Health Inequalities Among Australians

Health Inequalities Among Australians
This study examined the health inequalities among different socio–economic groups from 2004 to
2014 among Australians whose age ranging from 20 to 65 years old. According to the study, the
health risk factor behaviour; smoking by sex results indicated that males smoking were higher than
females during the study period. The highest rate of smoking were reported among males in 2004.
Smoking status by education groups suggested that the highest rate of smoking were accounted in
year 12 or below group in all three years, while university degree holders accounted for the least
group. The different income groups showed that the poorest people smoking percentage were higher
compared to the richest and the percentage had increased when it was moving ... Show more content
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First, the study had used an adequate sample size of 1,000 people each year to represents Australian
population. Furthermore, to increase the credibility of the study, the sample was drawn from the
responded individual files of the HILDA survey. Second, the study included three datasets from
three different years. This helped to examine the trends and inequalities in the population. Also, it
helped to get a comprehensive understanding of inequalities over a decade. Third, socio–economic
patterns are determined mainly using education, income, and occupation. In this study, both income
and education were taken into account to examine the inequalities. Moreover, the study had
considered the health risk factor behaviour among different socio–economic groups. Finally, the
study did not consider self–assessed health as the only determinant to measure inequalities. This
study had used self–assessed health, health compared to a year ago and SF–6D to identify the
inequalities among the selected population. Although there are such strengths in this study, findings
of the study should be examined with the following limitations.
The study had limited to a certain population whose age ranging from 20 to 65 years old. Limiting
the study to a particular population would prevent the researcher from examining the inequalities in
the remaining population. In addition, although the missing data did not affect a lot to the results, it
would be better to replace the missing data as it reduced the bias and improved the quality of
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Factor Analysis Of Information Risk
Factor Analysis of Information Risk (FAIR)
Factor Analysis of Information Risk (FAIR) is a framework for understanding, analyzing and
measuring information risk (Violino, 2010). FAIR is a Value at Risk (VaR) model for cyber security
and operational risk and is considered an international standard by The Open Group. The FAIR
model quantifies information risk in financial terms using a scientific approach (RiskLens, 2015).
Other risk models measure risk in qualitative terms based on the opinions of subject matter experts,
reliance on practitioner intuition and experience, industry lore and best practices (Violino, 2010).
The primary components of the FAIR framework are a taxonomy for information risk, standardized
terms and definitions for information risk terms, data collection criteria, scales for measuring risk
factors, a computational engine for calculating risk, and a simulation model to measure risk
scenarios (Jones, 2005). The framework is used to develop threat–modelled information risk
processes based on past experiences, up‐to‐date intelligence feeds, recognition of trends, and a
valuation of the organizational assets (Optimal Risk, 2015). Figure 1 – Threat Modeled Risk
Framework Source: (Optimal Risk, 2015)
The FAIR methodology's quantitative nature enables assessments to be performed in a consistent
manner and the taxonomy allows various teams from Information Risk, Information Technology and
the business talk about risk in the same terms. This allows for more

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
I. Background
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System or BRFSS is a health survey conducted in the
United States. This system uses this health surveys to look at behavioral risk factors within the
United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention is in charged of the BRFSS. The individual state health departments in the United
States also conduct the BRFSS. The health surveys are conducted by telephone. It is considered the
world's largest health survey system (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System uses a cross–sectional telephone survey to determine
risk factors for a chosen health issue (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides technical and methodological assistance but
individual states are able to add their own questions to the health surveys being conducted (Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The topics that have health surveys being administrated
includes alcohol consumption, asthma, cardiovascular disease, cholesterol awareness, chronic health
indictors, colorectal cancer screening, demographics, diabetes, disability, exercise, fruits and
vegetables, health care access/ coverage, health status, HIV–AIDS, hypertension awareness,
immunization, injury, oral health, overweight and obesity (BMI), physical activity, prostate cancer,
tobacco use, and women's

Risk And Protective Factors Paper
Risk and Protective Factors: A Case Examination
A brief description of the terms "risk" and "protective" factors
According to Fraser and Terzian, 2005 (as cited by Frey, Mandlawitz, Perry, and Walker, 2016),
"risk factor is any event, condition, or experience that increases the probability that a problem will
be formed, maintained, or exacerbated" (p. 99). They defined protective factors as factors or
behaviors, which reduces the likelihood of undesirable results. In basic terms, risk factors are
anything that contributes to the possibility of a negative outcome and protective factors are actions
that serve as a guide towards the desired results. Description of four of Joel's risk and corresponding
protective factors
The first risk factor is stress. Joel felt pressured to maintain a certain reputation because his father
was the school superintendent and from others who expected him to excel in sports (Blake &
Johnson, 2007). As a parent, I have certain expectations for my children based on my moral values. I
typically do not spend time wondering how they are impacted by my decisions, unless there is some
evidence of negative feedback. Whenever issues arise, I make an effort to resolve them. I have an
acquaintance that is very strict with her children. She said ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It is clear that Joel's parents did not know what he was doing; his drug use went unnoticed for
several years. In addition, he did not feel comfortable enough to tell them about his problem. There
are some people I can communicate my issues to without fear of the consequences, and others I
cannot. I have found that some people cannot be trusted to behave appropriately when presented
with sensitive information. Therefore, my tendency is to divulge information only to people I can
trust or feel safe around. The corresponding protective factor is caring relationship with siblings that
encourage open honest

Wang And Steven Model Of The Cumulative Impact Of Multiple...
1. Explain the Shi and Steven model of the cumulative impact of multiple risk factors?
There are risk factors such as race/ethnicity, low socioeconomic status (SES), and lack of health
insurance, which independently and strongly related with disparities (Shi & Steven, 2005). These
risk factors are barriers to access to health care, quality to care, and health status. The vulnerability
of an individual increases with increases of risk factors, however there is an interaction among
different risk factors which escalate the impact. Shi and Steven model of the cumulative impact of
multiple risk factors talks about the accumulation of effect of the multiple risk factors on health–
related outcomes, poor health care access, and quality of care.
The overlap of the three risk factors i.e. minority, low income, and uninsured was represented in a
Venn–diagram. According to Shi and Steven (2005), there are almost 2.8 million adults and about1
million children in the U.S. who have 3 risk factors. When an individual have all three risk factor
means that they have the poorest health status and inadequate health care access. For instance: a
study showed that the low income and education levels was directly related to late diagnoses of
breast cancer. The rate of late diagnoses was higher when these two SES was combined with the
race/ethnicity. Similarly, 14.6% Caucasian with no other risk factors report poor mental health
status, while there are 37.3% of blacks with low income and low

