6. • using hedge words while writing an APA paper
(Madigan et al., 1995).
• By making some theoretical conclusions tenuous,
qualifiers increase peer acceptance of overall work.
• By showing proper respect for the empirical process,
such wording has the rhetorical effect of making a
hedged conclusion more convincing to members of
the discourse community than a stronger sounding
claim.
7. • using hedge words while writing an APA paper
(Madigan et al., 1995).
• We suggest that psychology students who learn
to properly hedge conclusions in empirical reports
also acquire important empiricist values and
thereby increase their enculturation into their
discipline.
9. Title Page
– running head (比較短的標題，只有編輯、審稿人會
看到。正式發行的時候不會列出running head)
– The title (標題)
– The author’s name (作者/作者們)
– The institution to which the report is presented (作者
代表的組織/學校)
10.
11. Page Size: US Letter (8.5” x 11”)
Margins: 1” on all sides
Line Spacing: Double spaced for whole document
Font Type: Times New Roman (serif typeface)
Font Size: 12 pt
Alignment: Flush-left style (right margin is uneven)
Paragraph and indentation: Indent the first line of every paragraph and footnote. Use
the tab key, which should be set at five to seven spaces or a ½”
Length: The optimal length to effectively communicate the primary ideas. RULE:“less is
more”
12. Basic Formatting –
Headings
Examples
Heading 1: Centered, boldface,
uppercase and lowercase heading
Example Heading One
The first sentence.
Heading 2: Flush left, boldface,
uppercase and lowercase heading
Example Heading Two
The first sentence.
Heading 3: Indented, boldface, lowercase
paragraph heading ending with a period.
Example heading three. The first
sentence.
Heading 4: Indented, boldface, italicized,
lowercase paragraph heading ending with a
period.
Example heading three. The first
sentence.
Heading 5: Indented, italicized, lowercase
paragraph heading ending with a period
Example heading three. The first
sentence.
13. Method
Sample and Participant Selection
Assessments and Measures
Q-sort measure of inhibition and aggressiveness.
Life History Calendar.
Results
Outcome of Inhibited Children at 23 Years
Personality and self-esteem.
Social network.
Life history and IQ.
Outcome of Aggressive Children at 23 Years
Discussion
Inhibited Children: Delayed Social Transitions During Emerging Adulthood
Inhibited Children: Weak Evidence for Internalizing Difficulties
Limitations of the Present Study
Conclusions and Future Prospects
17. Basic Formatting – Numbers
Numbers below10 should be presented as words
The sample contained five students.
Numbers 10 and above are presented as numerals
The sample consisted of 25 students.
Any number that begins a sentence should be presented in words:
Twenty-five percent of the sample …
18. Basic Formatting – Lists (Bullet & Number)
Numbered List
Bullet List
Within a sentence: use commas to separate three or more elements that do not have internal
commas
The participant’s three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b) working with a
team, and (c) working alone.
Within a sentence: use semicolons to separate three or more elements that have internal
commas
We tested three groups: (a) low scorers, who scored lower than 20 points; (b) moderate scorers,
who scored between 20 and 50 points; and (c) high scores, who scored more than 50 points.
19. 2. Method
2.1. Sample and Participant Selection
2.2. Assessments and Measures
2.2.1. Q-sort measure of inhibition and aggressiveness.
2.2.2. Life History Calendar.
3. Results
3.1. Outcome of Inhibited Children at 23 Years
3.1.1. Personality and self-esteem.
3.1.2. Social network.
3.1.3. Life history and IQ.
3.2. Outcome of Aggressive Children at 23 Years
4. Discussion
4.1. Inhibited Children: Delayed Social Transitions During Emerging Adulthood
4.2. Inhibited Children: Weak Evidence for Internalizing Difficulties
4.3. Limitations of the Present Study
4.4. Conclusions and Future Prospects
20. Basic Formatting –
Punctuation
Spacing After Punctuation Marks: “Insert
one space after: commas, colons,
semicolons, periods that separate parts of a
reference citation; and periods of the initials
in personal names”
例外： 縮寫字內部的句號
隱藏參與者的身份標籤 (e.g., H.M. )
比率的冒號之後 2:3
連字符號(hyphen): trial-by-trial analysis
長破折號(em dash): Studies—published
and unpublished—are included.
Spacing After a Period: “Spacing twice
after punctuation marks at the end of a
sentence aids readers of draft
manuscripts”.
Period: Are used for: end a complete
sentence, initials of names, abbreviation for
United States when used as an adjective,
identity concealing labels, Latin
abbreviations, and reference abbreviations.
例外：
慣用的頭字母縮寫 (e.g., APA, DNA, etc.)
公制度量 cm, kg, etc.
21. Basic Formatting – Punctuation
Comma:
… in the study by Stacy, Newcomb, and Bentler (1991)
Statistically significant differences were found for both ratings of controllability by
self, F(3, 132) = 19.58, p < .001, and ratings of controllibility by others, F(3, 96) =
3.21, p = .026.
April 18, 1992, was the correct date.
Semicolon: Are used to separate two independent clauses that are NOT joined by a
conjunction, and elements in a series that contain commas.
The participants in the first study were paid; those in the second were unpaid.
*The participants in the first study were paid; and those in the second were unpaid.
Clear communication that uses
• continuity in presentation of ideas;
• smoothness of expression;
• tone;
• economy of expression;
• precision and clarity;
• linguistic devices.
22. Basic Formatting – Punctuation
Colon: Are used between complete clauses where each part could stand as an
independent sentence, in ratios and proportions, and in references between place or
publication and publisher.
