Xebec Research Paper

Xebec Research Paper
This is a model of an 18th century Arabian chebec. Chebecs were originally Arab constructions that were famous for their speed and maneuverability.
They were primarily fast, light sailing warships, but in calms could also be rowed by means of oars through smaller ports in the bulwarks between
each two adjacent guns. They are thought to have originated in Algeria, and were used by corsairs of the Maghreb from the beginning of the 17th
century. The chebec's proved very useful as fast raiders, dispatch boats and merchant ships. The Barbary States of that time were to a large extent
autonomous outposts of the Ottoman Empire and attacked the ships of the merchant fleets of those nations, which unlike England and France did not
have strong navies.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Xebecs were similar to galleys used by Algerian corsairs and Barbary pirates having both lateen sails and oars for propulsion. Early xebecs had
two masts; later ones three. Xebecs featured a distinctive hull with pronounced overhanging bow and rarely displaced more than 200 tons,
making them slightly smaller and with slightly fewer guns than frigates of the period. The Chebec was a typical ship with roots in North African
countries. It was the typical format for ships frequenting the ports of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. The Chebec was armed with 24 cannons. This
particular ship model is based on the French Chebec design of the ship 'Le Requinto'. The French and Spanish both copied the North African ship
design for its speed. Le Requinto was one of eight chebecs built in France between 1750 and 1762. Le Requinto was built by Joseph Caubet, a
native of Majorca, and the build lasted eight months. The amazing aerodynamic profile of this ship speaks for its speed capabilities. Chebecs were
used in the Mediterranean by French corsairs mainly for quick interception and getaway. This is a fantastic plank on frame ship model of the chebec
based on the original plans with all its ornaments being hand carved pieces which took hours to
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Christopher Columbus Research Paper
Columbus was an Italian explorer famed for discovering the "New World". Columbus set out on a voyage on Aug 3rd, 1492 from Palos, Spain with
three small ships including the Pinta, the Nina, and the Santa Maria. Technology had quite a big impact on Columbus' voyage. If Columbus had the
technology that sailors have today then he would know where he was going. The technology in Columbus' time was trivial compared to the technology
sailors have today.
One item of technology that Columbus had on his voyage with three ships including the Pinta, the Nina, and the Santa Maria was the quadrant. The
quadrant was a metal plate in the shape of a fourth of a circle. From the center hung a weight on a string the went across to the other edge of the circle.
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Another instrument that Christopher Columbus used on his long voyages was the sandglass to tell what time of day it was. There was a designated
person whose sole responsibility was to turn the sandglass every half hour to measure the time until the watch changed. After midnight a different tool
was used to measure time. This device was called a nocturnal. A nocturnal told what time of night it was by how the stars moved and aligned around
the celestial pole. Christopher Columbus also carried an Astrolabe which was somewhat similar to a quadrant, but slightly less accurate, in telling the
position, than its counterpart the quadrant. Another very important tool that Christopher Columbus used on his voyage to the new world was the
magnetic compass. The magnetic compass was built with a magnetized metal needle that was put in a way that it could spin freely in a fully complete
360 degree circle if need be. Christopher Columbus figured out which end was which by the position of our lovely, warm hearted, giant sun,
remembering that the sun rises in the East and sets in the west. To find north at around noon in the day one would look down on the needle with the

Umayyad vs Abbasid Dynasties
Umayyad vs. Abbasid Dynasties In the rise and spreading of the Islam religion, there were many dynasties that were similar and different in their own
way. The Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties can be compared: culturally, through religious tolerations and cultural blending; politically, through
bureaucracy and misuse of government powers; and economically, through trade and advancements of technology. Culturally through religious
toleration and cultural blending, the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties can be compared. Umayyad practiced a fair degree of religious tolerance and
they hired Christians and Jews that belonged to the Levant to high ranks, but they weren't as open minded when it came to race, and their leaders and
officials of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Umayyad also used the silk roads for overland trade. The roads used for trade were also inherited for military forces to cross. These roads for
the Umayyad and Abbasid were said to be very efficient and fast so a lot more money came into the Dynasty. Trading was very respectable and
important to both dynasties. While both dynasties were reliant to trade and advancements in technology were also important to the economy. Advances
were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill to create more crops in dry times in the Abbasid dynasty. Muslim
engineers also developed pumps, employed gears in mills and water–raising machines, and used dams to provide additional power to watermills and
water–raising machines. Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labor in ancient times to be
mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. While the Umayyad created saddles to ride camels through the brutal heat
and carry heavy loads. The Umayyad also used the compass from the Chinese and lateen sails from south Asian and Indian mariners to engage in
maritime trade and ran some of the first banks. Although the Umayyad designed great inventions, the Abbasid improved their ideas and benefitted from
it significantly. As shown, the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties can be compared in many political, economical,

Motivation For European Exploration In The 15th And 16th...
Exploration Essay European exploration wasn't only entirely based of one motivation in the 15th and 16th century. Although many voyages of
discovery were started in search of wealth, religion was also a big reason for exploring other continents. Religion wasn't the main motivation for
European exploration in the 15th and 16th century. Instead, the main motivation was economic motives, which was closely followed by religion, and
to a lesser extent was technological developments. The main motivation of European exploration was economic motives. People were beginning to
become more interested in traveling by sea to reach Asia and Africa and all their riches(Duiker,494). The spice trade was what linkedEurope to Asia,
and the gold trade linked Europe to Africa. Furthermore, in the 15th and 16th centuries, as the economy and purchasing power of Europe developed
and increased, the spice demand grew at a steady rate(Arnold,12). Therefore, spices were one of the few things that made overseas trade possible.
Europe did not have very much gold to begin with, so ultimately the gold mines that they did possess were emptied. After 1400, Europe started trading
with the areas that produced gold, increasing their amount of gold. Gold was very important to Europe, because not only was it used for decorations,
but also their currency. In 1500, Portugal was controlling the flow of gold to Europe, making Portugal much wealthier(Buckler,500). Eventually, slaves
were included in the gold

Essay On The Convergence Of Transregional Networks Of...
2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange
Common Era trade networks reached distances and capacities that Ancient Era trade had never been capable of reaching. Massive empires were
involved in transregional trade in the Common Era. These empires were after luxury goods that were shipped across long distances of trade routes
both on land and in water.
The appearance of large empires brought change to trade networks by encouraging many benefits that trade provided. Empires could obtain luxury and
foreign commodities. Influence through trade could also create and spread new technological advancements, as well as help spread universalizing
religions.
The major trade routes of the Common Era were the Silk Road, Trans–Saharan route, Indian Ocean network, Mediterranean Sea routes, and American
Along caravan trade routes, sugar and some citrus fruits were able to spread from Southeastern and South Asia to the Middle East to North Africa.
Epidemics caused by domesticated animals, the bubonic plague, and smallpox all devastated a variety of countries through contact on trade routes.
Domesticated animals carried and transferred many disease pathogens without humans knowing, leaving them unable to find any treatments. Smallpox
first appeared in the Roman Empire and killed a large portion of the population. Trade along the Silk Road resulted in contact with Romans, and the
Han Dynasty of China suffered from the epidemic. China was also infected with the bubonic plague from trading contact with Constantinople, the
Roman Empire capital.
Religions spread along trade routes as merchants carried their beliefs from trade port to trade port. They spread their ideas and wished to bring new
followers into their religions. By introducing new religions to the growing empires, rulers wished to show their absolute value and prove their
legitimacy by using popular religious