Stroke Risk Factors
All topics in this booklet are intrinsically linked by cause–effect relationships: independent and
dependent. It includes all possibilities that attribute simultaneously to make obvious rather tricky in
practice. (Tones et al., 2013). It is virtually impossible currently to estimate all aspects of stroke,
However, regarding the health services, with holistic vision of the patients and the family or society
as a whole, two aspects must be emphasised: risk factors and after stroke care.
Both topics are very important parts of the consistent relationship between incidence, prevalence
and mortality, which are established with the use of data from NICE Evidence healthcare databases
and a range of other established health resources. Both topics are analysed and evaluated by using
literature and research evidence. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acheson 1998; Marmot 2010; Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health (1998), Smith (2013).
The goal is to review the evidence–based recommendations for the stroke risk factors. A
modification in a person' current and future health status can be credited to antecedent health care.
The overall long–term impact of health interventions are both on populations as a whole and on
individuals in particular (Wolfe et al., 1996). Cerebrovascular diseases can be prevented by
addressing known, modifiable risk factors. It is important to identify risk factors for stroke and
sources in order to take steps towards preventing stroke and provides concrete actions to reduce the
burden of stroke within a population (Mohr et al.,

Factors That Influence Risk Management
In this contemporary world, there are many interesting happen all around the globe with the help of
technology advanced. Hospitality, tourism and events are some of the largest industries due to the
fact that there have been an increasing demand for these sectors in recent decades. That's why the
concern for risk management practices is also on the rise as there have been number of report on
unfortunate incidents related to safety measures in the three sectors. The development of risks study
and its implication have been adopted as people now aware of their own safety and others as well.
Therefore, this essay want to address different factors that influence risk management decision and
how to minimise the chance of that could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The level of risks is associated with different managing method, particularly in crisis and disaster
management situation due to its size and impact on society. Natural disaster is unavoidable therefore
there have been many attempts to reduce the impact while crisis indicates either man–made disaster
or highly uncommon events that can be predicted (LRG 2012).
According to NSW Government (n.d) risk management process is divided as the following steps
Establish the context
Identify the risk
Analyse the risk
Evaluate the risk
Treat the risk
The concern areas for risk assessment include administration, marketing, crowd management,
health, safety, security, and transport (Bennett 2012). Nevertheless, its influences can arise from
internal and external environment while the precise outcomes are hard to estimate and control,
organisation then need to construct a strategic risk management plan for specific departments or
projects to eliminate and minimise the possibility. It will reassure company's stakeholders that the
safety is the priority objective as well in case of law suit occurs, the organisation has already
established appropriate legal responsibility measures and duty of care.
Risk Management – Tourism First section of risk management that the essay will discuss is
surrounding tourism industry. There are number of catastrophic disasters have occurred all around
the world. The casualty and damages are immeasurable.

Risk Factors In Taiwan
Taiwan's Business Environment as Related to Risk Factors There are several risk factors that affect
Taiwan's business environment, including economic/financial, environmental and, most importantly,
political risks.
Economic/Financial Risk The main economic risk relates to the Chinese economic growth falling in
2015. Growth is expected to increase in 2016, but economic activity will continue to be inhibited.
The US economy's recovery after the recession in 2008 should help to mitigate the effects of a
weaker demand in China. Personal disposable income is expected to be the main economic activity
driver, thought it will only moderately grow due to a stagnation of wages. The Taiwanese
government is trying to stimulate the economy by offering subsidies supporting household
purchasing power, in addition to tax benefits to companies that increased their staff wages (Coface,
n.d.).
Despite the economic slowdown, the budget deficit and public debt of Taiwan is expected to
continue to decline, as well as help the development of infrastructure, for transport in particular. The
trade and service surplus that the country has enjoyed because of resuming their relationship with
China may be affected by the expected economic slowdown in China. However, the Taiwanese
dollar is expected to remain stable against the US dollar due to the current account surplus in the
country (Coface, n.d.). All of these economic and financial aspects affect the business environment
in Taiwan, especially

Factors Affecting Risk Factors And Risk Markers
We can differentiate between risk factors, causal risk factors and risk markers ( Kraemeret
al.,1997;Kraemer, Stice, Kazdin, Offord & Kupfer,2001). The difference between these types of
factors lies in the information about causation. Predictors are titled risk factors when there is no
knowledge about whether the predictor causes the outcome. If research has proven that the predictor
causes the outcome, it is labelled a causal risk factor. On the other hand, research has shown that
there is no fundamental relationship, the predictor is labelled a risk marker .A risk marker shows that
the predictor and dependent variable are interrelated, but other (confounding) factors can explain the
link between the two. A c example is the relationship ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Continual generations may be trapped in poverty, have unsettled family lives, and may live in the
most deprived areas (Farrington, 2011, p. 132)
Social learning mechanism
Another mechanism is that parents may show their children how to commit crime and may possibly
offend together with their children (Farrington,2011). This relates to theories about social learning.
In his Differential Association Theory, Sutherland assumes that people learn behaviour through
contact with other people such as their parents ( Lanier & Henry, 2004;Sutherland & Cressey,1955).
Kids will have parallel attitudes to their parents. An individual will commit criminal acts when
he/she has learned more motivations to break rather than to follow the law. Bandura ( 1973, 1977)
suggests that children learn behaviour through observation and imitation of role models. Parents are
significant role models; if they are hostile, children will copy their hostility. Furthermore, children's
antisocial or violent behaviour might be reinforced by their parents and they might notice their
parent's antisocial behaviour being reinforced. According to these two theories children with violent
parents will imitate their parent's aggressive behaviour and will learn that it is okay to engage in
such behaviour. Previous studies in delinquent development confirmed that co–offending of parents
and children is unusual and rare (Reiss &Farrington, 1991; West & Farrington, 1977). Parents also

