listed below gave multiple research avenues of current
and previous studies of bed bugs. http://jech.bmj.com/ – Epidemiology and Community Health
https://academic.oup.com/aje – American Journal of Epidemiology
2. Two types of information that can be obtained from the registry include; public health data and
analysis. Every discipline is responsible for the receipt, processing, quality, and analysis of its data.
Vital–event data are derived from the certificates filed with each jurisdiction ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
BRFSS is the system of health–related telephone surveys that collect state data about U.S. residents
regarding their health–related risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, and use of preventive
services. By collecting behavioral health risk data at the state and local level, BRFSS has become a
tool for targeting and building health promotion activities. Currently, all states collect data to help
them form and track state and local health objectives, plan health programs, implement disease
prevention and health promotion activities, and monitor trends. This service would be beneficial to
my study because due to the BRFSS using random dialing to contact the population there is a likely
chance that they will filter out individuals with bed bugs currently or in the

Essay On Heart Disease
Research Methods
This research study is an attempt to increasing the understanding of heart disease through nursing
intervention with the hope of attaining better guidelines for the care of patients, families, and
communities. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the research methodology for collecting,
analyzing, and presenting data. It will also expound on the assumptions made during the study and
limitations of the data collected. Finally, it will give a recap of the study's findings and
recommendations for future research.
Research Design
The research study is a comparative descriptive design. Comparative descriptive study designs are
useful for identifying the risk factors that may be associated with a disease condition. When specific
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The paired t–test is a statistical analysis test used to determine if the mean difference between two
sets of data is zero. During the study, each participant will be interviewed twice, creating a before
and after situation. The paired t–test will then compare the mean values from two samples (Surkis &
Read, 2015). Statistical significance and practical significance are important when interpreting the
results. Statistical significance is determined by examining the p–value. The lower the p–value, the
lower the probability of the null hypothesis being correct. This reflects the low probability that
conclusions were determined by chance. Practical significance depends on the participants refers to
the relationship between the data and real life situations. During the data analysis, results can be
statistically significant but not practically significant. Both types are required to obtain valuable
conclusions.
Assumptions of the Study
Assumptions for this research study are that the participants will answer the interview questions in
an honest and candid manner. The inclusion criteria of the sample are appropriate and therefore,
assures that the participants have all experienced the same or similar phenomenon of the study. The
research assumed that all women had attained an education level that can help them interpret and
understand simple texts and phrases. It is for this reason that it included women aged 30 and 55
years

The Use Of Tobacco Products During Pregnancy
The use of tobacco products during pregnancy has influenced the outcomes of infants' birth in
multiple ways. Maternal smoking during pregnancy impairs fetal growth and decreases gestational
age thus, increasing several risk factors in the neonatal population. These risk factors are low birth
weight (LBW), and premature birth. There is a strong correlation between both risk factors as it
relates to neonatal long–term morbidity and also mortality. Infants who are born preterm accounts
for a large percentage of early neonatal deaths and studies have exhibited that low birth weight
babies are at a higher risk of developing chronic illnesses later on in life (Tong, Jones, Dietz, D
'Angelo, & Bombard, 2009).
Research on smoking and its effects on the development of fetuses along with the birth weight of
newborns have been a studied topic since 1957. Unfortunately, since this time their have been
numerous limitations based on how these examinations were conducted. Even though smoking has
decrease over the year's low birth weight and pre–term infants continues to be a risk factor for those
prenatal mothers who continues to smoke.
Smoking during pregnancy has remained one of the most common preventable causes of infant
morbidity and mortality. The rationality behind concentrating on low birth weight infant and
prematurity as a target of importance is made clear by steps taken by the United States government
to develop intervention programs that focus on the prevention of

Mexico Border Essay
The 13 million people who live along the United States – Mexican border1 face unique health issues
and disparities than their northern and southern residing counterparts. Access to health care is a great
health determiner for the many foreign–born residents living in the United States, especially for
undocumented immigrants2. The topic to be addressed in this review will include current health
issues and accessibility of care for the people living along the US – Mexico border. This study will
include infectious diseases, substance abuse as well as issues facing women and children. The
combination of many social factors including increased poverty and drug use, limited healthcare and
low self–efficacy are all impacting the rates of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This topic and literature review will not encompass a hypothesis due to the purpose of this review
which is to determine areas of improvement for the health issues facing this population. The use of
this study is to explore and improve the negative stigmas associated with the individuals who are in
desperate need of care to other healthcare professionals. Increased tolerance of the nation to cultural
differences will improve health statuses for all by eliminating social stigmas and reducing the
burden of illness for all.
Methods I – Subjects The increased risk and incidence rates of certain health issues associated with
the United States – Mexico border require unique attention and specialization. The US border region
is medically underserved, has higher uninsured rates resulting in worsening health conditions in an
increasing population5. The overall population for this review consists of communities along the
US–Mexico border focusing on the Hispanic immigratory individuals who face barriers to improved
health status. An increase in rate of disease is experienced when two countries of different disease
rates deal with high volumes of travel, trade, and immigration, which can be a primary source of
illness in the bordering country with the lower incidence rate,6 which in this case would be the US.
This review will consider different types of health issues associated with the underserved
populations along the border area with

Informative Essay On Drunk Driving
Drunk driving is a major problem and one that hits close to home for me. My uncle is in a
wheelchair because he got into a car with a drunk driver. That is why I decided to do my paper on
this subject. I think people should know not to drive drunk. The legal blood alcohol concentration or
BAC is 0.08. You are considered alcohol impaired once you reach this level. In 2014, there were
9,967 fatalities where drunk drivers were involved. This is an average of 1 death every 53 minutes.
An article says that one–third of all crashes resulting in death are the result of alcohol impaired
driving. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey or the BRFSS survey,done in 2012,
shows an estimated 4.2 million adults reported at least one alcohol