The European Impact on Native American Technology Essay
The European Impact on Native American Technology
When European exploration led to the populating of the Americas, it was described as the event with one of the greatest ecological impacts in history.
The force behind this impact was the mass movement of people and their behavior's toward their "New World". It only stands to reason that a clash
would occur with the natives of these lands. One of the areas with the greatest conflict was the field of technology.
Scientifically, when the cultures of 15th century Europe and the natives in the Americas are concerned, the two are fairly alike. In Europe,a great deal
of work was done in astronomy. Of course this was because it was a necessity for navigation. From the studies of the ... Show more content on
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Consequently, there was no real understanding of the human body and how it functioned. At this period in time, such remedies as using leeches for
blood–lettings were common practice in Europe(McGovern, 75).
This is one area which contrasts greatly with the native cultures. The Indians of the Americas were far ahead of the Europeans of their time.
Because of the closeness and respect for nature, many natural cures were used. The Aztecs had even gone as far as surgery to remove organs and
even work on the brain. The Indians also took much better care of themselves pysically. This was done by a better diet and exercise. In some cultures
a type of martial arts was taught beginning in adolesence, to keep in shape both mentally and pysically. Despite all of these advancements, they were
powerless to the new and unfamilliar European diseases.
Another area in which the Indians thrived was that of agriculture and their understanding of the earth. Europeans had little knowledge of agriculture, or
chose not to use what they did have. Europe was in a state of agricultural depression. Most of the soil was completely exhausted due to overuse and
general mistreatment of the land. Both activities which continued in America.
Agriculture served as the material foundation for the natives. Corn was the heart of this foundation because it was so versatile. In

Voyages Of Columbus : The Voyage Of Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus had three ships on his first voyage, the NiГ±a, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. Columbus sailed from Palos de la Frontera on 3
August, 1492. His flagship, the Santa Maria had 52 men aboard while his other two ships, the Nina and Pinta were each crewed by 18 men.
The Santa Maria was a nao, was a bit of a tub, and was not able to go near the coastline. But was able to carry a lot of cargo, and it was able to stand up
well in bad weather. The NiГ±a, the Pinta were caravels, with a shallower draft than a nao, did not have much cargo space, but were able to explore
shallow bays and the mouths of rivers. A carvel was square–rigged on its foremasts and mainmasts, but used a lateen sail on the mizzen to help in
tacking. Acaravel had about twenty crew members, who slept on the deck and would go below only if the weather was bad.
The crew were gathered by MartГn Alonso PinzГіn (captain of the Pinta). They were experienced sea–men, and four of them had taken an offer from
the Spanish throne for amnesty from prison if they took the voyage. Many of these sailors were from the nearby towns of Lepe and Moguer.
Over several days, ships of Columbus's day would average a little less than 4 knots. Top speed for the vessels was about 8 knots, and minimum speed
was zero. These speeds were quite typical for vessels of the period. So overall, 90 or 100 miles in a day would be typical, and 200 phenomenal. Of the
three ships on the first voyage, the Santa Maria was the slowest,

Indian Ocean Basin Trade
Changes and Continuities of Indian Ocean Trade The Indian Ocean Basin trade was the most significant trade after the collapse of the Mongols and
the Silk Road. During the period circa 600 to 1450 CE the Indian Ocean Basin trade developed into the most important exchange of products and ideas
in the world. During the period the area had numerous technological and religious developments, however the trade itself didn't change during this time
as far as geography and policies of trade.
To begin there were many changes during the eight–hundred–fifty years following 600 CE. In the beginning Buddhism was reaching its height as a
trade route religion but Islam began to surpass it during the following centuries. The high point was reached when Buddhism ... Show more content on
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The trade of gold, ivory, gems, silver, and manufactured goods made this trade lucrative for Portugal. The profit margin were so large that it was
worth it to conquer the territory and ship it back around the horn of Africa and all the way up the Western Coast of Africa into Portugal. Because of
the lack of a navy and policy controlling the trade Portugal was not only able to insert itself into the trade but it was also able to take up glorified
piracy in order to increase its already sizable profits. Because of the continuities of the trade that allowed it to go on for more than eight centuries it
was also destroyed by the Portuguese.
In conclusion, the Indian Ocean was the definitive trading zone of the world from the early to mid 1000's. It continuously evolved from 600 to 1450
CE. Despite keeping the same framework the trade had numerous religious changes and technological improvements during the period that made it a
constantly changing section of the

The Discovery Of The New World
Ship Improvements
What were the events and improvements in ship design that lead to the discovery of the New World and enabled the subsequent expansion in global
trade? In this paper I will examine the changes and improvements in European ship design that allowed for the first transatlantic voyage to the New
World. Though the Europeans were not the first to develop the concept of the ship, they were the first to take this concept and use it to cross the
Atlantic. Even before Columbus sailed across the Atlantic to the New World, Europe had a long maritime history. Before the 15th and 16th century
European ship design had been relatively slow to advance from its initial stages. But during the 15th and 16th century European ship design
accelerated at break neck speeds to advance to the point of enabling the Age of Exploration. Dr. Edwards states, "The major difference in father
oceanic sailing was the length of the voyages between landfalls. Longer voyages meant larger crews to man watches through twenty–four hours, the
need to carry larger stores of food, wood and water, and the need for more spare equipment such as anchors and cables, sails, line for rigging, lumber,
metal work and gear for all kinds of repairs at sea or on distant shores where such things are unavailable"(Edwards. 443). To accomplish this feat many
improvements were required on earlier ship designs that were used in maritime activities along the coast of Europe and in the Mediterranean. Though

Age Of Exploration Summary
Lilliana Alkovic
Age Of Exploration
The Age of Exploration began from about 1415 to about 1796. The goal was to get to Southeast Asia, India and China to look for goods and riches.
Jealously towards Italy's monopoly of money and power caused other countries to expand themselves, so they could reach this height of popularity.
Various explorers set out to seek spices and other prizes such as gold. Others seek to conquer new land. These explorers would follow The 3 G's Gold,
Spices and Profit, Glory, and God to discover territory and make history.
PORTUGUESE EXPLORER:
Vasco Da Gama was the first man that led four ships in a round trip from Portugal, around the Cape of Good Hope of Africa, to India and back to
Portugal. He established a stable trade which created much profit and power for the Portuguese. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Portuguese developed this ship to help them explore the African coast. What made this ship faster and bigger than the ones before was the lateen
sails that gave it more speed and made it easier to maneuver through tough winds.
THE CONQUEST OF THE AZTECS:
Hernan CortГ©s a Conquistador of Spain sailed to Central America to, gain wealth for Spain and the Spanish King, Charles V. Increase Spanish
territory. Gain personal wealth, glory, and power for himself. Also to spread Christianity. In the midst of this, the Spanish and The Aztecs and Incas
fought in numerous battles, but in the end Spain had conquered their land. They took huge quantities of gold, destroyed cities, and almost erased an
entire civilization.
ENGLISH EXPLORER:
John Cabot (about 1450–1499) was an English explorer sent on a mission by King Henry the 8th to search for a Northwest passage across North
America to Asia (a seaway to Asia). Although he didn't find India, he discovered parts of North America, finding new fishing grounds. He also claimed
parts of Canada to

