The Topic Of Specific Language Impairment

The Topic Of Specific Language Impairment
The topic of Specific Language Impairment (SLI) has been debated throughout the field of speech language pathology for various years. It is a topic
that has been researched to a limited extinct and is continued to be a mystery for professionals within the field. To further the controversy as to what is
considered an SLI, many professionals debate whether a person who utilizes sign language can be diagnosed with this disorder. The disorder becomes
even more complex when the question of assessment of this disorder is evaluated. The complexity of this disorder further fuels the controversy and
frustration of speech language pathologists around the world.
To determine ones opinion regarding SLI's in individuals, whose primary language is sign language, the basics of this disorder must first be addressed.
According to Richard Schwartz, an SLI can be defined as an impairment of language comprehension, production, or both in the absence of a hearing
impairment, a general developmental delay, any neurological impairment and/or a diagnosis of autism (2009). With 7% of the American population
diagnosed with an SLI, it can be said that a more accurate prevalence can be identified if professionals identify reliable inclusionary characteristics of
the disorder. if Based on this primary definition, a person who is Deaf and utilizes sign language as a primary form of communication purely based on
his or her hearing impairment. Although many individuals with hearing impairments do
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Brain After Coma
"Ultra–Sound Jumpstarts A Mans Brain After Coma" As a 25
–year–old man recovers from his coma the doctors thought it would be a good idea to use
a ultra sound.The technique they used was sonic stimulation to excite the neutrons in the thalamus that is an egg–shaped structure that serves as the
brains central fun for progressing information.The doctor says "Our approach directly targets the thalamus but is noninvasive."This action took place
in The University Of California–Los Angeles.Written by Stuart Wolpert."These changes are remarkable,"Monti said. "Ultra
–Sound Jumpstarts A Mans
Brain After Coma" As a 25–year–old man recovers from his coma the doctors thought it would be a good idea to use a ultra sound.The technique they
used was sonic stimulation to excite the neutrons in the thalamus that is an egg–shaped structure that serves as the brains central fun for progressing
information.The doctor says "Our approach directly targets the thalamus but is noninvasive."This action took place in The University Of
California–Los Angeles.Written by Stuart Wolpert."These changes are... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three days later, the patient had regained full consciousness and full language comprehension, and he could reliably communicate by nodding his head
"yes" or shaking his head "no." He even made a fist–bump gesture to say goodbye to one of his doctors".Now this is a reason after a coma everyone
should get this

Deep Structure In The Brain
Another deep structure within the brain is the thalamus. The thalamus is the relay station for all of the signals that come into the cortex. The thalamus
identifies the signals that are being sent to the brain that include senses from vision, hearing, touch, and taste. Once the signal is identified the thalamus
then directs it to the particular lobe necessary for the brain to process it. If the thalamus were to become damaged the processing of senses would
become impaired and confusion would occur often when ever one was trying to process something. Another structure in the brain that serves as an
important functional component is the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia is made up of the caudate, putamen, and globus palldius. Those three
components

Tutorial Of The Brain Essay
Casey Begner
Please watch the video tutorial of the brain and some of it's functions. Next describe the parts of the brain from the medulla to the cortex.
Medulla– The medulla is found at the top of the spinal column and controls life–sustaining functions. Without it, you would lose many functions. Your
heart would stop beating and you would lose the ability to breathe and swallow. These are just some of the things your medulla controls. Your sensory
nerves that come from either the right or left side of your body, also cross over at the medulla allowing for the sensory information to go to the
opposite side.
Pons– The pons, found just above the medulla, allows for a crossover of the motor nerves that carry messages from the brain to the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The RF is responsible for picking up information in the environment. The ER will ignore unchanging, constant information, but will come alert if
something changes in the environment. There is a part of the RF that keeps people awake, alert, and will allow you to respond with full attention. This
is called the reticular activating system, RAS.
Cerebellum–Behind the pons, at the base of the skull, is a structure called the cerebellum. The cerebellum looks like a small brain, and controls all
involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement. The cerebellum allows for movements like walking, playing musical instruments, and movements of speech.
Without the cerebellum things like posture and balance wouldn't be automatic. It also stores your learned reflexes, skills, and habits. Research is still
ongoing about the functions of the cerebellum, and some studies show it is linked to language and working memory, along with the timing of
perceptual tasks.
Thalamus– The thalamus is in the inner part of the brain. Sensory information goes through the thalamus, where some processing might be performed,
before the thalamus sends it to the cortex. The thalamus deals with hearing, sight, touch, and taste, but not

Basal Ganglia Case Study
Provide a summary of the structures of the basal ganglia and related subcortical nuclei. Describe 2–3 disorders which occur as a result of damage to
this area of the brain. The basal ganglia are a collection of deep nuclei situated outside the central nervous system, located within the white matter of the
cerebral cortex (Grants.hhp.uh.edu, 2018). Gilman and Newman (2003) explain that the basal ganglia are comprised of subcortical nuclei belonging to
the telencephalon, midbrain, and sub–thalamus. The basal ganglia control several motor and cognitive functions of the cerebral cortex (Gilman and
Newman, 2003). The cerebellum aids the basal ganglia in ensuring smooth and coordinating motor movement (Grants.hhp.uh.edu, 2018). Included in
the basal ganglia are the caudate,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The caudate and putamen pass on information to the SNpc to be reviewed and then returned to its source. While this occurs, the SNpc generates
dopamine, a chemical that enables smooth and coordinated movement (Grants.hhp.uh.edu, 2018). If there is a degeneration of SNpc and dopamine is
not produced as needed symptoms can result in tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia as found in Parkinson's Disease (Grants.hhp.uh.edu, 2018). The
caudate and putamen also send messages to the SNpr, however that information is passed along to the cerebral cortex to control head and eye
movements (Grants.hhp.uh.edu, 2018). The globus pallidus is comprised of two subdivisions: 1) the globus pallidus externa (GPe) and 2) the globus
pallidus interna (GPi). Both the GPe and GPi acquire input from the caudate and putamen as well as communicate with the subthalamic nucleus. The
GPi sends messages to the midbrain to aid with posture. In addition, the GPi constantly fires neurons to the thalamus to prevent unwanted movement
(Grants.hhp.uh.edu,