Minimum Wage Debate Summary
After reading these two articles about the minimum wage, there are more interesting issues that
arises. While the first article by Sabia (2014) added additional insight of how the minimum wage
relates to the poverty level, McCarrier et al (2011) adds how the minimum affects health care. The
framework of each article, is describes in three categories; 1) decisions, 2) assumptions and 3)
arguments. The objective of this paper is to develop questions for each article, which may contribute
to the study. Below is a list of these questions.
Sabia, J. J. (2014). Minimum Wages: An Antiquated and Ineffective Antipoverty Tool.
1. Does an increase in the minimum actually help reduce the poverty level in the United States or
does it just reduce the number

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Living in the United States as an international student, one of the notable things for me was the
remarkable number of obese people or I'd rather say people above average weight. Counted among
the people above average weight back home, I was surprised when people considered me slim here.
I came to a conclusion that the concept of relativity is to blame for this. This thing clearly suggests
the growing problem of obesity in the United States which I have been able to observe first
handedly for quite a long time now. Not only my personal observation and experience, but even the
statistics show that the problem of obesity in the United States is at an alarming state. Among the
respondents in Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) conducted by CDC, 28.1%
were obese. State specific obesity ranged from 20.5% in Colorado to 34.7% in Louisiana. While
some people might blame their genes for obesity, I believe that lifestyle is the main cause of obesity.
With the advancement of technology, people have become far too sophisticated, mainly in the
developed country. And that counts for the fact that obesity is prevalent mostly among the developed
countries including the United States of course. For instance, most of the families including mine in
Nepal do not own a washing machine. So, the effort that people put on washing their own clothes
instead of just throwing them into a machine and pushing a button actually helps to burn some
calories. Also, everyone does not

Situation Assessment
Situation Analysis
American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) make up 5.3% of the total population in Arizona
(Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2016). Apache County, Arizona contains the largest area of land
occupied by the Navajo Nation. "Two–thirds of the population, and over one–half of the land area is
comprised of the Navajo Nation, the largest Native American tribe" (Apache, 2013). Forty–seven
percent of the total Navajo population lives on the Navajo Nation and 51% is under the age of
twenty–nine (Navajo Population Profile, 2013). Apache County has the highest AI/AN population
(73.5%) and highest years of potential life lost before the age of 75 in Arizona. The County ranks 15
out of 15 with the poorest health outcomes within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Behavioral Objectives
Behavioral objectives are as follows:
1.Increase frequency of moderate physical exercise by 50% in target population by the end of the
one year campaign.
2.Decrease frequency of substance use by 75% in the target population by the end of the one year
campaign.
Simon, Powell & Swann (2004) found that youth who attempted suicide were far less likely to
engage in physical activity. Barlow et al. (2012) found that substance use was known to co–occur in
64% of Apache youth ages 15–24 were "drunk or high" at the time of suicide death; 75.7% were
"drunk or high" during suicide attempt; 49.4% during suicidal ideation; and 49.4% during non–
suicidal self–injury. Youth reported that alcohol was the primary substance and marijuana was the
next most common drug to co–occur with self–injury.
Communication

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
I. Background
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System or BRFSS is a health survey conducted in the
United States. This system uses this health surveys to look at behavioral risk factors within the
United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention is in charged of the BRFSS. The individual state health departments in the United
States also conduct the BRFSS. The health surveys are conducted by telephone. It is considered the
world's largest health survey system (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System uses a cross–sectional telephone survey to determine
risk factors for a chosen health issue (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides technical and methodological assistance but
individual states are able to add their own questions to the health surveys being conducted (Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The topics that have health surveys being administrated
includes alcohol consumption, asthma, cardiovascular disease, cholesterol awareness, chronic health
indictors, colorectal cancer screening, demographics, diabetes, disability, exercise, fruits and
vegetables, health care access/ coverage, health status, HIV–AIDS, hypertension awareness,
immunization, injury, oral health, overweight and obesity (BMI), physical activity, prostate cancer,
tobacco use, and women's

Evaluation Of Epidemiological Problem Of Diabetes Mellitus...
Evaluation of Epidemiological Problem Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major chronic health problem
in adults 18 years or older in the state of Kentucky (KY) that is responsible for many illnesses and
deaths. There are also various complications associated with this health condition. Complications of
DM are atherosclerotic vascular disease, cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, delayed
wound healing, and increased risk for osteomyelitis, which increases the risk for amputation
(American Diabetes Association, 2013). The incidence and prevalence of DM is increasing each
year, making the importance of understanding this deadly but preventable disease and the
opportunities to delay complications essential in providing care to the diabetic population in KY and
nationwide. Nationwide, diabetes prevalence in the US affects approximately 25.8 million
Americans with the occurrence of the diagnosed diabetes in the elderly population demonstrating a
consistent significant increase (ADA, 2013). The data reveals that monitoring of the national trends
in the course of the increase in diabetes is important, and it will help to assess the severity of the
problem, the role of risk factors, necessary interventions, and plan appropriate healthcare measures.
Background DM is a complex and multifaceted dysfunction of the endocrine system. It is a
metabolic disorder involving the inability of the body to adequately metabolize carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats due to deficiency or