Human Factor And Security Risks Associated With...
Contents
Human Factor and Security risks associated with Information Technologies 1
Introduction 1
Information Security and Types of Human Factor Errors 1
System Security Threats 2
IT–related risk 3
Bibliography 4
Introduction
It is hard to accept that nowadays, organizations get along without having an astute and decisive
information system. Providing a reliable and coherence information system requires a solid security
framework that ensures confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authenticity of the critical
organizational assets. Human factors play a significant role for information security. In particular,
human characteristics behavior impacts information security and ultimately associated risks.
Information Security and Types of Human Factor Errors
"Humans are consistently referred to as the weakest link in security. " (Schneier, 2007) An exclusive
focus on the technical aspects of security, without due consideration of how the human interacts
with the system, is clearly inadequate. This section includes the types of human factor errors that
can lead to security violations. A number of reasons for these errors will also be discussed.
Information security breaches can be categorized in a number of different ways. There are five
different types of human factor errors, which can be used to explain information security breaches.
First, there are acts of omission, in which people forget to perform a necessary action. For

Risk Factors For Falls Among Geriatric Population Living
Risk Factors for Falls Among Geriatric Population Living in Nursing Facilities
Sharon Lando
Mailyn Philavong
Submitted to Dr. Logan in partial fulfillment of course NURS 409 Psychiatric of Nursing
Morgan State University
November 1, 2016 Risk Factors for Falls Among Geriatric Population Living in Nursing Facilities
Falls are a major problem in elderly population in the United States living in nursing facilities.
Statistics from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) show that approximately
800,000 seniors fall each year and 1 in 3 of those will fall twice or one more time in a year. (Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2012). Most falls are caused by a combination of risk factors.
The more risk factors a person has, the greater their chances of falling. Healthcare providers can
help cut down a person's risk by reducing the fall risk factors
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Serious injuries have resulted from the falls
such as hip fractures, concussions, decreased cognitive and functional abilities, and increased risk of
death. The cost of treatment resulting from falls is rising each year. According to CDC, adjusted for
inflation, the direct medical costs for fall injuries are $31 billion annually. (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention,2016). Those who do not suffer severe injuries live with fear of falling so
they restrict their activities, which lead to increased comorbidities.
Purpose
The need for this study

Students Face Risk Factors For The Academic Achievement
Academic Resilience is a process which refers to students who face risk factors and succeeds
academically where the achievement gap claims they should fail. These students face risk factors
such as racism, violence, and low socio–economic status and still manage to excel academically.
Resilience Theory addresses that people demonstrate to rise and succeed as long as the risk factors
are alleviated. The four factors associated with resilience theory are "risk factors, protective factors,
vulnerability areas, and compensatory strategies." (Page 5) The purpose of the study is to "know
something is an essential step toward being able to replicate and spread it" and "the second reason is
the ongoing goal of increasing general understanding of the experiences of the students, and giving
them a voice." (Page 6) Also the purpose of the study is to promote the academic achievement in
America and give hope to those who belong to an ethnic minority group and low socio–economic
status so they could succeed in terms of education.
2. What are the primary risk factors the students faced?
The risk factors the students faced are they viewed themselves as "minorities" and "people of color"
in which students have a disadvantage when it comes to competing academically.(Page 11) While
describing their experiences they viewed their worlds different from white people since their race,
ethnicity, and nationality is different. Another factor the students faced is that "half of the students
spent

Influence Of Risk Factors
Discussion:
The lack of adequate knowledge about risk factors and failure to implement necessary measures has
resulted in increasing day–to–day risk factors. Identifying NCDs' risk factors, implementing control
strategies and decreasing the upward trend can have a significant impact on reducing NCDs. In
many countries, the incidence and prevalence of chronic and NCDs has risen and this trend is
expected to continue upward. The reason for this increase is the increased risk of these diseases in
recent years.
Lifestyle changes have increased the prevalence of some important risk factors – such as smoking,
lack of physical activity, inappropriate diet, number of people with hypertension, cardiovascular
diseases, and diabetes, which is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to low age of onset of diabetes in Iran, screening programs, with accuracy and high quality, are
required for people over 30 years of age. Prevalence of gestational diabetes was 4.41 percent, which
is consistent with previous studies in western countries (18). Because of the differences in age of
marriage and fertility in Iran, prevalence of gestational diabetes risk factors is very different, but in
general, prevalence of gestational diabetes in Iran is about 1.3 to 18.6% (19).
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases:
The most significant metabolic risk factor in the world is hypertension (HTN), accounting for 18%
of the total global deaths. Prevalence of HTN in this study is lower than other studies. Lack of
awareness is one of the reasons for low HTN prevalence (20). The age of diagnosis of HTN is
similar to other studies . However, it must be borne in mind that HTN appears earlier than other
chronic diseases. Findings of this study indicate that prevalence of HTN in women is nearly twice
than men. In some studies, prevalence of HTN is higher in men, while in some other studies, it is
higher in women, and the difference is due to differences in prevalence of risk factors, such as
obesity and physical inactivity in both sexes (21). As prevalence of the risk factors is higher, among
women in Iran, prevalence of HTN in women is more than men, as well (22). If HTN is not
controlled or treated, leads to 50%, 33% and about 10 to 15%

Poverty Is A Risk Factor
In Arnold "Junior" Spirit's life, the cards are completely stacked against him from the beginning. He
was born with hydrocephalus: too much fluid in his brain. After a risky procedure he survived, but
with several physical and mental problems including bad vision, a stutter, a lisp, and small stature.
Junior was bullied a lot because of his physical differences. To make matters worse, Junior lives
among the poorest of poor on a rural Indian reservation. Poverty is a risk factor because low
socioeconomic status is correlated with poorer quality schools and lower achievement and
educational outcomes, higher crime rates and incarceration, more stress, and earlier puberty
(Leventhal, Dupere, & Brooks–Gunn, 2009; Steinberg, 2014). In addition to individual, family and
neighborhood effects, poverty often decreases the opportunities available to adolescents and positive
development. To further contextual Junior's experience, Junior's cultural background is both an
advantage and disadvantage. The Indians on the reservation band together especially in tough times
and generally support each other even in rough circumstances. However, his culture is incredibly
disadvantaged. Junior comes to realize that Indian reservations were built to contain and eventually
eradicate Native Americans and their cultures and traditions, rather than to support and protect them
and there are many misconceptions about their way of life. With few resources or supports from
outside communities or the