A Comparative Study of ParkinsonвЂ™s Disease with Dementia...
This research article was published in the journal of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinsonism on August 26th 2013, volume 3, issue 2. Dr.Perea et al.
conducted the study at department of neurology, Alzheimer's Research Disease Center, department of Psychology, Bioengineering
program–department of engineering, at University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA. The big question of this study is to
investigate white matter differences to give better understanding of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It
asks specifically whether individuals with Parkinson's disease dementia will show significant white matter deterioration when compared to healthy
non–demented control individuals. The hypothesis of this study states that cognitive decline and impaired motor control in Parkinson's disease
dementia (PDD) will greatly show deterioration in white matter as compared to groups of healthy individuals control group (CON), Alzheimer's
disease group, and Parkinson's disease group (Perea et al. 2013). It was known before through many scientific studies that white matter differences are
actually associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Researches few decades ago studied white matter differences using diffusion tensor imaging
(DTI); which measures the orientation and direction of water molecules in neural tissue and the integrity of white matter fibers (Perea et al. 2013). One
example was mentioned in the article, reported a

Functions Worksheet: Abnormal Psychology
Functions Worksheet
Inside Key
Amygdala (Green)
The amygdala is responsible for how one perceives certain emotions such as anger, fear, and sadness, also for controlling emotions like aggression.
Helps to store memories of events and emotions, so that
Hypothalamus
Thalamus(Hannah)
The thalamus, which is located above the brainstem, sorts and distributes data. It sorts sensory information as being visual, tactile, auditory, or
gustatory, then sends it to different locations within the cortex.
Sends information received through the eyes to the occipital lobe to be processed.
Transmits auditory information to the brain's primary auditory complex.
In addition to organising and relaying sensory information, the thalamus also plays a role ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parietal Lobe(ian)
The parietal lobe can be divided into two sections one of the sections involves itself with sensation and perception while the other side works with
sensory input and our visual system
The main function is to work with cognition and perception
The second function works mainly with spatial awareness
Integrates sensory information
Visuospatial processing
Knowledge of numbers and their relations
Occipital Lobe(Hannah)
The main function of the occipital lobe is to receive and process visual information. The occipital lobe helps an individual understand what they are
seeing. In the visual cortex, visual information is processed, allowing for the distinction of different colors and shapes.
The occipital lobe is integral to an individual's ability not only to read, but to understand what they have

Anatomy Of The Nervous System
Emma Fletcher 013729779
Brain Functions Assignment 1. Anatomical Position – Human
The main anatomical position of the human is where the human is standing straight, facing forwards, with the arms down the sides of the body with
the palms facing outwards and the feet pointing outwards. The human is positioned this way so no bones crossover. 2. Central Nervous System
The part of the nervous system encompasses the brain and spinal cord. There is both white and grey matter in the central nervous system (CNS). Its
main function is to send, receive and interpret motor, sensory and cognitive information around the entire body. 3. Peripheral Nervous System
This part of the nervous system encompasses all of the ganglia and nerves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its main function is to control vomiting in the body by being able to detect toxins in the blood. It also participates in autonomic control in the body, due
to it being located outside the blood brain barrier. In autonomic control it helps control many systems in the body including both cardiovascular, feeding
and metabolism. 6. Cauda Equina
The cauda equina is a part of the external anatomy of the spinal cord consisting of a bunch of spinal nerves and their roots. It encompasses some
lumbar nerve pairs, sacral nerve pairs and the coccygeal nerve. The nerves within the cauda equina excite both the pelvic organs and lower limbs. Its
function also includes innervating the perineum in men and the bladder in both sexes.
7. Choroid Plexus
There are 4 sections of the brain where the choroid plexus is present, one located in each brain ventricle. They are all a plexus consisting of
specialized ependymal cells, the epithelial layer of the choroid plexus has very tight gap junctions which ensure substances are not crossing the layer of
cells into the cerebrospinal fluid. Its primary function is to manufacture cerebrospinal fluid, but it also acts as a filter. It helps to remove metabolic
waste, excess neurotransmitters and foreign substances, helping the brain to perform its functions well.
8. Dorsal root ganglion
The ganglia of the dorsal root are nodules on a dorsal root located next to vertebral column which run

The Human Brain Is A Remarkable Organ
The human brain is a remarkable organ. It is one of the most important organs in the human body. The brain is responsible for most of what makes
who we are, how we think and how we feel. Different parts of the brain control different aspects of our behaviour. There is a strong link between
biological activity and psychological events. In addition to the interplay of chemicals like neurotransmitters and hormones, a lot of this has to do with
that localised parts of the brain have specific functions, like vision, memory, movement, speech and facial recognition. The brain has four lobes, two
hemispheres (left and right) and branches off into two nervous systems (central nervous system and peripheral nervous system).
The central nervous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The right hemisphere is known for processing information simultaneously. A very interesting and odd fact is that the right hemisphere has control over
the left hand side of the body. While the left hemisphere is responsible for the analytical functions, the right hemisphere is responsible for the
non–verbal functions. The right hemisphere can only use non–verbal responses, such as drawing them out or signalling them.
If the right hemisphere was to get damaged, people would lose their ability to understand sense of humour and interpret it. With our right hemisphere
we are able to comprehend the context when you speak to another individual. In addition to this, it also provides a visual understanding, with imagery.
The right hemisphere is able to put together a puzzle, read a map, or copy a painting. According to studies it is also more dominant in detecting and
expressing emotion.
The forebrain is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. Its also controls producing and understanding language, thinking and
controlling our motor functions. The forebrain is located just above the mid brain and covers 1/3 of our brain. The forebrain is the most highly
strengthened section of the brain. The hypothalamus, the thalamus and the cerebrum are included within the forebrain.
THALAMUS:
The thalamus is included in several function of the body, such as:
Controlling tiredness and awake states
Filters and processes information from most sensory