Sleep And Sleep
Leeuwen, W. M., Sallinen, M., Virkkala, J., Lindholm, H., Hirvonen, A., Hublin, C., . . . Härmä, M.
(2017). Physiological and autonomic stress responses after prolonged sleep restriction and
subsequent recovery sleep in healthy young men. Sleep and Biological Rhythms.
doi:10.1007/s41105–017–0122–x
This study was an experimental one. Researchers modified the sleep of an experimental group and a
control group. After two baseline nights of 8 hours in bed, it was then restricted to 4 hours per night
for five nights, followed by three recovery nights of 8 hours, representing a busy workweek and a
recovery weekend. The control group had 8 hours in bed throughout the experiment. Cardiovascular
readings were taken for both groups. There were 15 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Circadian hemodynamics in men and women with high blood pressure. Journal of Hypertension, 1.
doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001533
This study was performed to put more explanation of how "non–dipping" circadian blood pressure
works as far as cardiac output and vascular resistance are related to it. The non–dipping pattern is an
established predictor of bad heart outcomes and researchers want to know more about what it
depends on. There are 140 African American and white men and women with elevated clinical blood
pressure. There are readings taken during the day and the night for each participant of various
hemodynamic values. This is a prospective cohort study. There is no control group present in this
study. Using the criterion of less than 10% dip in SBP, there were 51 non–dippers and 89 dippers.
There was almost no change in cardiac output for all participants between night time and day time.
However, vascular resistance decreased from daytime to night–time, but non–dippers compared with
dippers exhibited a significant decrease in vascular resistance from daytime to night–time. Relative
to the white participants, African–Americans also exhibited dipping as well as a decrease in vascular
resistance. ANOVA analysis was used to calculate statistical significance. In the context of high BP,
these findings suggest that non–dipping may be a manifestation, or marker, of more advanced
vascular disease. The non–dipping pattern of circadian blood pressure is a known

Effective Supervision Probation : How Effective Is It?
Tiffany Thomas
Seminar in Criminal Justice
Term Paper
Due November 24, 2015
Intensive Supervision Probation: How effective is it?
Due to the increase of correctional populations that continue to exceed its' capacity, correctional
alternatives were created. Correctional alternatives were to alleviate both prison crowding and the
threat to public safety posed by serious offenders (Flores, Holsinger, Latessa, Lowenkamp, &
Makarios, 2010). Rehabilitation in the 1970s was a variable correctional goal however by the 1980s
intermediate sanctions developed . Intermediate sanctions consist of house arrest, electronic
monitoring, boot camps, day reporting centers, intensive supervision probation or parole,
community service, fines, and curfews (Tonry, 1990). These sanctions offer community based
punishments that focus on deterrence, incapacitation, and retribution (Tonry, 1990).
The most common intermediate sanction created to divert offenders from the correctional system is
Intensive Supervision Probation also known as ISP. Although ISPs originally sought out to provide
an alternative to the correctional system, ISPs were also meant to maintain a high degree of control
and surveillance in the community (Fulton, Latessa, Stichman, & Travis, 1997). Intensive
supervision probation was implemented in the 1950s. The original idea was for officers to have
smaller caseloads so that offenders could be monitored more closely however, in the 1970s
probation departments experienced

The Epidemiology Triangle and Its Fundamentals in...
Introduction This work will use epidemiology triangle and its fundamentals in examining teenage
pregnancy. This issue remains the only preventable problem in most countries because it is not a
disease and none transmittable. However, it is a major problem affecting the younger generation.
There is a major controversy in defining epidemiology, and most people misinterpret the definition.
Research carried out indicates that most people have a negative perception on epidemiology. Some
people consider epidemiology as the worst course in medical school. Others assert that
epidemiology entails the science of engaging in incomprehensible matters. The responses collected
is disclosed that even epidemiology experts misapprehend the issue (Langille, 2007). To illuminate
some light on this issue, Dotinga (2008) defined epidemiology as the survey of the distribution and
factors of health–based issues in particular populations, and use of this survey to manage health
problems. A simple definition of epidemiology is observing the variation between a health
professional and an epidemiology expert. A health care expert examines and diagnoses the patient
and decides the best form of treatment that suits the person. The epidemiologist analyzes the entire
population and intervenes to control the health problems. Teen pregnancy fits in here in public
health (Background on Teenage Pregnancy). Researchers use various approaches, tools and methods
in analyzing epidemiology. The main approach

Integrated Colaborative Model
Addressing Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders
Introduction: Childhood mental disorders pose a great public health concern due to their high
prevalence, early onset, and associated adverse effects and costs to the society. Mental disorders
among children are described as "serious deviations from expected cognitive, social, and emotional
development", and include conditions meeting criteria described by the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision (DSM–IV–TR) or the International
Classification of Diseases (ICD) (Perou et al 2013 P1). WHO (2003 P8) report mentions three major
aspects of childhood mental disorders: (i) world–wide up to 20% of children and adolescents suffer
from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most countries spend more on pre–school care than childcare, which could partly be a reflection of
coverage of a larger age group and a higher enrollment rate. Preschool spending is high at over 0.7%
of GDP in Denmark, Iceland and the United Kingdom, while childcare spending is only over 0.7%
in the Nordic countries. The available data for Canada and Switzerland show that public spending
on child care and pre–primary education was very meager (0.2%), much below the OECD average
of 24 countries in

Research Proposal
INTRODUCTION
Introduction:
With less than 0.1 percent of the population estimated to be HIV positive Bangladesh is a low HIV
prevalence country. The country faces a concentrated epidemic, and it's very low HIV prevalence
rate is partly due to prevention efforts, focusing on men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex
workers (FSWs), and injecting drug users (IDUs). In Bangladesh the first case of HIV was detected
in 1989, according to NASSP 2008, Government of Bangladesh source, till December 2008, there
were 1495 reported cases of HIV and 476 cases of AIDS, among them 165 died, Last surveillance
conducted in 2007 found national prevalence of HIV <1%, this makes Bangladesh a low
prevalence country. However, there are specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stigma of AIDS has taken many lives before the disease itself killed them. But the reasons
behind the suicides and extent of this have rarely come to our knowledge. Society's limited
understanding of this disease in causing innocent people to pay a terrible price. Increasingly across
the world, there are voices questioning in one angle. They question the narrow approach to a single
diseases, especially the huge financing for AIDS over all else in basic health care. Our approach to
this disease needs to change for the sake of our people, our brothers and our sisters who are fighting
against odds. Social factors like discrimination, stigmatization and rejection have pushed people
living with HIV to become desperate and feel hopeless, to the extent of giving up their life. They
face discrimination and lack of support not only from the society but also from his/ her own family.
They are also being confined from friends, scared for losing their jobs. This made them to live in
phobia and their condition become worse as they need proper and adequate treatment that could
provide them with better life. Most of these people are not getting proper medical and nursing care
as stigma is attached so strongly to this illness that even some well educated people refuse to serve
them. Many are afraid of consulting the doctors as they did not wish other people to know