The Risk Factors Of Iran
Country Risk Analysis
Omid Ashrafi
Sep 06, 2014
City University of Seattle
Abstract
This paper is focused on main risk factors in Iran. The key point for this study is to explain current
Iranian situation with analyze the main microelements factors such as broader risk, religious risk,
political risk, economical risk, education risk and finally culture and language risk. At the end, this
paper will provide a recommendation to all investors and companies CEOs, to have better overview
and then as a result better business in the Iranian market.
Iran Risk Analyses
Iran geopolitical situation in Middle East region is one the main ideas for many companies and
investors who are interested in investing in the Iranian market. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Religion Risk
Second, religious is other factor which is increase the risk for investors. According to Iran
constitution law, Iran religious is Islam, Sharia. Therefore, all fundamental rules and regulations are
based on Islamic rules. In addition, according to Mike (2013) Islamic rules state that all Iranian
citizens have equal human, political, economic, social, and cultural rights; however, the government
is trying to change the rules to make more benefit. For example, Iranian men can have four wife
however, Iranian women can get married only once.
Political Risk
Third, political situation is one of the main factors for analysing the risk in Iran. In this particular
case, all investor who wish to reach the Iranian market should analyse different political situation.
This paper in this section is going to show different elements such as overview of current political
situation, freedom of speech, internal and external forces to give an idea about current Iranian
political situation.
Iran political system overview. Iran has an Islamic Republic form of government. The Supreme
Leader of Iran has the highest authority in Iran who makes all final decision in different segment
like political, economy and social life for Iranian. Iran president is in the second level after supreme
leader. President Rouhani who is the eleventh president of Islamic Republic of Iran is trying to make

better relation with U.S and western countries.
Freedom of speech. Freedom of

Cdc Risk Factors
Most risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are
interconnected. For example, an obese person is more likely to have other conditions such as high
cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
(2015) reports that some risk factors are modifiable such as smoking, and diet, while others are non–
modifiable such as age and family history. Approximately 47% of all Americans have at least one of
the three major risk factors for CVD; high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking (CDC,
2015).
Diet intake is one of the risk factor that can be modified. High cholesterol which refers to low–
density lipoprotein (LDL) is regarded as the bad cholesterol since it

Relative Risk Factors
Relative risk is used when considering medical clearance, exercise testing, and level of supervision
required before allowing someone to begin an exercise program independently. Classification is
determined by the total number of positive CVD risk factors one associates with. Based on the
presence or absence of known cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic diseases as well as the total
number of CVD risk factors, a flow chart can show a patient what risk classification they fall under.
High risk covers those with the aforementioned diseases, or showing signs/symptoms of them. Low
to moderate risk patients do not have any of these nor are they exemplifying signs or symptoms.
However, moderate risk patients have two or more CVD risk factors while

Social Factors in Probation: Calculating Probationer Risk
Running Head: CALCULATING PROBATIONER RISK
________________________________________________________________________
Calculating Probationer Risk
Student's Name
Course Title
April 1, 2013
Calculating Probationer Risk
Once an offender has served their time in prison they are released back into the community. Many of
these offenders will face months or years of community supervision by the correctional system, a
program designed to help them transition to civilian life and reduce recidivism rates. Probation
officers must therefore understand the risk of recidivism and noncompliance for each individual
offender (reviewed by Hildebrand, Hol, and Bosker, 2013). This essay examines the tools probation
officers are increasingly using to make these determinations.
The Risk, Need, and Responsivity (RNR) Model
The RNR model, the dominant evidence–based risk determination model, is based on the three
principles of risk, need, and responsivity (reviewed by Polaschek, 2012). The term 'risk' in this
model refers to the likelihood that an offender will re–offend based on 'static' factors. These static
factors include the severity of crimes committed, how many, whether violence was involved, and
incarceration history. This information can typically be derived from the offender's criminal record
and is used to calculate whether an offender has a high or low risk of recidivism. Static risk scores
are used to determine whether an offender can largely be left alone (low–risk) in the

The Role Of Protective Factors That Are Involved With Risk...
Fourgere stated, "Resilience is one of purported protective factor that has been highlighted as being
of potential importance." This was stated in regards of some protective factors that are involved with
risk factors in offenders. Protective factors are those supposedly known to relate to positive
outcomes. Protective factors are those conditions or attributes such as skills, strength, resources,
supports, or coping strategies in individuals, families, communities or larger societies that help
people deal more effectively with stressful events and mitigate or eliminate risk in families and
communities. Resilience is the capacity to recover quick from difficulties. This is a trait or
characteristic that has been thought to keep some young offenders from reoffending, Structured
Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for
Violence Risk, and Short–Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability are some risk assessment tools
that related to resilience. Resilience has been identified as both a personal quality or characteristic,
as well as a means of coping. Forensics concluded resilience being a trait, a quality that makes one
person different from another, or a characteristic, a special quality or trait that makes a person thing,
or group different from others. Both defined show a few similarities but remained distinct depending
solely on the individual and their circumstances. Individuals who show self–efficacy, perseverance,

Major Risk Factors For Many Residents Living At St. Augustine
Risk Assessments
In general, floodplains is a major risk factor to many residents living in St. Augustine. In their
undeveloped state, floodplains play an important role in flooding. Natural floodplains reduce wind
and wave impacts and their vegetation stabilizes soils ("Flood hazard", n.d.). Floodplains can be
recharged in areas of groundwater and reduce the frequency and duration of low flows of surface
water ("Flood hazard", n.d.).
Some local natural floodplains in St. Augustine and St. Johns County are the Guana River State Park
and Anastasia State Park. According to the demographic profile of St. Augustine, many of the
residents live near those floodplain areas ("Flood hazard", n.d.). Documents of previous floods show
that St. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The effects and risks of flooding is a daily reality in much of St. Augustine. According to the
demographic profile, there are over 13,000 people living in St. Augustine, with drinking water wells
that are fouled by seawater (Simpson, 2015). In theory, one could conclude that many residents
know that a flood is very likely in to strike in their area (Simpson, 2015). With flood warnings in St.
Augustine making local newspaper as of lately, one could safely conclude that the community is
somewhat trying to make an effort towards awareness to the whole community both local and state.
Indicators of the Community Addressing the Issue
With seawater wells this could cause a problem if a flood was to occur. Making it even harder to
access water due to it being easily contaminated (Simpson, 2015). Communities like St. Augustine
can do only so much alone, being only a small community compared to others ("Sea rise", 2015). If
the city was to build a seawall, it could possible divert water to a neighbor city which would only
further the problem ("Sea rise", 2015).
Cities in Florida also lack the technology, money and manpower to keep back the seas by
themselves ("Sea rise", 2015). Despite warnings from water experts and climate scientists about
risks to cities and drinking water, skepticism over sea–level projections and climate–change science
has hampered planning efforts at all levels of