Alzheimer's Degenerative Disease
Alzheimer's dementia is a prototypical neurodegenerative disease characterized by a series of abnormalities in the brain that selectively affect neurons
in specific regions. There is a progressive decrease in neuronal activity and neuronal survival. Historically, researchers have used Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) technology to scan patients with Alzheimer's disease and the normal elderly. Using supercomputers, color–coded maps were created
that revealed the degenerative sequence of Alzheimer's disease via novel brain mapping methods. These brain maps showed a wave of gray matter loss
that was strongly related to the progressive decline in cognitive functioning which is a key feature of the disease. The Alzheimer's patients lost an
average ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under normal condition tau binds to microtubules, stabilizing neuronal structure and integrity. Hyperphosphorylation of tau is assumed to be the cause
of the formation of paired helical filaments – neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). The principle components of the senile plaques are neurofibrillary tangles
in the cell bodies, neuropil threads, and neurites as well as extracellular A–beta amyloid. These lesions are surrounded by microglial and astrocytes. The
brain regions affected by Alzheimer's disease also contain neuritic or senile plaques in which extracellular deposits of amyloid are surrounded by
dystrophic axons as well as the process of astrocytes and microglia. The principle constituent of amyloid is a 4kDa peptide called A–beta amyloid.
A–beta amyloid is cleaved from a larger precursor protein called amyloid precursor protein. Similar abnormalities occur in transgenic mice with mutant
APP and in individuals with Alzheimer's

An Examination of Cross-Modal Reorganization in the...
The brain is capable of changing itself, particularly as a consequence of experience in early life. Following early–deafness, auditory cortex undergoes
cross–modal reorganization to exhibit visual responsiveness; this is accompanied by enhanced visual abilities. The objective of Lomber et al.'s (2010)
study was to establish a causal connection between cross–modal reorganization of specific regions of auditory cortex and enhanced visual abilities. To
identify the enhanced visual abilities, the researchers compared the performance of adult hearing to the performance of congenitally deaf cats on seven
visual psychophysical tests. They tested visual localization, movement detection, grating acuity, Vernier acuity, orientation discrimination, detection of
motion, and velocity discrimination abilities. Following the completion of the tests, the researchers found that early–deaf cats performed better than
the hearing cats in peripheral visual localization and visual motion detection abilities. For the other tests, the performance of the congenitally deaf cats
was not significantly different from the performance of the hearing cats. To investigate if the cross–modal effects are evenly distributed across auditory
cortex, Lomber et al. (2010) employed cooling loops to differentially deactivate specific regions of auditory cortex. Ultimately, they suggested that the
posterior auditory field (PAF) mediated enhanced peripheral visual localization

Neocortex Cell Types
The density of the cell types of the neocortex is varied from layer to layer. The main types of cells in the cerebral cortex are the pyramidal, granular
and fusiform neurons. Martinotti and horizontal type cells are fewer than others.
Molecular layer I is, also called plexiform layer, located closest to the pial surface of the brain. This layer has few neuron bodies. It contains many
nuclei which belong to glia cells, myelinated fibers and few neurons of granular and horizontal neurons of Cajal.It consists almost all axonal and
dendritic branching.
External granular layer II is known as an outer granular layer, contains small granular(Golgi type II cells) and pyramidal neurons. Granular type
neurons divided into two distinct types. One is Golgi type II. It has short axons that reach close to neuron body. The Golgi type I has long axons that
reach far from the body. Its axons go up to the cortical surface where it can make various axonal and dendritic connections. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, there are some Martinotti(triangular or polygonal shaped multipolar neurons) and granular neurons. Afferent fibers projecting from the thalamus,
corticocortical connections come to here and IV layer. These synapses both efferent cortical neurons and intercortical( granular, Martinotti and
horizontal types)neurons.
Internal granular layer IV mainly consists of Golgi type II and some small pyramidal neurons. It is an input layer with the layer II and receives inputs
from the thalamus and other regions of

Diencephalon: A Brain Study
The diencephalon forms part of the central core of the forebrain that is surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres, and contains three main structures; the
hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the epithalamus (Marieb & Hoehn, 2016).
The thalamus is made up of bilateral egg–shaped nuclei, that in turn form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle; this makes up 80% of the
diencephalon. The thalamus is thought of as a kind of hub of information, as it acts as a relay between the cerebral cortex and the different subcortical
areas. The function of the thalamus is to input information from the anterior nuclei to the cerebral cortex that help to regulate the visceral and
emotional function from the hypothalamus, to pass of instructions from the cerebellum

How Does Learning Correlate With The Hindbrain, Midbrain,...
Abstract:
The purpose of this research paper is to discuss how we learn. How does learning correlate with the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. Also, I
discussed how the different structures work in relation to the learning process. Furthermore, I have discussed how disease and injury may affect
learning. I used several different resources to gather my information including: educational video, scholarly journals, and my textbook.
What is the brain's role in the learning process? Does the learning process include the three major areas of the brain: hindbrain, midbrain, and
forebrain? The brain is one of the most captivating organs in the body. It plays a huge role in how we learn and is made up of many components.
Neurons are brain cells and people are born with over a billion of them. Neurons discharge signals to transmit information throughout the brain; these
signals are called synapses. Neurons produce dendrites and they get larger as we learn. However, a dendrite gets bigger only if there is existing
knowledge on something already learned. The brain consists of three areas and four lobes. The three parts are known as the hindbrain, midbrain, and
forebrain. The four lobes of the brain are the frontal, parietal, occipital, and the temporal.
The hindbrain is located in the back of the head. The hindbrain can be broken down into three sections. The first section is called the medulla
oblongata. The medulla oblongata controls things that are typically

Songs Get Stuck In Our Head
Why Songs Get Stuck In Our Heads Essay? When songs get stuck in our heads they are called earworms. There are many things that cause earworms.
There are also many solutions on how to get rid of earworms.
First, only the little parts of a song that you listen to cause earworms. Like the most annoying part of the song or the chorus. Fortunately for us,
earworms tend to only last for 8 seconds. When you listen to a song so many times, that causes the song to be stuck in your head. Experts believe that
songs getting stuck in your head involves music affecting the brain motor cortex. There is also a lot of activity in motor planning regions, especially
when you are not moving around and just sitting still. The experts also have figured out