Childhood Obesity : A Public Health Problem Essay
Obesity has been a major health issue in the community for the past three decades, and has recently
become a spreading concern for children (Black & Hager, 2013). Childhood obesity leads to many
health and financial burdens in the future, and has become a public health priority. According to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016), childhood obesity has doubled in
children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. Black and Hager (2013) state that
pediatric obesity is a major public health problem that effects a child's mental and physical health.
Having childhood obesity also increases the risk of developing adult obesity and many other chronic
illnesses. Childhood obesity will be further explored in the following sections and will include:
background, current surveillance methods, epidemiology analysis, screening and diagnosis, and the
plan of action. Background Childhood obesity is characterized by excess body fat, while overweight
is defined as having excess body weight for a particular height and age, which ultimately carries
significant health issues for the future. A high amount of body fat can lead to many health issues,
both immediate and long–term health effects. Immediate side effects include an increased risk for
developing cardiovascular disease, like high cholesterol and high blood pressure, prediabetes, and
increased risk for bone and joint problems, sleep apnea, and psychological issues (CDC, 2016).
Long–term effects include:

Sleeping And Drowsy Driving Research Paper
Sleepiness and drowsy driving contributes to a clear majority of motor vehicular accidents. Reports
on accounts of different aspect of sleep related vehicle accident have been previously studied. A
considerable amount of accidents is due to falling asleep while operating a vehicle. Why these
accidents happen and the minor provisions that could be applied to prevent someone from serious
injury or death could save lives. Information was also provided on studies of car accidents in
relation to sleep, causes of sleepiness while driving, and ways to prevent accident from a sleepy
driver. A statewide survey revealed that 7% of motor vehicle accidents resulted in fatal
consequences. (Prevention, 2009–2010) If someone is sleepy or drowsy driving, then

Hospital Acquired Infections: A Case Study
Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) is a major safety concern for both health care providers and the
patients. Considering morbidity, mortality, increased length of stay and the cost, efforts should be
made to make the hospitals as safe as possible by preventing such infections. These guidelines have
been developed for health care personnel involved in patient care in wards and critical care areas
and for persons responsible for surveillance and control of infections in hospital. (Mehta et al.,
2014) These healthcare–associated infections (HAIs) include central line–associated bloodstream
infections, catheter–associated urinary tract infections, and ventilator–associated pneumonia.
Infections may also occur at surgery sites, known as surgical

Oral Health In Pregnant Women: A Summary
Summary of Findings Oral health is recognized as an important public health concern, extremely in
pregnant women. According to Journal of Public Health Dentistry, pregnant women are higher risk
of oral disease (Silveira, Whitcomb, Pekow, Carbone, & Chasan–Taber, 2015). Pregnant Hispanic
women were more at risk for oral disease. Two main disorders that impact oral health in pregnant
women are anxiety and depression. Anxiety and Depression Module (ADM) females were ask about
their current pregnancy status at the time of the survey. A percentage was missing information on
anxiety and/ or depression. Lifetime anxiety and depression both ask about if the patient had any
disorder.
Problems Associated with Anxiety, depression, and oral health ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
General anxiety and dental anxiety played a role in the dental treatment. This means that they are
less likely to use regular dental services. Even though they found that anxiety was linked to poor
oral health; there many factor like being unmarried, having low–income or no health insurance, no
prenatal care and races play a role in oral health. In 2008 BRFSS, participants with lifetime and
current depression were found more likely with one tooth decay than anyone without the disorder
(Silveira, Whitcomb, Pekow, Carbone, & Chasan–Taber, 2015).
Actual Resolution
There is no actual resolution for this article, but there is more research to be covered on this topic.
Further research is needed to assess potential of prenatal psychosocial counseling. Increasing the use
of oral health services and the improved of oral health among the under population. The significant
finding for anxiety, then of depression needs further research to determine the role of anxiety–
specific influences in the development of adverse oral health outcomes (Silveira, Whitcomb, Pekow,
Carbone, & Chasan–Taber,

Global Mental Health Issues
Mental health is one of the global issues that have a significant impact on the international
community. Mental health concerns are eminent globally and in every population. There are about
200 classified forms of mental health disorders, but the common ones include anxiety, depression,
schizophrenia, post traumatic stress, dementia, bipolar disorders, and schizophrenia (Ahonen, 2014).
The World Health Organization (WHO) study shows that about a third of the global adult population
suffers from mental disease, in particular, mental disorder. 25 % of the United States adults are
suffering from mental illness (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Proportionally,
206% of U.S adults live with bipolar disorder and approximate 2.4 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First, it affects the performance of the health care by increasing service demand since most of
mental disorders require complex intervention. Besides, the treatment of these numerous disorders
will bring in a strain within the health care center, thus declining the health services efficiency.
Moreover, it results in crowding–out affects within the hospitals as some patients with severe mental
disorders will need to stay longer in the hospital. Consequently, this creates more demand for
hospital beds and related services. Mental illness increases health care expenditure since hospitals
incurs extra cost in hiring therapist, psychiatrist, etc. (Olesen et al., 2012). Besides, the health
systems suffer more cost in organizing awareness campaigns. On the other hand, the CDC is
working collaboratively with other organizations such as Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring
System (PRAMS), National Institute of Health, and Behavioral Surveillance System among others
to establish a comprehensive national surveillance of mental illnesses. Consequently, the
organization recommends an increased monitoring and management of anxiety disorders across all
agencies through the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Essay
Methods One major method that will be used will be the statistics taken from the Behavioral Risk
Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) provided by the NC department of health. Also, data will be
used for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Trust for America's Health study, done for the
year 2015. Both of these will give pertinent data on what factors may increase obesity over the
target population. While the method of this surveillance may use the BRFSS, there can be many
more other methods that can be used. In evaluating a financial project, majority of the times the
methods used during the evaluations will be quantitative, in order to prove financial gain (Makarova
& Sokolva, 2014). The same quantitative method can also be used in two different ways within this
project. The first method used for quantitative reporting, would be as the same as Makarova &
Sokolva mentioned, which would be using it as a financial indicator of the overall success of the
project (Makarova & Sokolva, 2014). As stated earlier, obese individuals spend about 1,429 dollars
more on health care than a normal individual (Finkelstein, Trodgdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). If an
analyst wanted to take this quantitative method, they would use the amount of money saved per
year, over the course of an individual's life, as a way to show that the evaluation of a plan was
successful. To further this, if the surveillance saw one person stay below obese for 25 years, this
would yield a total savings of around