Marco Polo's Motives For Success In The Gilded Age
Chapter 14 Assignment #1 Ch 14.1 (Ryan Cho)
Marco Polo, "God, glory, and gold", portolani, Prince Henry, Columbus, Cortes, conquistador, Pizarro, encomienda, Bartolome de las Casas
1.Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant traveler who went on many voyages across Asia and Africa. On one of his travels to Asia, Marco met
Kublai Khan and became good friends. His journey to Asia lasted 24 years, and when he arrived back home, he found out that his country was at
war with Genoa. Polo then became a prisoner of war and wasn't released until 1299. Upon his release, Polo became a wealthy merchant with a wife
and two kids. Marco died in 1324 and was buried in the San Lorenzo Church.
2."God, glory, and gold" was known as the three main motives for further ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Aztecs were a huge Empire in Mexico, with many gold resources and other expensive resources. Cortez was very smart and manipulative,
whereas the Aztecs were gullible. The Aztecs believed that Cortes was a god, and offered him a lot of money and gold. While Cortez accepted this
offer, the Aztecs soon realized that Cortez was not a god, just an explorer. Cortez was the downfall of the empire because he brought in other
Europeans to help him take the gold from the Aztecs. The Aztecs were a successful, thriving empire before the Age of Exploration, but constant attacks
and tactics used by Cortez led to the decline of Aztec

Continuity And Changes In The Western World Essay
The years of 1200–1750 were times of massive change in Western Europe and much of the world. However, one of the most important turning points
of the time period occurred when advances in seafaring technology led the Americas to be discovered and trans–regional trade to intensify and expand
across the globe. This intensification of trade led to the beginnings of the African slave trade and the destruction of the indigenous peoples of South
and Central America, which changed the course of history. Despite all of this change, however, trade still remained a profound source of cultural
diffusion, and the influence and power of China on world trade and politics did not waver. This essay will be outlining the specific ways in which the
world changed and stayed the same during the age of exploration, with... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the Middle Ages began winding to a close and stability was being established in the reason with the rise of families ruling through heredity
relatively unopposed such as the Habsburgs, Europe entered a new age of exploration and enlightenment. With powerful European countries now
interested in expanding their global reach and newly invented seafaring technology such as the sextant and lateen sail making this possible on a larger
scale, overseas exploration became viable and an endeavor worth investing in. Portuguese and Spanish explorers such as Magellan and Columbus made
the discoveries that the Earth was larger than anybody had thought before and that there were more continents than just Europe, African, and Asia,
uncovering brand new possibilities that the monarchies of Western Europe were happy to take advantage of. The biggest turning point of this time
period was the discovery of the Americas in 1492 by Christopher Columbus who was employed by the Spanish monarchy at the time, as it led to the
continents' colonization by Europeans in the ensuing years and everything that resulted from

Similarities Between The Odyssey And The Count Of Monte...
Alexandre Dumas, Homer, and Kenneth Branagh all have done things very similar to each other. They used symbols and imagery to represent
archetypal heroes. In Dumas's (The Count of Monte Cristo), Homer's (The Odyssey), Branagh's (movie Thor), shows archetypal heroes by using
symbols and imagery. The Island of Monte Cristo from The Count of Monte Cristo, The Island of Ithaca from The Odyssey, and Thor's hammer
from the movie Thor. These are the main symbols and imagery that are strong and represent the archetypal heroes in a unique and different way.
Dumas the author of The Count of Monte Cristo, writes a story about Edmond Dantes. This story shares Edmond's quest about going to the Island
of Monte Cristo. The Island Of Monte Cristo is a major symbol in The Count of Monte Cristo.The main reason why Edmond wanted to go to the
island is because he wanted the treasure that was stored there. In chapter 85 it says, "A little corvette was bobbing in a fairly large cove; it had a
narrow hull and tall mast with a flag flying from the lateen yard and bearing... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Homer is the amazing writer and author of The Odyssey. In The Odyssey symbolism is shown through the island of Ithaca. The island of Ithaca
symbolizes home. In The Odyssey on pg.168 it says, "Ithaca's rocky soil where they were bred and reared. And through their tears their words
went winging home: "You're back again, my king! How thrilled we are as if we'd reached our country, Ithaca, at last! But come, tell us about the
fate our comrades met." This quote really symbolize how Ithaca is represented as home. The imagery shows the bright glow on the people's face
when they saw their king come back. Ithaca is truly represented as home because the way they describe how they were bred and reared, showing the
pride of living in the island of Ithaca. Homer is trying to show how Ithaca symbolizes as home. Home can be anything but, Ithaca shows a truly placed
called

Trade Networks Change Over Time Essay
In 300 CE the trade routes of Africa and Eurasia were increasing in complexity, as they became major arteries for the exchange of goods and ideas
over long distances. The trade networks of these regions consistently enabled the spread of religious ideas far beyond their original homelands.
Networks like the Trans–Saharan, Indian Ocean, and Silk Road systems always brought wealth to foreign products that enabled local producers to
specialize in items best suited to their regions. Yet, the risk of long distancetrade decreased over this period as societies expanded and technology
increased. Furthermore, the amount of trade done on these networks was inconsistent between 300 CE and 1450 CE. Throughout this extensive time
period, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The invention of the Dhow and Lateen sails made sea trade much easier and faster, and these technologies eventually dominated sea trade from the
Mediterranean to East Africa and the Indian Ocean. As technology increased over this time period, trade became easier and thus it occurred more
often and over greater distances. Another reason why trade became more widespread was the expansion of empires. When empires were compacted,
the space between them was large and nomadic societies presented more of a threat in the distance between them. In China, the expansion in the Sui,
Tang, and Song dynasties gave China a wider reach and thus a farther extension of trade to regions in the west. The same is true in Africa, when
kingdoms like Ethiopia and Ghana expanded, they became closer to the societies in North Africa and the Mediterranean and increased trade in this
way. Whether it was by the increase in technology, or the growth of societies to develop safer and more protected trade routes, the trade networks in
this period undoubtedly became more widespread because of these factors. Another important inconsistency in this period was the irregularity of trade
levels from specific regions. While trade was increasing in China because of technological advancement and expansion, it was decreasing in Europe in
the centuries after 300 CE because they were recovering from the fall of the Roman Empire. This created a scenario in which the importer could no
longer buy the good

The Western Bank Of The Bosporus
On the western bank of the Bosporus, just north of a sinuous waterway known by locals as the Golden Horn, stood a bustling Genoese colony called
Pera. With merchants from Genoa, Venice and Tuscany overflowing its narrow streets, one could hardly tell that these Italian traders were in fact no
less than eight hundred miles away from their Apennine homeland. As a town of itinerants, Pera of course hosted a great many places for lodging,
and it was in the room of one such lodge where we would find our weary cartographer – a mid–aged man by the name of Cristoforo Buondelmonti.
The time: late fall, 1422.
Appearing in front of Cristoforo was a piece of creased paper, empty and trivial, yet the sole focus of his attention. He had received ... Show more
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Prior to receiving the commission, Cristoforo had been traveling extensively in the Aegean Sea. Though born to an affluent Florentine family, he spent
the last ten years mastering the Greek language and documenting Greek islands. Accompanying him on his trip to Constantinople was a Thessalonian
fur trader and acquaintance named John Anagnostes, who offered to guide him through the city before leaving for the trading post in Crimea. "What
lie ahead will forever linger in your mind." John mysteriously stated as they arrived at the city by cart from the south.
Already Cristoforo could make out a wall that stretched along the horizon, which only grew in immensity as they drew closer. Its limestone blocks
soaring into the sky, the Theodosian Wall (as John informed him) appeared far more imposing than any fortification he had witnessed in the West.
When they approached its base, though, he soon noticed the heavy damage dealt to the rampart. "The Ottomans laid siege to the city this spring." John
said. "I heard they acquired cannons for the first time, but the defenders were able to fend off their assault after a prolonged battle." While entering the
Golden Gate, the main entrance to the capital, Cristoforo could not help but ponder the fashion of his mapping: should he emphasize the wall's
massive scale, or its wounded state? What exactly could be accomplished by either? ... His thoughts, however, were cut short by the awesome view