The Functions of the Limbic System
The Limbic system compromises of detailed structures which control and regulate major affective activities such as fright, anxiety, and happiness.
Further functions of the limbic system are motor functions, sensory systems, hormones and memory which all contribute to the control of affective
states. These factors are controlled and regulated by different structures of the limbic system and work inter–relatedly. The central components of the
limbic system compromise of the limbic cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix and mammillary bodies. The limbic system also currently involves
cortical and non–cortical brain structures such as diencephalon, brainstem and the forebrain. The diencephalon compromises of the thalamus and the
hypothalamus, the forebrain includes the basal ganglia and amygdala while the function of the brainstem is to form a connection between the cerebrum
and the spinal cord. (Hendelman, 2000). The origin of the limbic system stemmed from the evolutionary period. This is because, during the
evolutionary period, brains have developed in a structure that enables mammals to adapt to their environment. For example the forebrain in mammals
has evolves to fulfil this function of adaptability of behaviour to the external world (Maclean cited in Hendelman, 2000). Therefore, this has resulted in
a different functions and roles of the limbic system in terms of adapting to environments such as fright and how to react in fearful situations. However,
the functions of

Why Pro Choice Is The Right Choice
Kaitlyn M. Niek
AP United States Government Pd. #3
05/22/17
National Issues Paper
Why Pro–Choice is the Right Choice Abortion is a hot topic in United States politics as of late, and rightly so. Though religion, costs, maternal
psychological damage, and societal morality are often cited as reasons to oppose abortion, a woman's right to make her own decisions should always
prevail. Abortion should be nationally legalized during the first trimester of pregnancy because Roe V. Wadehas declared abortion a "fundamental
right" to women, fetuses are incapable of feeling pain during the period when most abortions take place, women should be given the right to choose
what happens with their body, and access to legal abortions decreases the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The code went on to say that even the attempt of an abortion, successful or otherwise, should be punished in the same sense. The only stipulation was
that an abortion may be performed if done with medical advice to save the life of the mother. Roe believed that these statutes were unconstitutionally
vague, and challenged them in the Supreme Court on grounds of Constitutionality.
Using the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth amendments, Roe set out to get the laws struck down. The most important of her arguments were
in the fourteenth and ninth amendments, where she argued that all people had a right to privacy under the fourteenth amendment's concept of personal
liberty and restrictions on state action, and the ninth amendment's concept of reserved rights to the people. The court ruled in Roe's favor, voiding
Texas's abortion laws. The official decision of the court, written by Justice Harry Blackmun, cites reasons of vagueness, and using precedent set by
1891 case Union Pacific R. Co. v. Botsford, where the supreme court upheld and recognized a right of personal privacy. In justifying this decision,
Blackmun stated that, "In varying contexts, the Court or individual Justices have, indeed, found at least the roots of that right in the First Amendment;
in the Fourth and

Literary Analysis OfBullet In The Brain, By Tobias Wolff
Do not laugh at the man with the gun, you will get a bullet in the brain
The short story, "Bullet in the brain, by Tobias Wolff," Is told through third person narration, the narrator has unlimited omniscience. The protagonist
is Ander's, He is suffering from ennui and alienation. Ander's seems to have distanced himself from others and created his own reality in his head
instead of the world around him; causing the world around him to become like a story. Which he despises because of his line of work, a book critic.
While doing so he constantly criticizes the world around him as if it is a story and ends up getting killed in the process. Through tone, setting, and style
the author, Tobias Wolff, created a wonderful short story that compares to no other.
The tone of the story is annoyed, the author, Tobias Wolff, makes the atmosphere while you read seem as if you are disgusted with the other characters
in the story. It is as if the tone of the short story is making fun of all the other characters involved. It made the author of this analysis feel like laughing
in a condescending manner. The protagonist, Ander's is a book critic in the short story, and it is as he has disconnected from reality, or has created his
own in his mind. That the real reality is only a poorly written book that he must criticize as such. While doing so, he plays with death, making fun
of the robber for his poor and clichГ© choice of words instead of fearing for his life when the robber has a gun to his head threatening his life. A
good example of Ander's mockery is, "Anders burst out laughing. He covered his mouth with both hands and said, "I'm sorry, I'm sorry," then snorted
helplessly through his fingers and said, " Capiche – oh, God, capiche," (Wolff, 247)
The obvious antagonists in the story is the robbers whom take Ander's life. Really it was only the robber with a sawed off shot gun, the other
robber is a flat character and is only used as filler. Having only one line and no description what so ever. The only character in the entire short story
that has many lines, and a little back story is Ander's and its only after he is dead that the reader learns anything more about him than that he is a book
critic. It was not until he had a

Thalamus Function In The Brain
The brain also contains deep structures within the brain one of these structures is called the pituitary gland, its function is to release hormones which
control sexual development, respond to stress, fight disease, stimulate bone and muscle growth. It is attached to the hypothalamus of the brain near the
pituitary stalk. Hypothalamus main function is to control different behaviors for example, thirst, sleep, hunger, as well as sexual response. Not only
does it control behavior it also regulates blood pressure, secretion of hormones, body temperature, and emotions. Its specific location is in the third
ventricle right next to the thalamus. The thalamus transmit most of the information that leaves and comes into the cortex. Which is why we can

Transducin Case Study Answers
In the case of the "off" center response, the Rod is not exposed to light and therefore, Rhodopsin does not absorb the light photon and the GPCR does
not activated Transducin. For this case, since Transducin is not activated, there becomes an increase in intracellular [cGMP]. The cGMP molecules are
able to bind to the cGMP–gated sodium channels subsequently causing a net flux of sodium inside the photoreceptor. This net influx causes a graded
action potential to fire in the photoreceptor. This action potential fires down the cell causing an increase in NT release into the synaptic cleft. The NT
transmitter involved is Glutamate, once again. This photoreceptor cells makes a synapse with the "on" center bipolar cell and extends over to the "off"