National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey
It is important to gather data regarding the risk, number or people affected and morality pertaining to
cardiovascular disease. Different surveillance methods are used to obtain reporting information
regarding CVD. This information is beneficial to physicians, health care providers, and people in the
community. It provides data that can be used to establish prevalence in different categories. It
provides evidence and allows for issues to be prioritized. This is extremely important because
different nations, states, counties, and cities are able to factors pertinent to their areas. The United
States uses the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to gather information
about the health and nutritional status from households of different people (CDC Centters for
Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). National health and nutrition examination survey). The
NHANES combines information from completed surveys and physical examinations of people. This
data is used to identify make changes and implement policies. It is also used to identify ways to
improve the health care of the entire population. Baselines regarding different diseases are
established using this information on a national level. The state of Ohio uses self reporting to obtain
the prevalence of heart disease (Healthy Ohio, n.d). They use a Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System (BRFSS) to obtain this information about their residents. This information will allow
programs to be implemented to

Insider Threat Analysis
Insider Threat Analysis In many insider crimes, managers and other coworkers observed that the
offenders had exhibited signs of stress, disgruntlement, or other issues, but no alarms were raised.
Barriers to using such psychosocial indicators include the inability to recognize the signs and the
failure to record the behaviors so that they can be assessed. A psychosocial model was developed to
assess an employee' s behavior associated with an increased risk of insider abuse. The model is
based on case studies and research literature on factors/correlates associated with precursor
behavioral manifestations of individuals committing insider crimes. To test the model's agreement
with human resources and management professionals, we conducted an experiment with positive
results. If implemented in an operational setting, the model would be part of a set of management
tools for employee assessment to identify employees who pose a greater insider threat. The insider
threat refers to harmful acts that trusted individuals might carry out; for example, something that
causes harm to the organization, or an unauthorized act that benefits the individual. The insider
threat is manifested when human behaviors depart from established policies, regardless of whether it
results from malice or disregard for security policies. The most serious crimes and abuses include
espionage, sabotage, terrorism, embezzlement, extortion, bribery, and corruption.

Eating Disorders Affecting Our Image of Beauty; Research...
When Looking at a well know published magazine like Vogue, Glamour, and Top Model, they all
show beautiful women with extraordinary beauty and amazing sense of style and fashion. But when
looking at the models, do they really resemble the average women reading these magazines that the
ads and articles are intended for? Women and men are going through great lengths hurting
themselves to achieve such figures that the magazines show as beautiful. These people suffer from
eating disorders are starving themselves or eating then purging to get rid of the food. These are
serious and isn't something that can simply be stopped by just eating a normal diet again. On the
other side of the spectrum there are people that have another type of eating ... Show more content on
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In a journal entry G.N Hidayah and A.H. Syahrul Bariah wrote, "Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body
Composition and Dieting Behavior among Dancers". They discovered eating disorders among
dancers was common and a problem they struggle with. 23 dancers at the studio took the survey.
The survey was broken down asking question on diet habits, and other eating disorder symptoms. 22
said that they constantly think about weight and shape. 18 of the dancers are afraid of weight gain.
11 said that they have dieted to lose weight. 4 said they have vomited or have taken diet pills to get
rid of weight. 20 have said that they have tried exercising to get rid of weight (Hidyah and Bariah).
The information presented shows that the dancers have conflicts with their bodies for reasons of
their own. What's important to notice from the data collected is the dancers have a set image that
they see they should be otherwise a large percentage of them wouldn't have been afraid of gaining
weight or afraid of their weight. None of the were diagnosed with an eating disorder but symptoms
where present in the data and should be made aware. A person doesn't just get this disorder. An
eating disorder builds after an extended period of time. In the beginning of the disorder

Diabetes Is A Group Of Metabolic Diseases
Diabetes in African American Populations
Melanie Barber, MSN Student
MPH 855 Principles of Epidemiology
Department of Baccalaureate & Graduate Nursing, Eastern Kentucky University
Richmond, KY
November 21, 2016
According to the American Diabetes Association, diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases
characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The chronic hyperglycemia associated with diabetes results in failure of various organs including
eyes, kidneys, heart, and blood vessels (American Diabetes Association, 2016). Possible
complications of diabetes include heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, leg amputation, vision loss,
nerve damage, and premature death (World Health Organization, 2016).
The databases for the Centers for Disease Control and Protection, World Health Organization,
National Institute of Health, National Vital Statistics Survey, and Kentucky Data Warehouse and
Kentucky Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were reviewed for datasets and information
for diabetes mellitus.
Globally, an estimated 422 million adults were living with diabetes in 2014. The prevalence of
diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in adult population. In the past ten
years, diabetes prevalence has risen faster in low and middle income countries in comparison to
high–income countries. Diabetes is responsible for 1.5 million deaths in 2012 (World Health
Organization, 2016).