For example, Freud (1930/1961) wrote of two urges: an urge toward union with
others and an egoistic urge toward happiness.
They have agreed on the outcome: Informed participants perform better than do
uninformed participants.
Parentheses:
The patterns were statistically significant (see Figure 5).
effect on Event-Related Potential (ERP) measures
The participant’s three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b)
working with a team, and (c) working alone.
(k-1)/(g-2)
Mj = ßMj-1 + f - gj * gj’ (1)
F(2, 116) = 3.71
… were statistically different, F(4, 132) = 13.62, p < .001.
… were statistically different (ps < .05).
Brackets:
95% CIs [-7.2, 4.3], [9.2, 12.4], and [-12, -0.5]
(the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI])
25. New features in APA 6th
(part lists)
• Addition of “self-plagiarism”
• Ethical compliance checklist
• Use brackets to avoid nested parentheses
• Electronic sources in reference list include digital
object identifiers (DOI), where available. If no DOI,
provide the url to the journal’s homepage
26. Plagiarism
• In APA Ethics Codes Standard, 8.11, Plagiarism:
• “Researchers do not claim the words and ideas
of another as their own; they give credit where
credit is due.”
27. Self-Plagiarism
• Just as researchers do not present the work of
others as their own (plagiarism), they do not present
their own previously published work as new
scholarship (self-plagiarism)
28. Direct Quotation (1)
• The exact words of another. The exact words are enclosed
with double quotes at the beginning and end of the direct
quotation, followed by the citation in parenthesis and
concluded with a period (APA, 2010).
• For direct quotations of 39 words or less.
• Interpreting these results, Bobbins et al. (2003) suggested
that the “therapists in dropout cases may have
inadvertently validated parental negativity about the
adolescent without adequately responding to the
adolescent’s needs or concerns” (p. 541), contributing to an
average climate of negativity.
29. Direct Quotation (2)
• For direct quotations of 40 words or above.
Others have contradicted this view:
Co-presence does not ensure intimate
interaction among all group members. Consider
large-scale social gatherings in which hundreds
od thousands of people gather in a location to
perform a ritual … (Purcell, 1997, pp. 111-112)
30. Paraphrasing
• Summarise a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence and change some of the words of
another author, you need to credit the source in the text.
• 使用同義／近義詞代換。
• 原句「It can be difficult for a non-native speaker of English to paraphrase English text
by himself.」
• 改述「It can be challenging for a person for whom English is a foreign language to
reword English text without any help.」
• 改變字詞的順序
• 原句 「It can be challenging for a person for whom English is a foreign language to reword
English text without any help.」
• 改述「Rewording English text without any help can be challenging for a person for whom
English is a foreign language.」
• 可以使用不同的文法。用動詞取代形容詞，或者用主動取代被動
• 原句 「It can be challenging for a person for whom English is a foreign language to reword
English text without any help.」
• 改述「Rewording English text without any help can be a challenge for people whose first
language is not English.」
33. 文章裡面引述的資料必須列在「參考文獻/References」裡面
References
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Carlson, N.R., & Buskist, W. (1997). Psychology: The Science of Behavior (5th ed.). Boston:
Allyn and Bacon.
Wheeler, D.S., & Miller, R.R. (2008). Determinants of cue interactions. Behavioural Processes,
78, 191-203. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2008.02.002
36. Periodicals (定期刊物)
• 單篇文章
• Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of
article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. do:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
• Jameson, J. (2013). E-Leadership in higher education: The
fifth “age” of educational technology research. British Journal
of Educational Technology, 44(6), 889-915. doi:
10.1111/bjet.12103
• Hsu, C.-H., & Lee, C.-Y. (xxxx) ….
• 特刊 special issues
• Haney, C., & Wiener, R. L. (Eds). (2004). Capital punishment
in the United States [Special issue]. Psychology, Public
Policy, and Law, 10(4).
37. Books
• Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
• Finney, J. (1970). Time and again. New York, NY: Simon and
Schuster.
• Editor, A. A. (Ed.) (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
• Leonard W. R. & Crawford M. H. (Eds.). (2002). Human biology of
pastoral populations. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University
Press.
• Author, A. A. (year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, & B. Editor (Eds.),
Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.
• Berry, W. (2005). War does not maintain peace or promote
freedom. In L. I. Gerdes (Ed.), War: Opposing viewpoints (pp. 71-
79). Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press.
38. conferences paper
• Presenter., A. A. (Year, Month). Title. Paper
presented at the meeting of Organisation Name,
Location.
• Presenter., A. A. (Year, Month). Title. Poster
presented at the meeting of Organisation Name,
Location.
• Nguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception
in advertising: When laughter may not be the best
medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the
American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.
39. Theses
• 從公開資料庫取得：
• Author, A. A. (year). Title (Doctoral dissertation/
Master’s thesis). Retrieved from database.
(accession number)
• 未出版論文
• Author, A. A. (year). Title (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation/ master’s thesis) name of Institution,
Location.
40.
41.
42. 寫作上的原則
• 避免偏見
• 受試者 *他們/她們
• participants / they *subjects, Ss, he/she
• 原住民/南島語族/Austronesian
• elder adults/ young adults
• … etc.
43. 寫作上的原則
Clear communication that uses
• continuity in presentation of ideas;
• smoothness of expression;
• tone;
• economy of expression;
• precision and clarity;
• linguistic devices.
In this talk, I would focus on visual word recognition
According to literatures, the ease of visual word recognition is affected by a number of variables.