Modifiable Risk Factor
Cancer is a life–threatening condition worldwide. The incidences of cancer are rising in most
countries, and they are expected to rise further despite the current attempts to prevent the
disease10.Multiple risk factors have been associated with cancer and can be divided into two group
namely modifiable and non–modifiable risk factors. One of the modifiable risk factors is diet due to
its influence on the immune responses, anti–oxidant properties of some nutrients and stimulation of
the growth factors12. Some nutrients and foods increase the risk of breast cancer through an
increase in insulin–like growth factors and circulating levels of endogenous estrogen6, 9 .The
amount of energy in the body influences cancer by affecting the plasma levels ... Show more content
These mechanisms include an increase in insulin sensitivity, regulation of growth factor signaling,
an increase in adiponectin and prevention of inflammation. Energy restriction can also directly by
targeting the neoplastic cells and reducing the net energy status particularly the glucose metabolism
thus reducing the metabolism of the transformed cells because the majority of tumor cells rely on
glycolysis. The introduction of energy restriction and its maintenance over an extended period
brings a significant improvement in the hormonal aspects that may reduce cancer. The acute effects
of energy restrictions on the serum concentration of insulin, IGF–1 and other cancer–related factors
that circulate in the serum require further study. Studies of the metabolic effect and acceptability to
energy restriction intervention need to be undertaken. Energy restriction–mimetic agents such as
thiazolidinediones prevent cancer by depriving cancerous cells energy. Although such agents offer
therapeutic advantages against the proliferation of malignant cells, more study is required to
investigate their effect on the normal cells to ensure that they do not interfere with the normal cell

Risk Factors And Risk Of Suicide
Risk Indicators: Risk factors, such as, conditions, personal characteristics, and traumatic life events
greatly affect the risk of suicidal ideation, planning of a suicide, or the act of committing suicide. In
most cases, one or more of these signs have been present in someone who is at risk for suicide: May
express feelings of HOPELESSNESS or state they have no reason to live. In some cases these
feelings may not have been expressed to anyone except a close friend or a family member Talking
about wanting to kill themselves, or saying they wish they were dead Hoarding potential items that
could be lethal methods for attempting suicide, such as medication, alcohol, guns etc. Talking about
a specific suicide plan Feeling trapped, desperate, or needing to escape from an intolerable situation
Having the feeling of being a burden to others Feelings of embarrassment, low self–esteem, or
inadequacy hidden from those close to him/her Having intense anxiety and/or panic attacks Giving
away personal belongings that one would not normally give away. Examples are pets, items of
sentimental value, jewelry, etc. Losing interest in previously enjoyable activates or losing the ability
to experience pleasure Insomnia Become socially isolated and withdrawn from friends, family, and
others. (In some cases people who have been socially isolated and withdrawn may show a dramatic
change in that behavior, and become more interactive, energetic, or affectionate. This

Benefits And Risk Factors Regarding Bring Your Own Devices
This paper looks through benefits and risk factors regarding bring your own devices (BYOD).
BYOD is a new practice that is becoming common to many organizations. This paper shows us that
BYOD is an inevitable part of modern business practice and also this paper shows BYOD adoption
continue to rise due to the effectiveness achieved in supporting the business operation. This paper
also discusses the risks in BYOD that can be harmful to organization.
The paper also gives us the information of how the risks of BYOD can be solved taking some
parameters into account.
INTRODUCTION
BYOD is a strategy that gives privilege to employees and business partners to use a personally
selected device to achieve company's task and access their data. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The University of Wollongong Library and Google Scholar search engines were utilized to search
about the topic based on key words: BYOD, 'bring your own device,' mobile device, personal
device, risk factor using BYOD. Many articles related to the topic of risk management and benefits
of BYOD were beneficiary for getting knowledge.
FINDINGS
1. Loss of data using BYOD techniques
2. Lack of control over data and devices using BYOD techniques
3. Vulnerabilities due to installation of malicious using BYOD techniques
Loss of data using BYOD techniques One of the most daunting risks with BYOD is loss of data due
to personal devices being lost or stolen in or outside the work place and this occurs due to ease and
convenience offered by the size of the smart devices which make them easily drop or misplace. With
the increase in purchase of smart phones and tablets daily, these devices are being targeted by
thieves due to their high cost price and size. Once the theft is done there is a high possibility to loose
data that is important even though there are technologies to backup them.
Additionally there are cases of losing data when employees upgrade, change or sell their phones and
in this case there is a possibility of confidential and sensitive data being passed to unauthorized

Opioid Risk Factors
Many individuals in the United States that abuse opioid drugs have risk factors that have shown an
association of risk factors that influenced these behaviors. One being, those whose parents were
drug–user or suffered from mental health illnesses, child abuse and maltreatment, and had poor
supervision (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2015). Also,
communities with high violence and poverty rates show an increased risk of opioid abuse
(Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2015). Lastly, social norms and laws
favorable to opioid use, as well as racism, and lack of economic opportunity are also very influential
in the abuse of opioids (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2015). ...
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According to the NSDUH data, women are prescribed abuse–prone opioid medications more often
than men, but men are found to abuse opioid drugs non–medically at higher rates than women (Back
et al. 2010). Alternatively, middle aged, 25 to 34 years old, have the highest rates of opioid
overdoses. In addition, researchers have found that whites, American Indians or Alaska Natives, and
people living in rural counties are also more likely to abuse prescription pain relievers (CDC, 2011).
These racial trends demonstrate the disparity between races when it comes to health care, more
specifically is it shown that race has a major impact on physician and patient care (CDC, 2011). In
regards to socioeconomic status (SES), it is shown through research that people in higher SES areas
are prescribed more opioid medications more often than those in the low SES communities (Galea
& Vlahov, 2002). As well as, those with lower education are three times more likely to receive
medical prescriptions for opioids than those in higher educational levels (Platts–Mills et al., 2012).
Therefore, the opioid abuse epidemic has shown it's effects in unique and harmful ways to those
who are experiencing homelessness (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2016). A study in
Connecticut revealed that 25 percent of homeless individuals had identified opioid, especially
heroin, abuse being the main reason for their homelessness (National Alliance to End Homelessness,