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System And Child Health
Executive Summary This research paper was written to provide the outlook of the opinions on the
most predominant behavioral health issues in the local community, as well as the approach in which
the organizations are to work together to address those behavioral health issues in the local
community. The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) used the
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Child Health Survey in order to determine
information in regards to those residents that are 18 and older. "The Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System and Child Health Survey is a federally funded random telephone survey of
Colorado residents. Information is gathered on a variety of health behaviors, conditions and
preventative health practices"(State of Colorado, 2016). The University of Colorado Hospital is also
the medical campus for the state of Colorado. Due to the early donations from businessman Philip
Anchutz, the earliest phases of the development for the campus allowed the vision for the new
medical campus to flourish. In the start their vision statement in their master plan was overarching,
with it being seven paragraphs long, but it made for planning out the vision statements for each year
after easier with a stable foothold on what was required. While the University of Colorado Anschutz
Medical Campus contains multiple different healths science related schools and colleges. Located on
a portion of what use to be Fizsimons Army Medical center

Reductionist Approach To Obesity
Obesity can be explained using both a reductionist and complex systems science approaches. While
a reductionist approach involves isolating variables to find a cause and effect relationship, a
complex systems science approach looks at adaptive and multilevel systems in context. Studies
about genetics, geographic location, and socioeconomic status show how reductionist and complex
systems science approaches can be applied to obesity Obesity can be understood using a reductionist
approach by investigating its link to genetics. One can isolate genes and discover their effect on
obesity. This reductionist approach takes obesity and breaks it down to a narrow focus that can be
tested. A reductionist approach was used in a study where researchers

Drinking While Pregnant Summary
Summary of Findings The article that I chose is most attracted by women of childbearing age. The
article spoke very detailed about the risk of women and children when the mother consumes alcohol
during pregnancy. The highest prevalence of any alcohol use was among those who were between
35– 44 years old, college graduates, and nonmarried women. The Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System proved this research and studies, which is state based survey. Each phone call
consists of a few questions asking about the consumption of alcohol (Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention).
Problems Associated With Drinking While bearing a child
There are many defects that can happen to your child when you're drinking while pregnant. There is
a disability collectively known as fetal alcohol syndrome disorder. Alcohol also increases the risk
factors such as increased risk for other pregnancy problems such as miscarriage, still birth, and
preterm birth (Centers for disease control and preventions). Drinking while pregnant can affect the
baby even at the beginning of the pregnancy sometimes even before the mother knows she is
pregnant. Fetal Alcohol is completely preventable if the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women and children are not always aware of the dangerous circumstances that she puts her and her
baby under when choosing to consume any form of alcohol while pregnant. Though pregnancy is
very dangerous there is so safe level of drinking alcohol during pregnancy. With the use of health
care research there is 1/3 of women bearing children drink at least within 30 days after finding out
they are pregnant. This number is very serious and needs to be reduced due to the increased numbers
of babies being affected as well. This gives the baby no chance of survival before he or she is even
fully developed in the

Physical Security Paper
Physical Security
SEC/410
August 12, 2013
Physical Security
It is important for all organizations to have physical security. Physical security protects the
organization in every way. Every individual needs to be aware of the importance of physical
security. Not only is important for the individual to be aware of the importance physical security has
in an organization but to be able to understand how physical security works within the organization.
In this paper the writer will be describing the core concepts of physical security. Additionally the
writer would be writing about the security assessments. Last the writing would be writing about the
basic physical controls.
The physical security is when security involves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The basic physical control is the implementation of security measures in a defined structure used to
deter or prevent unauthorized access to sensitive material ("1.2.1. Physical Controls", n.d.). Also
physical controls are safeguards to avoid and minimize any security risk the organization have that
involving computer software or even personal property. Some examples of physical control are
fences, security guards, access cards, surveillance cameras, biometrics and locks. Cameras are very
important in an organization. Depending on governing law and the prevailing corporate culture,
many companies have policies which prohibit the taking of pictures on the premises (Seese, 2009).
Organization prohibits the taking of pictures on the premises because when an individual is taking
pictures he or she might be planning on doing harm to the organization. He or she might want to rob
the organization and wants to know how the organization layout looks like from the inside and the
outside. Another reason why taking pictures is prohibited in organization is because the individual
could learn where the surveillance cameras are located, individual could even take pictures with his
or her cell phone, that is why in some organization there is security walking around to prevent any
picture to be taken. There are different kinds of biometrics technologies. One category is
physiological and another category is

Summary: The Rapid Surveillance System
System Overview
The Rapid Risk Factor Surveillance System (RRFSS) is a survey carried out by the Institute of
Social Research (ISR), at York University (Region of Peel, n.d; RRFSS, 2018a). Various public
health units, located in Ontario, can enroll into the RRFSS to have IRS collect public health related
data on their behalf (RRFSS, 2018b). The telephone survey involves IRS randomly contacting
Ontarians, who are a minimum of 18 years of age residing in the participating health unit regions, to
collect data on various health topics that is of interest to the local public health unit (York Region,
2004). The IRS uses Computer Assisted Telephone Interview system and delivers data to each health
unit in the Statistical Package for the Social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surveys are completed in 3 cycles with each cycle lasting 4 months (Jan– Apr; May–Aug; Sept–
Dec) (White, Steven, McGIll, & Russel, 2014). Health units receive the data two months after the
completion of each cycle (RRFSS, 2018b). Each survey is 20mins long and completely voluntary.
The respondents are selected randomly through "random digit dialing" (White et.al, 2014).
Each survey questionnaire includes 6 mandatory core modules and various health unit specific
optional modules (RRFSS, 2015; White et al., 2014). The mandatory modules are selected yearly by
each health unit and include socio–demographic concepts such as age, sex, tobacco use, income and
others whereas the optional modules are custom selected by each public health based on their
specific needs/interest such as breastfeeding awareness or oral health and many others (White et al.,
2014). The RRFSS include questions from the CCHS and National Population Health Surveys since
these questions have already been tested for reliability and validity (White et al.,