Thalamus Research Paper
Thalamus
Thalamus is a part of brain located in the middle of the central core that acts primarily to relay an information incoming and outgoing about the sense
(hearing,sight,smell,taste and touch).Information from the eyes,ears and skin travel to the thalamus to be communicated upward to higher parts of the
brain.It also integrates information from higher parts of the brain,sorting it out so that it can be sent to the cerebellum and medulla. The relays sensory
impulses from receptors of body part to the cerebral cortex then travels from the body towards thalamus that receive information and passed onto the
cerebral cortex for interpretation. In addition, the thalamus acts as a "gate", filtering the information for processing. It is important

Traumatic Memory Essay
This study was conducted to find any neural connections of traumatic memories in patients with PTSD and without by utilizing MRI scans. This
matters to us in the big picture of neuroscience/ biopsychology because it shows if regions in the brain, such as the thalamus, Brodmann's area 11, and
the Brodmann's area 32 are active in the patients, then that means that the symptom present in PTSD shows improvement in memory performance.
Basically, what that means is that patients with PTSD can recall traumatic memory quicker than the typical person would. By knowing this,
psychologists can easily understand memory recall times in patients with PTSD vs patients without PTSD. Their hypothesis was that patients with
PTSD will show signs of less activation... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
fMRI scans were performed by using a complex machine with massive specifications, named 4–T whole–body Varian/ Siemens imaging system. Before
they start their imaging, the patient's heart rate was monitored with a fiber–optic pulse oximeter and placed on their head was a radio frequency coil to
capture a map of their brain. Each patient is then instructed to lie calmly, breathe through their nose, and allow themselves to focus on the script that
the instructors were about to read. Each script would usually last them about 30 seconds. After the script is read, they are encouraged to recall a
memory for about 60 seconds and once they start, so does their measurements of their heartbeats. The script is then repeated again after 120 seconds.
This method is repeated 3 times. Based on Figure 1, it showed that brain areas that were activated were similar to each other during the first and last
30 seconds of the recall for both patients with and without PTSD. The only difference is that patients with PTSD showed a more prominent increase in
their heart rate than those without PTSD. As a conclusion, they concluded that patients with PTSD showed signs of less activation in the thalamus,
Brodmann's area 11, and Brodmann's area 32. Based on that, they founded out that high levels of arousal can arise from a recall of a traumatic event,
thus leading to

Playing against a Computer or a Human Research
Background and significance Individuals participating in an interaction perceive one another as rational agents who possess beliefs, desires and
intentions that might be different than their own. Assumptions made about these mental states are used to interpret and predict behavior. Conferring
such attributes to an agent (human, computer, whatever) has been described as adopting an 'intentional stance' (Dennet, 1996). Adopting an intentional
stance is part of our broader ability to mentalize which involves representing and attributing mental states to oneself and others. Research concerned
with understanding the neural system of mentalizing has indentified a network of regions that minimally involve the temporoparietal region (TPJ) and
the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) (Abu–Akel and Shamay–Tsoory, 2011). However, it is not completely clear the extent to which humans readily
mentalize (or adopt an intentional stance) with other humans or non–humans (e.g., computers). Thus an important goal of this study is to investigate
how the neural network associated with adopting an intentional stance is modulated under various interaction conditions in which the interacting
partner and the context are varied. Several studies employing various interactive games have been conducted to uncover the neural basis involved in
adopting an intentional stance. These studies followed a similar script according to which participants were led to believe that they are playing either
against a

Meta Analytic Connectivity Of Bilateral Thalamus
Discussion Meta–analytic Connectivity of Bilateral Thalamus The aim of our study was to compare and characterize the coactivations of LT and RT.
By performing a conjunction analysis LTв€©RT we found that each of our ROIs shared coactivations with cerebellar
–thalamic–cortical circuit. Within
the cortex, convergence of LT and RT MACAMs occurred in right superior temporal, right and left precentral, bilateral parietal and left supplementary
motor area, which is involved in cognitive aspects of performance (Kim et al., 1994; Mushiake and strick, 1995; Gao et al., 1996; for review, see
Middleton and Strick, 1997) such as working memory, planning, and rule–based learning (Middleton and Strick, 2001). Importantly, LT and RT
individually showed... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The direct projections of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus to the insula and cingulate have been demonstrated in non–human primates
(Augustine, 1996; Craig, 2008; Hatanaka et al., 2003; Mufson and Mesulam, 1984; Vogt et al;, 1979). Taylor et al. in 2009 stated that thalamus is the
most likely canditate as direct projection to insula and cingulate. Cerebelum–thalamus–insula–cingulate regions seems to be part of the "salience
network" and "an executive–control network" conecting the frontal cortex with parietal cortex (Seely et al.,2007 and Dosenbach et al., 2007). The
salience networks detects salient environmental changes independently of the modality of the task employed (i.e., visual, auditory, tactile, pain)
(Hutchison et al, 1999; Downar et al. 2000, 2002, 2003; Seely et al. 2007; Taylor et al. 2009). Previous research has also identificated anterior insula
and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex as a frontoparietal control network, that may indirectly contribute to episodic memory recall such as goal–directed
selection for stimulus and responses and may mediate these functions by integrating information from external and internal sources or across multiple
domains such as attention or working memory

Central Nervous System Research Paper
The Central Nervous System, or CNS, is a beautifully complex system that controls the functions of our brain and body. Billions of neurons form
networks within the brain and spinal cord that transport signals throughout the body and the mind. Neurons are composed of cell bodies that extend
into structures called dendrites and axons. Dendrites receive signals that are then transmitted into the cell body as an impulse, and that impulse is sent
outward to the axon. These neuron networks can react and restructure to accommodate new learning that the brain experiences– this is called plasticity,
and it's how our body is able to adapt and grow. The brain is composed of three parts: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain, where the
brainstem connects to the spinal cord. Nerves branch off from the brainstem in a similar fashion to that of the spinal cord, and these nerves carry
sensory and motive information back and forth. The spinal cord, which extends from the brainstem all the way down the spine, is the main pathway for
sending these signals. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cerebrum itself contains a multitude of parts: the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, the thalamus, and the pituitary and pineal gland. The cerebral
cortex is composed of folded gray matter tissue, and it is the furthermost outer layer of the cerebrum. In the cerebral cortex is where the brain can
access memory, think, feel, and