Major Factors Associated With Country Risks Essay
Country risk has many variables and factors associated with it. In the text that follows, I will explain
the various factors associated with country risks. There will be two main types of factors discussed,
which include Political Risk as well as Economic Risk. When it comes to evaluating whether or not
a country, individual, or business should invest their capital in another country, they should take into
account the Political Risks associated with that investment. These can range from a country
potentially taking part in a war, to many different types of bribery and extortion efforts by the
countries government. Economic Risk is another major factor to consider when determining the
likelihood that a country should be invested in. Many of the items associated with Economic risk
include exchange rate risk, inflation, GDP, and devaluation. Both of these risks will assist entities in
determining whether or not a country should be invested in. As investments in other countries will
continue to occur due to a growing worldwide economy and accessibility becoming even easier,
country risk will continue to be a prevalent topic.
Introduction
Country risk "is a collection of risks associated with investing in a foreign country" (Country Risk).
When discussing the concept of country risk, it is important to note that this risk may apply either to
individual investors, brokerage companies, multinational corporations, as well as many other
entities. It is not just the risk of an

Risk Factor Model
Title: Development of a risk factor–based model for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A
case– control study
Abstract:
Objectives: This study explores the effects of various risk factors in the development of head and
neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and investigates a screening model using risk scores, to
identify individuals at high risk in an Iranian population.
Methods: A total of 148 newly diagnosed HNSCC patients, and 266 age and gender matched healthy
controls participated in this case–control study. All data about potential predictors of HNSCC has
been collected using structured questionnaire. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated for significant
risk factors. Risk score was defined based on the adjusted odds ratio for each ... Show more content
Information were obtained regarding demographic and socio–economic characteristics (age, gender,
marital status, education, employment, place of residency, assets, income satisfaction and financial
management), life–course smoking, second hand smoking (in childhood and adulthood), and other
types of tobacco and alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable ( raw, cooked) diet and oral hygiene
practices (brushing and flossing), weekly exercise, lip sunscreen usage, history of oral sex, brief
medical history, and family history of cancer. The ABO blood group and RH in both groups were
recorded from medical history or identification documents, whenever possible and otherwise
defined with slide agglutination and a blood group test. The easy to recall questions were used to
avoid recall bias. We requested the participants to restrict the information to the time point before to
the onset of symptoms of oral cancer. A trained interviewer was available for assistance and
response to the participants'

Fall Risk Factors
Patient safety is one of the nation's most imperative health care issues. A 1999 article by the Institute
of Medicine estimates that 44,000 to 98,000 people die in U.S. hospitals each year as the result of
lack of in patient safety regulations. Inhibiting falls among patients and residents in acute and long
term care healthcare settings requires a multifaceted method, and the recognition, evaluation and
prevention of patient or resident falls are significant challenges for all who seek to provide a safe
environment in any healthcare setting. Yearly, about 30% of the persons of 65 years and older falls
at least once and 15% fall at least twice. Patient falls are some of the most common occurrences
reported in hospitals and are a leading ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors leading to falls, it is probable to regard each factor
and recognize constructive steps and safe interventions proven effective for preventing falls. Here
are several interventions that can be employed in the best interest of the medical center: • Inform
and educate patients and /or family members regarding a plan of care to prevent falls. • Observe
environment for potentially unsafe conditions, such as loose carpeting and water on the floor. Notify
appropriate department(s) of hazardous conditions. • Consider peak effect for prescribed
medications that affect level of consciousness, gait and elimination when planning patient care •
Instruct the patient to wear non–skid footwear, considering the type and condition of footwear such
as ill–fitting shoes or incompatible soles • Place assistive devices such as walkers and canes within
a patient's or resident's reach. Intervening falls can reduce the financial burdens attributed to patient
falls in hospitals and other healthcare settings are among the most serious risk management issues
facing the healthcare industry. Fall risk assessments tools, which help to identify those patients at
risk of falling, play a vital role in reducing the number of falls. The basis for this assessment is that
if patients at high fall risk can be

Alzheimer's Risk Factors
There are many risk factors for Alzheimer's like age, family history and genetics, down syndrome,
gender, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), past head trauma, and lifestyle and heart health. The
greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer's is your increasing age. Your risk for getting Alzheimer's
becomes greater after you reach the age of 65. Some people who have rare genetic changes linked to
early–onset Alzheimer's can begin to see symptoms as early as age 30 (Mayo Clinic Staff). Your
family history and genetics can be a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's. Your risk of developing
Alzheimer's appears to be somewhat higher if a first–degree relative– your parent or sibling– has the
disease (Mayo Clinic Staff). Scientists have identified ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some factors that put you at risk of heart disease may also increase the chance that you will develop
Alzheimer's (Mayo Clinic Staff). Some of these factors are lack of exercise, obesity, smoking, high
blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, and a diet lacking in fruits
and vegetables (Mayo Clinic Staff). There are many different symptoms of Alzheimer's. At first you
will start to get confused more easily and forget things more often. How fast symptoms worsen is
different from one person to the next. One of the symptoms is memory loss. People with Alzheimer's
will start to repeat their sentences and ask questions several times without realizing they had already
said it. People will forget where they put things (example: keys, TV remote, etc,...). When
Alzheimer's gets worse, the person might start to forget who people are and what their name is.
Another symptom is when a person's thinking and reasoning gets worse. People with Alzheimer's
will start to have a hard time thinking and concentrating. They especially have a hard time with
numbers and remembering to pay their

Children With Emotional And Behavioral Challenges
Abstract
CGS Family Partnership is a care management organization dedicated to working closely with youth
and families to ensure safety in the home, in school, and within the community. Care managers work
with youth placed out–of–home due to emotional and behavioral challenges, however, out–of–home
care has been proven to exacerbate poor outcomes for this particular population. This paper looks at
why out–of–home treatment is damaging to youth with emotional and behavioral challenges
followed by how the wraparound approach can help produce more positive outcomes for this at–risk
population.
Keywords: out–of–home placement, youth, wraparound approach, state care
Agency Context and Background CGS Family Partnership Inc. is a community–based, non–profit
organization that is dedicated to face–to–face care–management. CGS is located in Glassboro, NJ
and the acronym stands for Cumberland, Gloucester, and Salem counties. CGS Family Partnership's
targeted population or the population served is youth ages 5–21 years old who live within the three
counties listed above. Our goal at CGS is to maintain youth community. The way that we achieve
these goals is through providing support, education, and advocacy to help connect youth and their
families to the appropriate services and resources. The length of the program can last anywhere from
three months to one year. The care managers at CGS are dedicated to encouraging and empowering
families through using a strength–based