Symptoms And Treatment Of Depression
Although older adults are at increased risk of depression, it is not a normal part of aging (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015; Mental Health Association, 2016). Depression is
among the leading causes of disability in the general adult population, ages 18 years and above (US
Preventative Services Taskforce [USPST], 2016). The US Preventative Services Taskforce
recommends that all adult patients be screened for depression (USPST, 2016). Approximately 6% of
older adults, ages 65 and older, have some form of depression (Mental Health Association, 2016).
The risk of depression doubles after age 80 (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging–Related Statistics,
2012; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2011). According
to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2011), among older adults,
women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression; the prevalence of dysthymia and minor
depression in older adults is often under diagnosed; and lower treatment rates are seen among ethnic
minorities when compared to whites (SAMHSA, 2011). Figure 1. outlines the prevalence of
depression among older adults across all ethnicities.
Figure 1. Prevalence of Depression among Older Adults across all Ethnicities Source: Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2011
Depression in older adults is a public health issue. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration (2011) depressed

Hiv / Aids : A Global Health System
HIV/AIDS: A global health system
Rita K. Asiedu
Rutgers University
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the
end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more
prevalent in Sub–Saharan Africa with almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the
united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and
involving the transmission of multiple risk behavior. However, with the introduction of various
prevention programs and antiretroviral drugs, the incidence of HIV/AIDS has reduced.
Keywords: HIV/AIDS, global health problem, mode of transmission, risk behavior, incidence,
prevalence, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though African American represent 12% of the entire US population, they are the most
affected with HIV/AIDS accounting for 45% (17,670) of HIV diagnoses. Below is a table of the
population most affected with HIV new diagnoses according to the CDC, 2015 report.
New HIV diagnosis for most affected sub populations,2015
Source: CDC. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2015. HIV
Surveillance Report 2016;27.
Characteristics and statistics of HIV/AIDS from a national and global perspective
HIV/AIDS is acquired when there is an unprotected sexual intercourse, exposure to infected blood
or body fluids, sharing of needles or syringes with an infected person and from mother to child
through breast feeding or vaginal birth. The most prevalent places are the urban cites in the U.S. As
discussed earlier, the population at risk for the infection are gay and bisexuals, IV drug users and
heterosexuals. Within the first two weeks of acquiring HIV infection, the infected person develops
fever usually 100.4degrees, fatigue, sore throat, headache, muscle and joint pains. This normally
resolves itself without any intervention. Some people might also develop a digestive and respiratory
problem such as nausea &vomiting and dry cough. If untreated, it can result in low TCD4
lymphocyte count below 200 resulting in AIDS. Statistically, from the national level, the most
prevalent states in the U.S in

Asthma Poor Mental Health
This article is about how poor mental health might be able to boost asthma risk. Brown University
researchers reported that people who rated their mental health as poor were more likely to have
asthma than those who said their mental health was good. Lead researcher Dr. Thomas Chun, an
assistant professor of emergency medicine said that a person should be treated for asthma and
mental health problems if they have both of those conditions. Chun also noted that even if they can't
prove the two are related, it is important to treat them both. If one condition is improved then the
other might improve too. The study was published in the December 2008 issue of Chest. Chun's
team collected data on 318,151 people who volunteered in the Behavioral Risk ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
He also added that it is important to note that there study doesn't prove asthma causes poor mental
health or the other way around. Kim Lavoie thinks the possible association between mental health
and asthma needs to be inspected more. She is an assistant professor of psychology at the University
of Quebec in Montreal and an expert in the psychological factors involved in chronic diseases. She
said that the results from this study is not unusual and that they already knew that there is a strong
connection between high levels of psychological distress and psychiatric disorders, like depression,
anxiety, and panic disorders. She said both prevalence of asthma and worse asthma outcomes do
that. She said people who are stressed out don't really take good care of themselves, like when
people are depressed, they stop caring about their health and make bad choices. Lavoie also said that
maybe because stress is associated with a number of important physiological changes, like the
nervous system changes, which can cause growing chest tightness in people with asthma or the
immune system could change, which could cause more swelling in the airway of

Underestimated Due With An Inadequate Surveillance System
underestimated due to an inadequate surveillance system. Though this was partially a result of basic
failures of the surveillance system (such as a lack of timely reporting and a lack of laboratory
confirmation or serotyping), it was also due to a lack of economic interest. In the 1990s, increases in
tourism (driven by cruise ship lines, etc.) stimulated interest in identifying and preventing outbreaks,
which could be bad publicity and thus economically devastating. Likewise, although Ebola
hemorrhagic fever (EHF) has ravaged communities in West Africa since the 1970s, only recently has
the disease captured the attention of Western mass media (CDC, "Outbreaks," 2014). A lack of
mobility in the impoverished rural areas typically affected by ... Show more content on
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As a result of this, American economic stimulation in the Caribbean demanded surveillance
increases; the possibility of travel by EHF victims/contacts from West Africa caused hysteria in the
Western world and stimulated intervention from world and American health care authorities.
2. A case study outline for salmonellosis involves the identification of the source and the
surveillance of the disease. Then, a study method is chosen (here, a retrospective case–control study)
to determine risk factor and more. Data is collected and assessed to aid officials in introducing
measures to prevent the spread and correct the behavior that causes it (ranging from improper egg
handling to improper farming techniques). A case study outline for EHF would begin similarly. EHF
has its origins in the jungle, but it is still key to identify a source. After a source is found, all contacts
must be identified. Thus, we see that the case study for EHF is more human–centric. A case–control
study would be the practical study design, as it is less intensive and less expensive. Treating EHF
requires a large amount of money and resources (medical personnel, PPE, etc.). In contrast,
individuals with salmonellosis require adequate fluids to heal and little else. A salmonellosis
outbreak would have a case study outline very similar to that of a norovirus outbreak. One major
difference is person–to–person transmission is possible with norovirus but not