Brief Outline Of The Treaty Of Tordesillas (1492)
Political
1.Treaty of Tordesillas: (1492). The treaty was signed to avoid conflicts with Portugal and Spain. It divided the trading empire between the two, Spain
received much of the new world and the west while Portugal received the east. The line of Demarcation slit the territories into 2 for the Spanish and the
Portuguese.
2.Audencia of Spain: (15th century). A miniature council that acted as a court of law and administered royal justice. They were established in the
Spanish Americas and were there to keep order and take actions if generals were abusing their power in the new world.
3.Conquistadors: (15th–16th century). The Conquistadors were Spanish conquerors/explores that sailed beyond Europe to the Americas. They
conquered much of the world for both Spain and Portugal. The two most popular were Hernando Cortes, who conquered the Aztec... Show more
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The Destruction of the Indies: (1552) An account written by BartolomГ© de las Casas about how mistreated the indigenous people of the new were.
He wrote it to the Spanish king, Charles I, for his fear of Spain coming under divine punishment and his concern for the native people. BartolomГ© de
las Casas really wanted just treatment for the indigenous people. Intellectual
1.Ethnocentrism:(late 15th century). Individuals judge other groups relative to their own based on langue behavior customs and religion. When the
Spaniards came to the new worlds they saw that the natives were more advanced in agriculture. The natives also had a different customs and languages.
Ethnocentrism, or the idea of it, placed natives in forced labor and segregated them based on their customs.
2.Celestial navigation: (early 15th century) the act of finding ones way by use of the sun, moon, and stars. By using celestial navigation, it allowed
explorers to travel beyond Europe and bring back new ideas. This idea came from the ideas of humanism because they Europeans studied the use of
celestial navigation form the ancient

Indian Ocean Continuities
Commerce in the Indian Ocean region was transformed between the years 650 CE and 1750 CE. Multiple changes, as well as continuities shaped the
Indian Ocean commercial trade, including the continued use of overseas trade routes, which were constantly affected by the monsoon winds during
transit. In addition, certain key changes throughout the time period, involve the rise and fall of the major powerful empires, such as the Delhi`,
Sultanate, Tang, Song, Ming, and the Mongolian, which all played significant roles in facilitating inter–regional trade. Not to mention, the increase of
maritime trade technology, which reshaped the way merchants traveled. All together, theIndian Ocean trade network underwent numerous changes, as
well as continuities, which improved the commerce during this era.
The Indian Ocean area was an essential portion of trade during the years between 600 and 1750 CE. A major continuity of... Show more content on
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This constant exchange of ideas, spread of cultures, and mixing of societal beliefs played a major role in developing the civilizations and trading states
around the Indian Ocean. Similarly, the sustained trade of sugar, spices, cotton, silk, textiles, porcelain, salt, and precious metals were constantly
exchanged using this trade network. In addition, the traders relied on seasonal monsoons to enable travel across the ocean. These predictable winds, in
conjunction with naval technology, assisted the commerce tremendously.
Many changes transpired to the trade across the region of the Indian Ocean basin from 650 CE to 1750 CE. At the beginning of the period, Islam
arose as a major religion,

Article Analysis: Things Not To Say To Latinos
For those who do not identify themselves as part of a minority group, it results very difficult to understand the limits on the questions or the
conversations when treating with people from different ethnicity. The main mistake is asking them things that for no reason they should be asked, and
furthermore, underestimate or exclude them for no significant cause. The article Things not to say to Latinos is a simple guide and an excellent tool
to learn the proper way to approach to lateens in a daily basis and in a work environment. This article summons the experiences of two leading Latinos:
Raymond Arroyo and Gilbert Casellas, who in one way or another have been victims of racial discrimination when they have been interrogated with
questions

Nomads In South American History
All along, history has been written through the eyes of Westerners. Indigenous inhabitants who did not use the conventional way of recording events,
that is, writing, has been overlooked from time and time. Nomads for instance, orally passed information from one generation to another, but without
actual tangible evidence where information can be verified. It also does not help their case that we tend to focus on history that are agricultural but most
importantly, has resonance with the modern world, which Nomads, both are not (Dickinson, January 2017). Other Natives like the Inca in South
America had no writing methods but meticulously kept record through tying knots on strings (Daniels/ Hyslop, p. 145). As people tend to look for
formal writings ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, some expert's claim that African Empires were contained within lands and their ship–based exports were only to Europe, especially after
colonization. However, contrary to popular belief, Westerners were not the leaders of navigational progress and European ships of the 15th century,
were not superior than those centuries earlier. Navigational knowledge of Spaniards of this time was elementary and seamen were considerably
ignorant on navigation according to Columbus (Van Sertima, p.57). Normally, I would not generalize and that there may be some exceptions, but
Columbus is said to have spearheaded trans–Atlantic navigation, thus, him saying that Europeans were poor in navigation ought to have considerable
weight. Europeans came into possession of such skills during the Renaissance (Daniels/ Hyslop, p.) of the 14th century. Such maritime technologies
necessary to cross the Atlantic has been available to other non–Western "civilizations" suchlike the system of longitudinal and latitudinal coordinates
that has been available in China since 100 B.C., lateen sail hoisted by Spain and Portugal which came from the Arabs, and the astrolabe, which
originated in ancient Greeks, but was diffused and developed for years also came from the Arabs (Van Sertima, pg.57). Zheng He, a successful and
famous Chinese commander is said to have navigated decades before Columbus, judging from the year Ma Huan's compilation finished in 1451 (Mills,
p.137–141). Furthermore, Africans themselves navigated the Atlantic prior to Christ (Van Sertima, p.57). This is proven by Thor Heyerdahl of Norway
who tested the validity of previous statement by building the exact replica of Egyptian ships, incorporating the same

Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human...
PERIOD 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, c. 600 BCE to c. 600 CE
The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions I. Codifications and further developments of existing religious traditions
provided a bond among the people and an ethical code to live by. A. The association of monotheism with Judaism was further developed with the
codification of the Hebrew Scriptures, which also reflected the influence of Mesopotamian cultural and legal traditions. The Assyrian, Babylonian, and
Roman empires conquered various Jewish states at different points in time. These conquests contributed to the growth of Jewish diasporic communities
around the Mediterranean and Middle East. B. The core beliefs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
C. The convergence of Greco–Roman culture and Buddhist beliefs affected the development of unique sculptural developments.
The Development of States and Empires I. The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas
where previously there had been competing states: Southwest Asia–Persian Empires; East Asia–Qin and Han Empires; South Asia–Maurya and Gupta
Empires; Mediterranean region–Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city–states and colonies, and Hellenistic and Roman Empires; Mesoamerica
–Teotihuacan, Maya city–states; Andean South America–Moche. II. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in
part, on the success of earlier political forms. A. In order to organize their subjects, the rulers created administrative institutions in many regions:
centralized governments, elaborate legal systems and bureaucracies–China, Persia, Rome, South Asia. B. Imperial governments projected military
power over large areas using a variety of techniques: diplomacy, developing supply lines; building fortifications, defensive walls, and roads; drawing
new groups of military officers and soldiers from local populations or conquered peoples. C. Much of the success of the empires rested on their
promotion of trade and economic integration by building and maintaining roads and issuing currencies.