On Intelligence by Jeff Hawkins
In On Intelligence, Jeff Hawkins hypothesizes a system of human intelligence based on memory, predictions, and pattern matching in what he calls a
"memory–prediction framework." Because he studied and worked in computer science, rather than neuroscience, Hawkins has a unique perspective and
writes in terms that are accessible to someone from a non–neurological background or standpoint and often analogous to computer architecture, making
the subject matter relatable to the interested layman. However, though he offers a plausible structure of the brain that mostly aligns with current
thinking, he does not take into account important recent research, omitting neurologically developments that have been accepted by the scientific
community. The main difference that he offers, between traditional approaches to artificial intelligence and his thinking, is the importance of drawing
on memory (and associated learned patterns and processes) versus computation. He discusses at length a hierarchical system of the brain, but leaves out
two very important components to that system: the thalamus and hypothalamus. He also draws broad conclusions without discussing specific
mechanisms for how they are achieved, so his theory is not entirely sound, though it could prove to be. Also, possibly because of his background, and
not being immersed in the world of biological science, he is able to critique areas of neuroscience and artificial intelligence with interesting points about
each. The book

Superior Temporal Gyrus Research Paper
It's hard to understand how people can say dance is easy when it's so complex to be thinking about every single part of your body at the same time
making sure it's in perfect position from one movement to the next throughout a whole routine and even before that during the hour–long practices for
months. The body endures too much with bumps and bruises, stretching and soreness, and pops and cracks but that's only the physical aspect of what a
dancer has to go through. The mind is worked and conditioned along the journey to improve what you see externally. Thebrain undergoes critical
thinking of the song playing, beats, timing, when and how to move certain body parts until the end of every performance.
The Superior temporal Gyrus is responsible for processing sounds with the primary auditory cortex. Some areas of the superior temporal gyrus are
specialized for processing combination of frequencies while other areas are specialized for processing changes in amplitude or frequency. This
contributes to hearing rhythm with steady beats and fluctuations in music which is just vibrating air molecules connecting with the eardrum with
different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thalamus tells whether the signals been received are any signs of danger by communicating with the hippocampus. The hippocampus stores historical
sound/danger associations while the thalamus links to the amygdala to initiate an emotional response. The amygdala is an important part of the limbic
system. The limbic system in involved without emotions, feelings of pleasure, and memories while the amygdala is specifically for the processing of
emotions, memories, and motivation. For a dancer to truly perform, they give off emotion based on the music. Whether the music is sad they show it
in their facial expressions and play out a character that is perceived by the

The Functions Of The Talamus In The Midbrate Brain
Translated from Greek thalamus means "chamber" and is a midline symmetrical structure of two halves, with the vertebrate brain, situated between the
cerebral cortex and the midbrain. The functions of the thalamus is to relay the sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and the midbrain, and
the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness. The thalamus is located in the forebrain superior to the midbrain, near the center of the brain, with
nerve fibers projecting into the cerebral cortex in all directions of the brain. The surface of the thalamus constitutes the upper part of the lateral wall of
the third ventricle, and is connected to the corresponding surface of the opposite thalamus by a flattened gray band, the interthalamic

The Descending Control Mechanism Activates Once Noxious...
The descending control mechanism activates once noxious stimuli reaches the higher level processing area of the brain. Inhibition can occur through
opiate release
Descending Pathways
The descending pathways involved in pain utilise efferent motor nerves (gamma motor neurons). These pathways are involved in analgesic response or
motor response to pain.
pain modulation with brain areas(Tracey & Mantyh, 2007) pain modulation with brain areas(Gebhart, 2004) areas work together through inhibition or
facilitation of nociceptive signals.
Monoamines such as; serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine mediate modulation in the DH by binding to their according receptor subtypes of the
afferent nociceptive fibres (Millan, 2005; Zhao et al., 2007; Pertovaara, 2006)
periaqueductal gray (PAG)– motor, sensory and autonomic response. Located in the midbrain. Once activated by the spinomesencephalic tract, it
releases a pentapeptide known as enkephalin, an endogenous ligand that binds to the delta opioid receptors in the body. A low level of analgesia is
produced (Varga, et al, 2004; Carrive, 1993). Initiates inhibitory response to noxious stimuli by activating the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM)
(Fields, 2006) the second section of the PAG–RVM–DH inhibitory pathway. The RVM projects bilaterally to the DH via the dorsolateral funiculi and
ventromedial funiculi (Porreca, Ossipov & Gebhart, 2002). There are two populations of neurons, on–cells and off–cells, that have been identified in

The Amygdala
This small area is placed to receive stimuli from all the sensory cortices and other sensory areas. It is together with the hippocampus, considered a
part of the limbic system. The amygdala receives input from all levels of sensory processing. From thalamus, it receives early sensory signals that
have not yet been highly analyzed. A more thorough analysis of a stimulus is done in the sensory cortex that also projects to the amygdala .
Thalamus
The thalamus is located in the forebrain superior to the mid brain near the center of the brain with nerve fibers projecting out to the cerebral cortex in all
directions. The main function of the thalamus is to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex .
Hippocampus
The hippocampus is

The Effects Of Sensory Information On The Brain Essay
Although there are discrete cortexes in the brain, each with a specific purpose for integration, which have complex functions of their own, each part
of the brain interacts with one another in complex ways that contribute to the integration of sensory information to the reality we are all so familiar
with (Eagleman, 2015a). As explained by Doctor David Eagleman (2015a), the brain is like a city. There is no true single place that reality could be
said to exist in the mind. Just as in a city, there are many different parts that make up the whole (Eagleman, 2015a). Each and every part of a city
specializes in getting one thing done, like each cortex. However, rather than the success of the brain or city existing in the individual parts, reality is
achieved by integrating each and every part into a single entity (Eagleman, 2015a).This means that the brain also integrates sensory information by
creating interactions between the separate cortexes of the brain. An example of the way that sensory information communication is essential, is found
in the interaction between smell and taste (Herz, 2007). Most of what we perceive as taste is actually a result of activation of the olfactory cortex, the
area of the brain dedicated to the sense of smell (Herz, 2007). The interaction of these two senses leads to an enhancement of the sensation of taste,
altering our creation and perception of reality surrounding the way we perceive taste (Herz, 2007). Essential to the communication