What Are Abernethy And Chapman Fraud Risk Factors
Case 1 – Exercise 1
Abernethy and Chapman
Fraud Risk Factors
Client: Lakeside Company
Prepared by:
Date: 09/12/2015
List the fraud risk factors that the CPA firm might encounter if they accept this audit engagement.
Be sure to include a discussion of all items that will probably require special attention during the
audit. For each of these fraud risk factors, indicate how the auditor should follow up on each
potential problem if the engagement is accepted. Use the following format:
|Fraud Risk Factors |Auditor Follow Up |
|Managements have incentive to overstate income with cash |If the engagement is accepted, the
auditor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
|additional funding. | |
|Another fraud risk factor is that Rogers allows returns after |1–Although this is good for customer
service, it provides the |
|sales. |opportunity of recording false sales within the financials (based on|
| |timing issues). If the engagement is accepted, the auditor should |
| |focus testing on year–end sales and returns. |
| |2– Although this is good for customer service, it provides the |
| |opportunity for misappropriation of assets. If the engagement is |
| |accepted, the auditor should check returned inventory as well as |
| |written off items. Returned inventory should be properly

Behavioural Risk Factors
Background and objective: Heart diseases are considerably increasing for the last few decades; there
has been a large body of research that has established the significant contribution of psychosocial
factors and behavioural risk factors in the development and course of coronary heart disease. Most
of the researches are based on male population, so this study was done to know the prevalence of
behavioural risk factors, association of psychological and behavioral risk factors and to know the
different effect of these factors on male and female. Methodology: In this correlational study the
Sample consisted of 100 normal persons (M=50, F=50) and 100 persons suffering from CHD
(M=50, F=50) between the age range of 45 to 65 years from various socio–economic ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Significant differences have been found on behavioural risk factors i.e. type A behaviour pattern,
anger expression and depression between both group of subjects. Female are differ at only anger
expression than male. Coping strategies is significantly correlated with Positive and negative affect,
Psychological Well–being, Quality of Life, Anger Expression and Depression. Type A behaviour
pattern is not correlated with Coping. Positive and negative affect is significantly correlated with
Psychological Well–being, Quality of Life, and Depression. Type A behaviour pattern and anger
expression are not correlated with Positive and negative affect. Psychological Well–being is
significantly correlated with Quality of Life, Type A behaviour pattern, Anger Expression,
Depression. Quality of Life is significantly correlated with Type A behaviour pattern and
Depression. Anger expression is not correlated with Quality of Life. Type A behaviour pattern is not
correlated with Anger expression and Depression. Behavioural risk factors i. e. Type A behaviour
pattern, Anger Expression, and Depression significantly predicted psychological wellbeing as
measured by General health. From the psychological factors only depression is predicted health
related quality of

Factors Affecting The Political Risk
N
Valid
32
Missing
0
Mean
57.508681
Mode
69.2222
Std. Deviation
16.3290177
Variance
266.637
Skewness
–.275
Std. Error of Skewness
.414
Kurtosis
–.818
Std. Error of Kurtosis
.809
The average press freedom in the 32 SSA countries in this study is 57.5, which implies the press in
the region is largely partly free.
The dependent variable is the political risk. It provides an overview of the political stability in a
particular country. The scale is designed to show the greatest value to the lowest risk and the lowest
value of the highest risk. Economic, demographic, and geographic indicators are also included in the
econometric specifications being control variables thus ensuring the analysis affecting the political
risk. The political risk ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Deviation
7.291
Variance
53.157
Skewness
.308

Std. Error of Skewness
.414
Kurtosis
–1.091
Std. Error of Kurtosis
.809
Preliminary analysis of the literacy rate indicates that the SSA region has an average literacy rate of
73% which is moderately low compared to the average global literacy rate of 84%.
SPSS data is categorized as nominal, ordinal or scale, whereby nominal data is a variable without
intrinsic ranking, ordinal variables have intrinsic ranking while scale variables represent data with
meaningful metrics to allow for data comparisons. all the three variables in this study are scale
variables implying that their values can facilitate comparison between the data of each country.
Method
To normalize the data in order to ensure accurate analysis, the indices on press freedom and political
risk were averaged for the period between 1996 and 2013. IBM's SPSS was used to identify
correlations between the press freedom and political risk through linear regression.
Without the control:
Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R
Std. Error of the
Square
Estimate
1
.734a
.538
.523
.1162246
a. Predictors: (Constant), Press Freedom Index
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of Squares df Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
.473
1
.473
34.983
.000b
Residual

.405
30
.014
Total
.878
31
a. Dependent Variable: Political Risk Index
b. Predictors: (Constant), Press Freedom Index
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized

Risk Factor Based Portfolio Investment Strategies
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION INTO RISK–FACTOR BASED PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT
STRATEGIES
1.1 What is factor–based investing?
Consider one of the most urgent problems of modern financial management, namely portfolio
management. Analysis of this issue primarily is interesting for the head of analytical department of
banks and investment companies and private investors.
Risk (also found in the literature, the term total risk) of stockssecurities is the uncertainty of its
income at the end of the investment period. Risk is measured by the dispersion of the yield of a
security over a fixed time interval, for example, month, quarter, year, and so on. The definition of
risk is the most common, although there are others.
A systematic or market risk of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The regression coefficient is called the beta of the security and it is a characteristic of its market risk.
The index which adequately reflects the state of the economy in whole and includes share prices of
large companies in various market sectors is taken as a market index. Typically, the basis for
calculating the index capitalization is taken of its constituent securities.
This interpretation under review of the overall risk of a security as the sum of proper and improper
risk is not the only one. Often, the overall risk is represented as a sum of three terms, where the third
component acts as a risk sector to which the company. Finally, you can use a multi–factor model.
For the investment portfolio beta is calculated by adding the betas of its constituent securities,
multiplied by the corresponding weight (weight of each security in the portfolio is equal to the
quotient of the total value of its portfolio to the value of the total portfolio). The most interesting
finding in terms of portfolio management lies in the fact that a well–diversified portfolio does not
have its own risk. A change of its yield equals to the change of yield market index multiplied by the
beta portfolio. This means that the behaviour of a well–diversified portfolio of nothing (up to
multiplication by a constant) differs from behaviour of the market index.
The main task, set and