Mariner's Influence To European Exploration
in fifteenth century , the use of lateen ships had been spread , shipbuilder begun to couple them square sail to produce shop that can do two things like
maneuverability and against the winds sailing sails these ships were stronger , faster , and more efficient than before. the influence was significant to
european exploration to take up longer voyages.the mariner's astrolabe allowed western civilization sailor to more easily enter and explore unknown
territories while they still had knowledge of their status, making exploration of the sea much easier. Furthermore with help of accurate navigation
equipment sailor had easier time following the trade route which decreased shipping time and increased profit. By 1500 Europe was imperializing ...
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Medici, alum , fugger and mercury played an important role. the rise in prices and rather than trade on the mediterranean but on the atlantic trade The
benefits of expansion were widespread and permanent and help the rise of west with gold , silver , precious metal that helped economics because of the
riches. access to the ocean provided whale oil , seal oil vitalf or illiomation lubrication another purpose. other resource such as sugar, indigo ,
tobacco , rice , fur , timber and new plants like the potato and maize are support for growth of economics, later in the years were the flow of gran and
meat and cotton.Trade like fisheries provided jobs for many people to empoly, both catching and in dirctributuon, which in future helped the market
economy. in conclusion all these factor were part of rise of western civilization with economic laissez–faire, political and military pluralism and
technology advancement . All these factor helped western civilization to imperialize and also stand a the great civilization in that time also being open
to explore and trade which helped a lot into becoming the greats

Compare And Contrast Mediterranean And Indian Ocean Trade
In the early post–classical period, the Mediterranean Sea trade route and the Indian Ocean trade route flourished. Although both the Mediterranean Sea
trade route and the Indian Ocean Maritime trade route persisted to deliver goods to diverse ports by way of sea, such as India's transmission of
manufactured goods, such as pottery produced by Burma, to several distinct ports, the volume and whereabouts of each particular trade route and the
development of people's characteristics due to trade varied drastically. Both the post–classical Mediterranean Sea trade route and the Indian Ocean
Maritime System route transported goods to various ports by way of water. In the Indian Ocean Maritime System, trade took place in three distinct ...
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In the post–classical Mediterranean Sea trade route, seafarers grasped the characteristics they obtained from their homeland tightly and did not
intermingle them at various sea ports, which was due to their constant interaction with other people. Yet, in the post–classical trade routes taking place
in the Indian Ocean, the sight of other people was an extremely unlikely occasion to occur along the journey due to distal location of land. Therefore,
seafarers became intimate with foreign women at port stops. These port wives introduced their homeland's customs and attitudes to their husbands,
mixing heritages, which would result in rich cultural diversity, commonly making children produced by the couples multilingual, multicultural, and
cosmopolitan. Since the Mediterranean Sea trade route was proximal to land and the Indian Ocean trade route was more remote from land, sailors in
the Indian Ocean Maritime System would take up opportunities with woman from different regions, whereas the seafarers in the Mediterranean Sea
trade route preferred marriage to women from their own homeland. The differences in culture in both the Mediterranean Sea trade route and the Indian
Ocean Maritime System are most likely due to how closely bound various

Getting Into the Mind of a Late Medieval Peasant Essay
Getting Into the Mind of a Late Medieval Peasant
The middle Ages were dark and gloomy. People lived in castles and rode on horses. They constantly fought each other with swords and shields. That
mainly sums up the Middle Ages, right a world with no technology sounds almost horrifying. However, there were many forms of "Medieval
Technology." Of course they didn't have electricity or batteries in themiddle Ages, but that's not all technology is. Technology is the application of
science, especially in industry or commerce. So basically, anything that improves or makes life easier is a form of technology. With that in mind, the
invention of those swords, shields, and castles of the middle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, the windmill and water mill of the middle Ages were very important industrial advancements.
Medieval Industrial Technology has also been characterized by many agricultural improvements. Medieval farmers used the heavy plough to loosen
soil for seed planting. It originated in Asia Minor, but was later used in Northern Europe. These ploughs were normally mounted on two wheels, and
pulled by several horses or oxen. The heavy plough was also used to rid uncultivated land of weeds and other vegetation. Even though it did not
destroy most plant root systems, it did expose them to the air, which inhibited their growth. The "ditches" created by the plough also slowed erosion
caused by heavy rains.
Before the heavy plough, most medieval farmers used a "lighter" plough. Unlike the heavy plough, horses and oxen did not pull the light plough. This
was a major difference in the effectiveness of the light plough. The horse collar or horse harness was only used with the heavy plough. The collar puts
the workload on the horse's shoulders instead of the back or neck, such as in earlier models. The horse collar allowed horses to use more power without
straining their necks or backs. Medieval Farming benefited immensely from these two important, agricultural inventions.
Medieval Construction and building also benefited from the invention of the horse collar. The

My Grandmother
We sat in my grandparent's living room. The large white curtains were drawn to keep the sun from shining through. My grandpa sat in a red chair
with an extra pillow behind him to support his back as I sat in the red wheelchair that had been given to him after he had broken his hip. His face
was tanned and his hair was the same as it always was; a halo of white around his head with wispy strands on top that I remember playing with from
my childhood.. He had crinkles at the corners his eyes and smile lines near his mouth from years of laughter. My grandma was nestled in the corner to
my right with Hillary Clinton's biography in hand. The pictures of my family that my grandma had taken added a homey feeling to the room. Before
the interview there was confusion as to how we would go about it. My grandma said, "Why don't you ask the question and then..." her voice fell as
she didn't finish her question. She looked at us and began to listen as I asked my first question. My grandpa was first inspired to begin sailing when he
bought a small twelve foot sailboat while he was living in Syracuse, New York with my grandma, my dad, and aunt. It had a lateensail, which meant
that it did not have a sail on the mast in front of the boat. When they moved to Durham, New Hampshire he would sail it on the Oyster River. He
bought his boat at a store that sold boats called sunflowers. When I asked how old he was when he got his first boat, a long pause filled the air before
finally he said he