Public Health Authorities Need to Conduct Public Health...
Module 1 Assignment
Please answer below two questions, using an essay format.
Question 1 – Using HIV/AIDS as an example to discuss why public health authorities need to
conduct public health surveillance and to describe how surveillance system is managed in Australia
(9 marks) (Up to 800 words)
Public health surveillance is defined as the ongoing systematic collection, collation, analysis and
interpretation of outcome–specific data for public health purposes, closely integrated with the timely
dissemination of public health information for assessment and public health response for preventing
and controlling disease as necessary (Thacker & Stroup; Thacker et al.1994; World Health
Assembly, 2005). The surveillance method used for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
and human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections in Australia is similar to these methods used
for other diseases, aiming at reducing high–risk behaviors, lowering the incidence of transmission
and infection.
Firstly, the surveillance system for HIV/AIDS draws a unique epidemiological picture of magnitude
and trends in the prevalence of infection, resource allocation, targeted groups and risk behavior over
time. It describes the pattern of transmission of HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, and other specific
sexually transmissible infections. Secondly, It monitors an information cycle for collection and
exchange between different public health institutions between clinical and laboratory facilities,
infection

Public Health
Principles and Foundations of Health Education and Promotion, 5e (Cottrell et al.) Chapter 1 A
Background for the Profession 1) Which of the following phrases best describes the authors' view of
the status of health education? Health education is A) a calling. B) a profession. C) an applied
discipline. D) an emerging profession. Answer: D 2) The body of knowledge, principles, and
concepts used in health education/promotion come from a variety of disciplines. Which one of the
following is not one the major disciplines supporting health education/promotion? A) Physics B)
Biology C) Sociology D) Medical sciences Answer: A 3) Which one of those below is not used to
define a profession? A profession A) has a code of ethics. B) provides ... Show more content on
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Answer: C 17) The primary role of a health education specialist includes A) delivering health
education/promotion programs and evaluating health education/promotion programs. B) developing
health education/promotion programs for the people they serve and evaluating health
education/promotion programs. C) assessing the needs and diagnosing medical problems. D) serving
as a resource person, communicating with the public and marketing health education/promotion
programs. Answer: B 18) Which of the following steps is generally found in most planning models?
A) Learning activities B) Needs assessment C) Policy commitment D) Review of self–help
materials Answer: B 19) The primary role of a health education specialist includes all of the
following EXCEPT A) program development. B) program evaluation. C) program planning. D)
program redirection. Answer: D 20) According to the best available estimates, behavioral patterns
impact what portion of the population's early death? A) 70% B) 40% C) 30% D) 15% Answer: B 21)
According to the best available estimates, social circumstances impact what portion of the
population's early death? A) 70% B) 40% C) 30% D) 15% Answer: D 22) The use of the DTP
vaccine is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: A 23) The use of condoms to prevent the

Current Marketing Plan Essay
Examination of Current Marketing Plan
The evaluation team made a mistake that I believe anyone could have made. The team focused on
their intended population in which they wanted to market preventative care for prostate exams, and
received all the information they needed to successfully make that happen. What I believe went
wrong is that the forgot to look at outside resources, influences and environments, these men are in.
The group could have considered what type of influences were put upon the men to go to the doctors
in the first place. Why is there is so little concer for prevention meseasures of prostate cancer, but
such high (88%) of doctors visits for advanced stage prostate cancer. I would keep the same survey
that was originally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case, men did not seem to think they had a problem until their wife's made/said they had a
problem. We should always look outside the box, inside the box, making sure we are addressing all
the influences of health behavior actions.
Evaluation Tools
I would perform a consumer survey to help determine what the intended popualtion knows about
prostate cancer. This survey would also be available to women to fill out, this is just one way to help
make sure that our intended population gets some of the important information on prostate cancer.
Performing a consumer survey either by using s computer or by handing them out, will allow us to
see what type of marketing needs to be done. What are the outlets that our populations uses the
most, what are we wasting our time on, how much money can we save. Another tool I would use is
the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to help measure engagement. After all the
marketing tools have been implemented and the intended population has been reached, I would use a
surveillance system to help monitor various factors over an extended amount of time (U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], Center for Disease Control and Prevention
[CDC] ,2011). These factors would be how many men are going to get their prostates checked every
fours years, who makes their appointments, how many prostate cancers screenings come back
negative or

Communicable Disease Paper
Communicable Disease Paper
Communicable disease, "is an infectious disease transmissible, (as from person to person) by direct
contact with an infected individual or the individual's discharges or by indirect means (as by a
vector)" (Merriam–Webster, 2011, p. 1). Understanding how communicable diseases are spread is
important in reducing the significant affliction of disease in low income communities across the
United States and increase prevention, awareness, and safety. The objective of this paper is to
discuss the communicable disease's human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune
deficiency syndrome known as HIV and AIDS. In addition to describing HIV/AIDS, a brief
overview of prevention, environmental factors, and social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Influence of Lifestyles, Socioeconomic Status and Disease Management
In present society and in some lifestyles and media outlets, sleeping around is overly glorified to
children and young adults; the influence is the more the person sleeps around, the more popular the
person becomes. Particularly in the African American culture, video's depict rappers, surrounded by
women dressed scantly, influencing more provocative behavior among children and teens;
promoting sexual innuendos. A lower socioeconomic status may produce individuals with lower
education, poor health, and poverty. A person living at a lower socioeconomic status may not be able
to obtain decent employment to acquire health benefits; living in a poverty–stricken neighborhood
will not contain accurate or up–to–date–medical resources and services and sexual education will
become shelved as a non–important issue within these communities. For HIV/AIDS management
the individual must receive up–to–date information and education on available HIV/AIDS
resources, build a plan specifically created by his or her physician, obtain equipment, and supplies
necessary for treatment, and assess nutritional information, which is extremely vital in preventing
additional illnesses. Furthermore, the individual may want to build a support team including his or
her partner, and family members,

Disease Surveillance Research

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