Isaiah's Risk Factors
1. According to Kirst–Ashman (2012), "... risk factors involve "stressful life events or adverse
environmental conditions that increase the vulnerability... of individuals..." Protective factors, on the
other hand, "buffer, moderate, and protect against those vulnerabilities..." (Kirst–Ashman, 2012.) In
this case, the risk factors are poverty, racism, malnutrition if Isaiah would have stayed with his
mother as a newborn child, and feeling alienated while growing up in a white family as a black
child. Protective factors for these risk factors are Isaiah developing a high self–esteem to
accommodate his feeling of discomfort in a white household, wealth,
2. Isaiah's potential developmental risks, a doctor states them during the court hearing, are ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If Isaiah were to grow up with his adoptive family, he would grow up with a wealthy white family
and all of Erikson's stages would be the opposite if he grew up with his biological mother. For
example, during his early childhood and preschool stages, Isaiah would grow up with white children
that have different autonomies than black children. Isaiah's social relationships will be different and
if his social relationships consist of his wealthy white teenager friends and teachers, he would
eventually identify himself as a total different person as opposed to when his social relationships are
gang members or drug dealers. Evidently, Isaiah's life would be drastically different in both of the
different settings when looked at through Erikson's psychosocial

Internal And Internal Factors, Internal, And Financial...
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses 2.1. OC Paradigm The traditional internationalization models
regard that firms' capabilities (internal factors) lead firms to make internationalizing activities. On
the contrary, OC paradigm refers to internationalization as a process that internal and external
factors interact so that firms obtain a competitive advantage in the global level (Mathews & Zander,
2007). According to this innovative model, firms achieve superior performance by adapting and
integrating in view of a varying environment (Pisano et al, 2007). Considering that BGs try to
survive, operating under uncertain conditions that change all the time, OC constitutes the most
suitable way for studying them. 2.2. BGs' International Performance According to previous research,
BGs are very different from other types of firms. Some of their most important performance issues
are that they face higher operational and financial risks of internationalization as well as they need
to enter in key local markets, having limited resources and little prior experience (Knight &
Cavusgil, 1996). The initial foreign operations is another crucial factor for BGs' strategic
performance. BGs must carefully assess their first internationalism, choosing a key country in which
they will improve their operational performance and obtain international experience (Kipralani et al,
2008). This means that if BGs' first international activities are successful, BGs will have a big
advantage concerning

Does the Assessment of Risk Factors Prevent the...
I will be writing this essay using a clinical question, which I formulated. My clinical question is
based upon "Does the assessment of risk factors prevent the development of pressure ulcers in
hospitalised patients." I will be discussing and analysing my questions and findings from reliable,
current, valid and trustworthy sources found within five articles based on the subject of pressure
ulcers. All articles are based on quantitative research undertaken. "From the findings of a good,
current, reliable, valid or trustworthy research is the basis for maintaining high standards of care and
all nurses must use practice based on the most up to date evidence (NMC 2008). It is now an
important part of nursing to actively participate in research ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The final results were narrowed down by the titles and publications from any date after the year
2000. All the results were selected by reading through the extracts which outline the aims, objective,
design and methodology that were relevant to the search.
|Author and Year |Journal |Type of Study |Purpose |Sample |Design |Data |Key Findings |
| | | | | | |Collection | |
|Kaitani, Tokunaga, Matsui and Sanada |Journal of |Quantitative |To identify |606 bed |Prospective
|Skin condition|There was no |
| |Clinical | |risk factors |tertiary care |cohort study |assessment |relationship |
| |Nursing | |for pressure |hospital | | |between pressure|
| | | |ulcer | | | |ulcer |
| | | |development in | | |

Psychology, Risk and Safety: Factors Influencing Risk...
Summary of Articles
Psychology, Risk & Safety
In his article, Mr. Dominic Cooper highlights four important factors that influence the perception of
risk. Risk perceptions are determined by people's personality, behavior, attitude, and situations
(Cooper, 2003). However, a person's personality and the situation encountered directly influence
risk perceptions while the other factors have a contributing role.
Personality, for instance, is considered by the author as one of the main factors influencing the way
people perceive risk. There are several types of personalities and each has a way of dealing with
situations. Personality types, in part, dictate people's behavior and attitude. Risk perception is
therefore heavily influenced by the way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This type of behavior is triggered by a combination of a worker's personality and his attitude
towards safety. Some examples of this unwanted behavior are irresponsible underestimation of risk,
acceptance of unnecessary risk, acceptance of the risk homeostasis theory (cost minimization
theory), zero–risk theory, and poor attitude towards safe practices. According to Irizarry and
Abraham (2006), the best approach for this safety system failure is to develop safety–training
programs that enhance risk perception.
Worker experience is also a factor that influences risk perception according to the study. It was
determined that workers injured during an accident at work have, indeed, a higher risk perception.
However, risk perception is diminished when workers are involved in accidents without suffering
any injuries (Irizarry & Abraham, 2006). Another finding shows that risk perception is higher among
those workers that do not conduct a particular task as opposed to those that do. Generally, the more
experience a worker has, the more likely he will be involved in an accident and consequently,
injured.
Finally, the authors expose the importance of a robust safety management system in order to
augment risk perception in the work place. According to them risk perception is reduced by a poor
safety

Race Risk Factor
Race has been considered a risk factor for the onset of violence for some time and it is included as a
risk factor in some studies trying to predict violence (Office of the Surgeon General, 2001).
However, does race predict violence once other known risk factors are taken into account? As it
turns out, research indicates that when the effects of other known risk factors have been considered,
generally no significant effect of race on youth violence has been found (Elliott et al., 1989; Reiss
and Roth, 1993; Roitberg and Menard, 1995). Thus, it appears that race is not a risk factor. Rather, it
can be said to be a risk marker. That is, race suggests other known risk factors, which include living
in poor, single–parent families, doing poorly

Suicide Risk Factors
Suicide risk factors is a measurable demographic, trait, behavior, or situation that has a positive
correlation with suicide attempts and or death by suicide (Sommers–Flanagan & Sommers–
Flanagan, 2017). Some risk factors according to Schwartz and Rogers (2004), are depression,
insomnia, bipolar disorder, some specific disorders confer greater risks, social personal, contextual,
and demographic factors such as previous attempts, unemployment, abuse, and bullying. Suicide
risk assessment should specifically focus on the collection of data related to suicide risk factors
including suicidal ideation and level of planning (Schwartz & Rogers, 2004).
There are four areas to evaluate when assessing a client's lethality including thoughts intent, the

Health Inequalities Among Australians

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