Essay On The Columbian Exchange
1. The lateen sail was a technological advancement that allowed ships to sail into a headwind. Initially used by the Arabs and later adopted by the
Europeans whom combined the lateen sail with other technologies, such as the compass, opened up trade opportunities and improved skills such as
mapmaking. The lateen sail was triangular and would allow for maximum sail. The lateen sail was faster than previous inventions, expediting travel
and trade. Additionally, the lateen sail could be combined with bigger hulls and rigs, allowing sailors to navigate open water. Ultimately expanding
trade routes and allowing for an increase in cargo capacity. 2. The Plantation Complex refers to a system based on African slavery that utilized forced
labor to produce cash crops to benefit the Europeans. This system took centuries to develop and spread across several continents. Beginning in the
Mediterranean islands, the system spread to the Atlantic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, people, and technologies between Europe, Africa, South America and
North America. The Columbian Exchange began after Columbus discovered America. In addition to the transfer of biological and technological ideas
and resources, a network of trade and communication was established. This exchange transformed each nation's way of life. American crops that were
transported to Europe, provided nutritional needs and helped to grow the population. Livestock brought over to the Americas from Europe, changed the
farming and economic landscape of many settlements. Slaves brought over from Africa, created a labor force and mass food production that greatly
benefited the European economy. Additionally, pathogens brought to the Americas from Africa and Europe, drastically increased mortality rates,
transforming the population landscape. Ultimately, the Columbian Exchange catapulted Europe into a top position of global power, surpassing Asia
and changing global

Significance Of The Age Of Exploration
Why did exploration begin?
In the past Spain, age of exploration, spices and other imported goods from Asia was the symbol of how wealth they were. Therefore, lots of traders
seek for trading routes through land. However, It wasn't easy because of the capability of Ottoman Empire. After they bewitched the Constantinople in
1453, they blocked the route from Europe to Asia, which limited the amount of trading. Subsequently traders were forced to search for another route,
which is the sea route. Though, exploring needed funding for ships, crews and supplies. Only countries that had strong monarchy were able to take the
risk of funding a big amount of money, even there was no guarantee that the ship sufficiently returns to them. King and Queen... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is a trading of slave, which includes the participants from America, Europe and Africa. It occurred in Atlantic Ocean between middle of 15th to end
of 19th centuries. Africans were traded as a slave in exchange of goods imported from other country, such as alcohol, iron, tobacco, rum,
gunpowder, clothes, beer and guns. Countries traded slaves due to their needs of workers in harvesting goods, for instance sugar cane, raw
material, cotton, tobacco, and coffee. Those slaves who worked for farming or producing goods were called field slave. Some enslaved Africans
were worked as house slave, who did the task such as butler, maid, and chef. Around 12 to 15 millions of Africans were traded during this period.
However, lots died in the middle of unendurable voyage. Portuguese was the first one to trade slave in Africa. They first enslaved Americans, although
African slaves were cheaper and had less risk to be escaped due to African's empty knowledge about geography in Americas and Europe. Other
European country and Americas follow after Portuguese, and then England became advanced country for slave trade by 18th century. Africans that
brought back to Europe and Americas were sold in auction. Spanish, Portuguese, English, French and Dutch were buying

The Crusades
The precondition for discovering America consisted of events and circumstances occurring over centuries altering the social, political, economic,
and technological landscape of the world. Events dating back as far as the crusades provided a global exchange of ideas and technology, which
overtime provided the tools necessary to discover the New World. Trade was essential to global connectivity, growth within a nation, economic
stability, and acquiring knowledge. The Europeans were able to take full advantage of the existing trade networks that ran across AfroEurasia as well
as the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. These trade routes provided new resources, luxury goods, and an exchange of cultural as well as
technological ideas. Additionally, the Crusades opened up trade routes with the east, aiding the west in importing eastern luxury goods and acquiring
new ideas. The Crusades led to Europe's discovery of sugar. The Crusades exposed the Europeans to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overland trade networks were successful under the Mongol Empire. Following the Red Turban Movement, a religious movement mixed with
militarism, the Mongol empire collapsed. The collapse of the Mongol Empire led to trade delays and difficulties. New trade barriers increased the
importance of ocean trading routes to continue to trade with other civilizations. Additionally, when Europe began to run low on gold deposits,
explorers began searching West Africa for new gold resources. The collapse of the Mongol Empire had a profound political effect as trade became
more difficult, the Ming dynasty was founded. War between the Ming dynasty and Mongols would persist, changing Asia's overwhelming naval
presence on the oceans and their trade relations with the rest of the world. Trade with the East did improve with the rise of the Ottoman Empire, but
lacked the same fluidity as present with the

Astrolabes During The Age Of Exploration
During the age of exploration there were many highly important inventions being made and also being used. One of the inventions from this time
period is the astrolabe. The astrolabe is an ancient astronomical computer that was used mainly by navigators to solve problems in relation to not only
time, but also problems relating to the position of the sun and the stars ("Morrison"). Astrolabes were historically used by astronomers, astrologers,
and navigators. Astrolabes had many amazing uses like finding the time of day or time of night, finding the time of a celestial event like a sunrise or
a sunset and could also be used as a reference of celestial positions and many more ("Morrison"). Astrolabes were also one of the most basic astronomy
education tools in the late ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this time period many things were invented like the astrolabe, sextant, and caravel. The caravel was invented by the portuguese, was much
less heavy so it could travel up rivers, was quicker for the longer journeys, and had a triangular sail instead of a rectangular sail. The astrolabe was an
instrument that, in its earlier time, was used for astronomy and astrology but ended up mainly being used as a tool of navigation and to solve
problems involving trigonometry, problems relating to time, and the position of the sun and stars. The astrolabe was invented by Hipparchus who lived
from 190 BC – 120 BC and also made major contributions to trigonometry. Trigonometry is a type of math that involves the relations between a
triangle's angles and sides. The sextant, which superseded the astrolabe, is a tool that measures the angle between two objects in order to find a
person's location in the world. As you can see each invention during this very important time period is very important and each made their own major
contribution to the world we live in

Social Classes In The 19th Century
If the lower classes are not controlled it will be hard to maintain the social structure and prevent internal conflict. In most societies throughout World
History, a small, rich ruling class has dominated the social and political aspects of society. The large majority of the population has always been in the
lower classes of society, and controlling these classes through fear, brute force, economic oppression or appeasement is instrumental to maintain order.
Failing to maintain control often leads revolts, social upheavals or violent class struggles. While in most societies the upper classes attempted to
control lower classes, some were not successful. In the Roman Empire slaves were subjected to difficult work and conditions. This led to many slave
revolts during the second and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the 10th century, Zanj slaves in Mesopotamia, after being forced to work in terrible conditions, revolted and were not stopped for over 10 years. In
the 18th century during the French Revolution, the Third Estate revolted in order to get political and social reform and prevent unfair taxes. Later in
the 18th century slaves in Saint–Domingue revolted against the white planters and France, and fought until they gained independence. In 1810,
Miguel Hidalgo led a group of peasants against the Imperial Spanish rule in Mexico and the rigid social structure in place. In the 20th century in
Russia, peasants and workers tired of unfair land distribution, serfdom, poor living standards and other inequalities, started the Russian Revolution. In
these cases, those with power and wealth, failed to satisfy or control the masses of lower class people which led to revolts and unrest. In other
instances, civil order was maintained, due to those with power controlling the lower classes. An example of this occurs in India, starting around 1000
B.C.E. The caste system helped to