Phantom Limbs Essay
Phantom Limbs
Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) is a serious condition that occurs when a person who has lost a part of their body though amputation, trauma (brachial
plexus), or loss of nervous connections in an appendage, perceives that the limb is still there and experiences sensations coming from this area. It was
first described in 1866 by S. Weir Mitchell, an American neurologist, through a short story published in Atlantic Monthly. While Mitchell may then
have wondered if this was specific to wounded Civil War soldiers, it has since been established as quite common (1). Over 70% of amputees report
phantom limb pain for years after amputation (2). Several theories have been proposed regarding PLP, although there is still much to be... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data indicated that PLP is related to, and may be a consequence of, plastic changes in the primary somatosensory cortex, and that the shift of the
cortical map following amputation might be a potential neurophysiological basis of PLP (6).
Further studies in 1998 investigating the re–mapping component in the brain were conducted by researchers at the University of Toronto and The
Toronto Hospital. The study recruited amputees who experienced phantom pain for surgery to map the sensory areas in the brain. During the mapping
process, the conscious patients reported sensations they felt when certain areas of the thalamus were stimulated. Patients reported phantom sensations
when areas of the thalamus were stimulated that formally were innervated by neurons from the missing arm, and also when areas on the stump were
stimulated that activated these reorganized regions in the brain. Neurons were shown to continue to carry out their original roles, but with different
sources of activation (7).
While persuasive, the aforementioned experimental conclusions are well critiqued by Ronald Melzack who argues against looking to the
somatosensory cortex or thalamus as the only cause of phantom pain in his April 1992 Scientific American article. He states: Such changes in the
somatosensory thalamus or cortex could explain why certain feelings arise in limbs that no longer exist or can no longer

Midbrain Research Paper
The arrangement of the human brain comes from the physical arrangement set as an embryo. The forebrain is the part of the brain farthest forward,
followed by the midbrain, then the hindbrain toward the back of the neck.
The hindbrain, located directly above the spinal cord, contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.The medulla controls breathing, heart rate,
swallowing, digestion, and maintaining an up right posture. As well, the medulla is where nerves from the left brain transfer to the right and nerves from
the right brain transfer to the left. Below the medulla are the pons. The pons control sleep and arousal. Behind both the medulla and the pons is the
cerebellum. The cerebellum is involved in regulation and coordination of body movements and learning.
Above the hindbrain is a small, neural area called the midbrain. The midbrain, in its retical formation, is responsible for regulating and maintaining
consciouness.
Finally, the forebrain, located at the front of the brain, allows for complex emotional reactions, cognitive processes, and movement patterns. Withing
the forebrain is the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the limbic system. The thalamus is the part of the brain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the two hemispheres are four lobes: the occipital lobes, pariental lobes, temporal lobes, and frontal lobes. The occipital lobes are responsible
for visual processing including shapes, color, and motion. The pariental lobes, located in front of the occipital lobes, are involved in touch sensatino
and monitoring the body's position. Located below the pariental lobes are the temporal lobes, which are involved with hearing and language. In the
very front of the brain, behind the forehead, the frontal lobes are found. The frontal lobes are responsible for the coordination of movement and higher
mental process such as planning, social skills,

Parkinson 's Disease ( Pd )
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease which is progressive, incurable and debilitating. The disease is caused by a loss of
dopamine producing neurons in the brainstem which leads primarily to motor deficits. In Australia, 1 in 350 people live with PD and the prevalence
is quickly growing (Parkinson 's Queensland, 2014). While most of the people diagnosed with PD are over 65 years old, people as young as 30 can
develop the condition (Parkinson 's Queensland, 2014). Currently, there is no known cure for the disease and thus treatment options are limited,
meaning that those living with PD, will have to manage the condition for the rest of their life. While PD is often viewed as impacting only the older
generation, the effect of the condition is multi–generational. There is a high burden of care for those with PD as they may become completely
dependent in most of their activities of daily living (ADL), this impacting on the role of the spouse, family and health care workers. It is therefore
important for those with PD to remain as independent as possible, for as long as possible while maintaining a quality of life that is meaningful and
satisfying to them. This is why occupational therapists with their unique focus on activities and meaning making, play an important role in PD
management.
In a patient with PD, neurodegeneration occurs primarily in the basal ganglia and causes dysfunction of the motor loop. As this circuit is responsible for
the regulation

What Are Huntington's Disease?
It is estimated that approximately one in every four American adults suffer from a mental disorder today. Within this subset of Americans, about six
percent experience serious disabilities from their mental disorder. One of the more devastating mental disorders today is known as Huntington's
disease (Huntington's chorea). Huntington's largely affects people of European ancestry the most, an estimated three to seven out of every 100,000 of
this decent suffer from it. Named after George Huntington who first characterized the effects of adult onset Huntington's at the age of 22. In 1872, in
the newspaper The Medical and Surgical Reporter, he described a disease that exhibited; loss of motor control, altered personality and a decline in
cognitive... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The exact answer to this question has yet to be discovered, but steps to explain why it affects the brain have been made. The Huntingtin protein (HTT)
is known to be a necessary protein for development and is found throughout the whole body. However, it only kills the selective nerve cells; this suggest
that the HTT protein only interacts with proteins associated with the brain. Various experiments revealed that HTT protein interacts with two other
proteins (HIP–1 and HAP–1) which are both only present in the brain. This could explain how the HTT only affects the