Spanish Exploration
Spanish and English Exploration From 1492–1648
Many explorers of the time had dreams of finding new and better routes to other lands and with the help and finances of their home or neighboring
countries they were able to find these routes and convert to Christianity those they came in contact with. Spain and England of the fifteenth to
seventeenth centuries were two such countries who wanted to convert the world to Christianity as well as find new resources or new routes to existing
resources while also converting the natives of the land to their religion.
The fifteenth century was challenging for the country of Spain. For example, towards the end of the century, Spain was embroiled in a sustained battle
with the last group of Muslims to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For many years, ships that were used to navigate the Mediterranean were powered by men who would row and be equipped with small sails in the
shape of a triangle. Over the years Portugal realized that, while these ships were good for small voyages, they would not be practical for an Atlantic
crossing. They soon designed a ship with bigger, stronger, and square sails capable of harnessing the wind and carrying explorers longer distances.
Columbus on his voyage saw the advantage of these sails and used them on his own ships that carried him across the Atlantic. English ships were very
much like those of the Spaniards with square masts. However, English ships were also equipped with lateen sails along with their square masts that
were used through out the sixteenth century, which helped it cut through the waters of the Atlantic. While obtaining a ship to cross the Atlantic was
important, the explorers also needed the backing of the wealthy to finance their trips. These wealthy individuals were also venture capitalists that
wanted a part of what they believed would be found whether this was gold, silver or

Ancient Mesopotamia Research Paper
HST 101–201 World Civilization 1Gairy MyersProfessor James F. Smallman Jr.Assignment #2July 27, 2015MesopotamiaAncient Mesopotamia is one
of the earliest River Valley Civilizations to emerge, dating back to 3500 BCE. The word 'Mesopotamia' is of Greek origin meaning "[place] between two
rivers" – the Tigris and the Euphrates. Mesopotamia is also called the "Fertile Crescent", which includes all of modern–day Iraq and parts of Syria and
southeastern Turkey. Its people, the Sumerians, are said to have settled in the Fertile Crescent because of the rich top soil, which was kept moist and
fertile by the equally vital water from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Mesopotamia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
settlement of people who were mainly hunter–gatherers, and also allowed the Sumerians to partake in animal husbandry. By settling, the Sumerians
were able to constructively put their minds to use in revolutionizing, through inventions, the world we live in today. Moreover, the inventions of ancient
Mesopotamia – such as: writing via the cuneiform script; formulation of the Code of Hammurabi (1754 BCE), where modern day law stemmed; the
creation of the wheel; the making of cloth, pottery, coins, glass, beer, etc.; the invention of lateen sails for boats, among other innovative establishments
– have helped to shape the world that we live in today. Our world owes the Sumerians everything: They divided time into minutes and seconds, which
makes it easy for us to divide our time accordingly; they tamed the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers by creating and implementing the process of irrigation
to bring water to effectively farm the lands; and they also created invented a type of communication and a way of recording history by the use of the
cuneiform – a wedge shaped piece of clay that was written on using a pointed reed known as a stylus. Writing may have first

World Civ Quiz
APWH Ch. 23–25 Test Review
Ch. 23 1. The Portuguese mariner who sailed to Calicut in 1498 was A. DiasB. ColumbusC. CookD. Vasco da Gama2. Which of the following was
not one of the main inspirations for European exploration? A. The desire to conquer China and IndiaB. The search for basic resourcesC. The desire to
establish new trade routes to Asian marketsD. The desire to spread Christianity3. The first European nation to dominate trade with Asia was A.
EnglandB. SpainC. PortugalD. France4. The Portuguese viewed the Atlantic Ocean islands as the perfect location for the cultivation of A. CottonB.
SugarcaneC. IndigoD. Maize5. Which of the following was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
AustraliaB. New ZealandC. Hawai`iD. Tahiti21. In their attempt to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the Europeans during the period
between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries A. Achieved a monopolyB. Used an alliance with southern Indian princes to achieve successC. Were
never able to displace the Chinese monopolyD. Met with limited success because of a lack of personnel22. Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka were all
seized in the early 1500s by A. Vasco da GamaB. Afonso d 'AlboquerqueC. Francis DrakeD. Zheng He| 23. The Portuguese dominance of trade was
dependent on their ability to A. Force the native populations to convert to ChristianityB. Form alliances with Chinese princes to take advantage of the
large Chinese navyC. Force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay dutiesD. Conquer territories and bring them permanently into their
growing empire 24. Which of the following cities was not a Portuguese trading post? A. GoaB. HormuzC. MelakaD. Bombay25. In the end, Portugal
was unable to maintain its early domination of trade because A. It was a small country with a small populationB. A Chinese resurgence of naval
exploration forced the Portuguese outC. A late outbreak of the bubonic plague in the seventeenth century killed half the

Indian Ocean Region Research Paper
The Indian Ocean Region's commerce and countries were vastly connected with the Indian Ocean Trade Network. During the time period of 650 C.E.
to 1750 C.E., the Indian Ocean Region's commerce experienced continuities in the people and regions involved in the Indian Ocean Trade Network, the
use of monsoon winds to facilitate commerce, and the intermarrying of people. The Indian Ocean region, during this same time period, experienced
changes in commerce, such as new and improved technologies, the trading of new goods, and the involvement of new people. Commerce in the Indian
Ocean Region's experienced continuities. The first continuity in commerce in the Indian Ocean Region from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E. was the people
and regions involved in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
to 1750 C.E. was the types of goods traded. At the start of the Indian Ocean trade, from 650 C.E., goods such as exotic animals, wood, and ivory were
traded from Africa, Arabia traded scrubby trees whose aromatic resins was valued as frankincense and myrrh, India traded spices and manufactured
goods, and finally, South East Asia traded more spices, manufactured goods, and pottery from China. But, by the latter part of the 650 C.E. to 1750
C.E. time period, a slow transition occurred. From 1200 C.E.– 1750 C.E., Africans mainly provided gold, Arabians provided horses and European
goods, the Indians provided Indian goods supplied by local merchants and trade like spices, and finally, the South East Asians provided rubies, musk,
tin, gold and cloves and nutmeg from various countries in the region like Burma, Malay, Sumatra, and Moluccas. Although some major items like
spices and manufactured goods were still traded from the start of 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E., there were multiple changes in the items traded from 1200
C.E. to 1750 C.E., mainly due to the changing needs of society and rise of interest in new products. Thus, the types of items traded were changes in
commerce in the Indian Ocean

Western Civilization Essay
Western Civilization: Beginnings to Present Although Western culture has been defined by both Christian and secular values across the course of time,
the West's primary goal is to achieve economic supremacy, using Christian and secular philosophies, as well as colonization and technological
innovation as means to achieve this goal. Of the features that define western culture, the most unique is democracy. Originating in ancient Athens,
democracy created a sense of pride in one's government which, in later centuries, would evolve into nationalism. In Athens, democracy allowed the
people to have a say in their government, furthering the unification of their empire and thus strengthening it. Out of this democratic world came many
of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This however ended as Emperor Constantine adopted Christianity in the fourth century A.D. As emperor Constantine saw that it would be more
beneficial to stop persecuting the Christians and accept them to avoid another civil war, he became a Christian. This was only the start as
Christianity spread throughout the European continent and Emperor Theodosius established it as the official religion of Rome in 380. This proved
especially beneficial for the empire as it allowed Rome to be governed during its greatest extent. When Rome official fell in 476 to the barbaric tribes
of the Germanic region, Christianity was the uniting factor as the chaos of local groups sought to hold power. Out of this developed a complex feudal
system comprised of lords, vassals, and serfs along with the power and wealth of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church demanded enormous
amounts of money from the people as they sought redemption in times stricken with the Black Death and famine thus allowing the monasteries to
emerge as the source of riches and the Church as the largest landholder in all of Europe. As the Church's power grew towards the first millennia, and
had sucked the wealth from nearly all of its local citizens, they desired to find the holy land. Despite the first commandment of "thou shall not murder"
and the Christian idea of "turn the other cheek," the Crusades were some of the bloodiest battles in European history. These crusades, although against
Christian