The Consequences Of FFI And SFI
The consequences of chronic insomnia, in terms of morbidity and mortality, could explain some of the symptomatic developments seen in FFI and
SFI. Perhaps the prion disease itself merely functions to disrupt the sleep wave cycle by damaging the thalamus and all of the other pathophysiology
seen in fatal insomnia develops secondary to the insomnia. However, as will be show in the discussion section, there brain regions affected in FFI and
SFI are linked to multiple functions! Discussion Fatal insomnia needs development in therapy from one that is supportive to one that is curative.
Discovering a solution to this problem will likely depend on the thorough understanding of how pathology corresponds with presentation. It is for this
reason... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The irreversible damage received by the brain in fatal insomnia disease forces clinicians and researchers to think outside the box when attempting to
figure out curative measures. Better methods of diagnosing early stages of the disease should be determined, perhaps by a multisystem predictor that
incorporates vitals, certain serum chemical values, and PSG attributes. Success in developing such a diagnostic test would allow prions to be tackled
head on by altering their pathological configuration into a benign non–replicating protein. Means of achieving this vary, but they could include
therapies that alter surrounding metal levels, ionic charge, etc. Alternatively, promoting the preservation of critical neurons and brain areas associated
with fatal familial insomnia should be a goal. Damage to these areas has severe consequences, as seen in FFI, SFI, and chronic insomnia. They produce
environments that are toxic neuronal networks in the brain and thus functionality. Disruption allows for dysregulation of important systems, such as
autonomic and endocrine, allowing for extra vulnerability in the patient. Protective therapies directed at certain areas, like the thalamus and limbic
system, can be targeted to slow the progress of these

How The Brain Works
Have you ever wondered how the brain works? There are many brain parts.Your brain is your body's control center. Many brain parts help to control
your brain. Your brain was one of the first parts of your body to form.
First, there is six major parts of the brain. Brain stems takes care of all the body jobs you never think about, although it's only three inches long. The
cerebrum is the largest and smallest parts of your brain. The outer layer is called the cerebral cortex.The text states, the left hemisphere controls the right
side of your body, and the right hemisphere controls your left side. When you eat, the cerebellum coordinates your hand to make sure that your fork
goes into your mouth and not into your ear. Deep inside the cerebellum is the thalamus. The thalamus lets you forget information that's not important.
Below the thalamus is the hypothalamus. This bundle of nerves controls your emotions.
Next, a nerve is not just a skinny wire that reaches all the way to your brain. Each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the spinal cord, nerves branch out all over your body. Nerves help your brain in many ways you may never know.
Finally, drugs hurt your brain in ways that you may not know. A drug can kill brain cells, or damage , or interfere with the connections between
neurons. People can die when taking to much of a drug or when the drug is mixed with other substances. Remember, there is no way to know just
what is an illegal drug sold on the street. Illegal drugs are not tested. Drug users know that drugs are harming them. Drug addiction is a complex and
serious problem. The best solution is to stay away from drugs in the first place. Your brain and body will thank you.
In conclusion, your brain works in many ways, shapes and forms. The brain controls your body in many different ways. One of your first body parts
to form was your brain. Drugs may harm or damage your body. Nervous system, central nervous system, spinal cord and many more are brain

Insomnia Essay
Neuroimaging has made it possible to assess abnormal metabolic functions responsible for insomnia. fMRI assists in targeting areas of the brain
experiencing increased blood flow and neuronal activity. Studies that have analyzed the effects of insomnia using magnetic imaging techniques have
concluded that there are characteristic deviations in brain structure and interconnectivity with regard to insomnia. In a recent review, ample evidence
concluded that positive interconnectivity was present in regions of the brain responsible for "...wakefulness, emotion, worry/rumination, saliency
/attention, and sensory motor..." in affected individuals, while regions of the brain that normally regulated each other (i.e. the salience network and
default ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, areas of the brain with less positive interconnectivity included temporal coupling between the left pallidum and right thalamus, and also
between the default mode network and affective network (Li et al., 2017). Normally, the pallidum acts by inhibiting pyramidal cells to help promote
sleep. This evidence has been supported in mouse models after discoveries showing that lesions inflicted on the external pallidum resulted in significant
increases in wakefulness, as well as significant "...fragmentation of non–REM sleep and wakefulness." (Li et al., 2017). The thalamus, which is also a
part of the ascending reticular activating system, also functions to help promote wakefulness (Li et al., 2017). Because of this, the observed decrease in
positive connections between the two regions (the thalamus and the pallidum of the subcortical region) could indicate that there may be diminished
"...mutual inhibitory effects..." between them (Li et al., 2017). Such mutual effects could increasingly suppress the thalamus during sleep, leading to
insomnia–like symptoms (Li et al., 2017).
As mentioned before, decreased positive connections were shown to exist between the default mode network and the salience network. One of the
major functions of the salience network observed among these studies was that it

Athletes Brain Function Essay
The Functions and Structures of an Athletes' Brain
With the Effects of a Concussion The human brain is wonderfully created. It has differing sections, which control both voluntary and involuntarily
functions. One can imagine the damage that an injury could cause. The functions and structures of an athletes' brain can be affected by a concussion in
multiple ways, depending on which lobe or cortex sustains the damage. According to professor King (Experience Psychology Ed.3), the following four
specific structures are found in the human brain and can be dramatically affected by a concussion: Limbic system, Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, and the
Hypothalamus.
The Limbic system serves the purpose of retaining emotion and memory in its chain configuration. The Amygdala and Hippocampus add in firing
emotion and memory. The Amygdala selects a reaction to a certain circumstance, while the Hippocampus saves that reaction so that when you
encounter that event again, your brain will have already had a similar experience and quickly gives you an answer. The loss of retaining memory as
well as a slower emotional reaction are a result of the damage that could occur to the Limbic system. Dementia, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It affects the following areas of pleasure: eating, drinking, and sex. It also affects undesirable emotional activities like: stress, rage, and
punishment–reward. The Hypothalamus's importance is magnified in that it directs the endocrine system. Hormones play a vital part in your
well–being. Since the Hypothalamus is sensitive to the temperature of the surrounding blood begins a chemical reaction, triggering the sweat glands,
allows the body release heat, thus cooling it back down to the preferred temp of 98 degrees. Regarding emotional stress, the Hypothalamus plays as
vital role in acting on the pituitary gland. The athlete may lose sexual desire, appetite, and have hormone

The Topic Of Specific Language Impairment

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Cindy Vazquez

More from Cindy Vazquez (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Topic Of Specific Language Impairment