Indian Ocean and Silk Road Trade
While the Indian Ocean and Silk Road were different as trade networks with respect to the spread of Religion and the process of travel, they were
similar in terms of the spread of disease through trade. The Indian Ocean and Silk Road as trade networks were different in terms of the spread of
Religion. Along the Indian Ocean trade network, Islam was spread. This happened through Indian merchants who brought Brahmin priests, Arab
merchants who brought Muslim scholars and Christian merchants who brought priests. Along with the Islamic religion came the 5 pillars which
included the (1) Shahada: testimony and declaration of faith, (2) Salah: prayer five times a day, (3) Zakat: charity to the poor, (4) Sawm: fasting during
the month of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the Mediterranean, the Bubonic plague spread along the Indian Ocean and from the Indian Ocean, it spread to China. As the Bubonic plague
spread to China, it became very easy to keep spreading along the Silk Road, and eventually hit Europe where the deadliest "Black Death" occurred in
1347. This plague killed approximately 25–35 million people, which made up a third of the human population. This whole thing began when the
Mongols launched an attack on the Italian merchant's last trading station in the region. Then in 1346, plague broke out among the besiegers and from
them entered into the town. Later attempting to flee the plague, the Italian merchants fled to their ships, unknowingly carrying the diseases with
them. The diseases were also spread from place to place by fleas on rats, or other kinds of rodents who traveled along these trade routes. The Indian
Ocean and Silk Road are similar in that the Bubonic Plague spread throughout both trade networks because since trade was very popular and
happened all the time, people unknowingly would catch the disease from one place, only to be spreading it to their next stop, causing it to spread
across the regions very

How Was The 15th Century Different From That Of Previous Eras
How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of previous eras?In previous eras, most attention was given to the
development of regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a global network.
What land was claimed for Spain as the result of Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe beginning in 1519?Philippines
What Italian captain sailing for the monarchs of Spain reached the Americas in 1492?Columbus
Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the later 16th century?The Dutch and the British
improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals.
What was the purpose of the early English voyages to North America?To discover an Arctic route to China
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lateen sails
In Asia, significant conversion to Christianityoccurred only in the northern Philippines.
In which of the following regions was European settlement a significant factor in the establishment of colonies?Dutch South Africa
Which of the following represents an impact on western Europe from the development of colonies?The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely
in Europe.
In which of the following colonies did a deeper appreciation of Western institutions and values take place?French and British colonies of North America
As a result of what treaty did the French lose their colony in North America to the British?Treaty of Paris, 1763
Why did the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north?Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor
emerged there.
The initiative for Western exploration and conquest came from the kingdom of

Globalization And The Rise Of Globalization
There is controversy over when globalization began because there is no crystal clear start to globalization. Some people believe that globalization
started when the Buddhist leader Chandragupta combined aspects of trade, religion, and military to create a protected trading area. Others believe that
globalization began under Genghis Khan's rule. The Mongolian warrior–ruler created an empire that had trade integrated into it. There are also some
experts that believe that the rise of globalization was linked to 1492, the year Christopher Columbus made his first trip to the New World.
2.
Phases/Rounds:Explanation:
First RoundIn this phase, ideas, knowledge, and goods are exchanged through trading and encounters. The Arabs were one of the first people that
transferred and exchanged their knowledge of the world (medicine, mathematics, and sciences) with the Europeans.
Second Round ("Historical Globalization")The second round began in the 1400s, when technology enabled more opportunities. The growth of
globalization was also immensely linked to imperialism since the capture of one country led to exploration of the ideas and cultures, and trading within
said country.
Third Round
("Contemporary Globalization")The modern world is in the third phase, which occurred post–World War II. Globalization shifted from the second
phase into third because of instant communications and rapid growth of the world market.
The key element that caused modern globalization according to O'Rouke

Indian Ocean Trade Research Paper
The Indian Ocean has always been a power trading region, a passageway between regions of the world that enfluenced the spread of languages,
religion, and even people along with econmic views and technology. During the rise and fall of important empires, trade routes have changed and
domination has changed hands plenty of times over history. While the goods traded have stayed about the same, the traders and the powers behind
them changed from 7th to 17th century. The spread of many things such as culture and religion made its way through various parts of the trade
network. The Persians and the Arabs controlled trade at this time which helped spread their culture and religion in different parts of the world because
their many trade ports that people were required to pass through. Both the Arabs and Persians were Muslim so they easily spread their Islamic belifes
to people who were willing to listen. While this was going on indain merchants bright Brahmin priests and Arbic merchants bright scholars to spread
knowlage and logic, and although it wasn't as promnate christans sent out missinaries as well. Merchants spread their cultures to the foreign lands they
China produced silk, porcelain, and tea, while East Africa sent out ivory, gold, and slaves. Merchants found new economic practices such as using
credit and the uses bills of to exchange. The Chinese were first to use this practice, then it spread to many reigons of the world. Many port cities
became important trade centers, such as cities of Indian, Southeast Asia, and, several European cities created the Hanseatic League to counter Italian
control of sea trade. Trade became much more important in the economy of the empires and cities in the Indian Ocean Trade and even changing many
economic practices because of strong dependents for foreign

Similarities And Differences Between Native Americans And...
Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans
At first Native Americans, Europeans and Africans were separated by the vast oceans in between their continents, but as technologies and trade in
Europe advanced the three region's worlds collided. There were various similarities and differences in policy, economy and religion amongst the three
regions but alas, contact between these empires reaped inevitable change among all these for the better or worse.
Before Europeans landed in the Americas, Native Americans lived within various complex societies across modern day North and South America.
Two of the greatest empires that existed at the time were the Aztecs located in modern central Mexico or at the time it was called Mesoamerica and
the Incas located in modern Peru, these societies were unique because they were ruled by kings, nobles and warriors whereas most North American
Natives were ruled by chiefdoms. North American Native's religion consisted of animist quality– a belief that the natural world had spiritual powers.
They applied this belief to everyday life– praying to be exempt from disease, good crops, and plenty of food. Some societies amongst many North
American Natives were matriarchal for example in the Iroquois society power and possessions were passed down through the female line of
authority. Most women were gatherers and watched over the towns and men hunted for food for their families, maize agriculture was popular
amongst the Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes Natives. The Native Americans traded extensively before the Europeans arrived, for example there
were annual trade fairs between the Navajos, Apaches and the Pueblos. In 1521, Hernan Cortes arrived in Mesoamerica and quickly overcame the
Aztecs, not only by force but also disease. Europeans unknowingly brought many diseases, such as smallpox, influenza and measles, that the Native
Americans were never exposed to and it was one of the biggest killers of the Natives. At first, Europeans forced Native Americans to be slaves and
work on their plantations but soon they were replaced with the African slave.
In Africa there were three great empires, first the Ghana Empire who domesticated camels and carved trade routes all across the Sahara then

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