7 tools of quality control help identify potential problem root cause and then target them for improvements and process optimization. These are widely used in all kind of manufacturing industries along with service industry as well.

1. 7 TOOLS OF QUALITY CONTROL
A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION BY ARYAN RAI(WITH CONCISE INDUSTRY RELATABLE EXAMPLES)

2. INTRODUCTION-
Definition of Quality Control: Quality control refers to the systematic process of ensuring that products or services meet
specified standards and customer requirements.
Importance in Various Industries: Quality control is crucial across diverse industries such as manufacturing, healthcare,
software development, construction, and service sectors. It helps organizations minimize defects, enhance customer
satisfaction, and maintain competitiveness.
Objective of this powerpoint: The primary objective of this presentation is to utilize the time I got in my vacation time
and provide a industry relatable examples on the subject matter of quality control and problem solving in a concise
manner while doing so I will also enhance my presentation skills as well as I firmly believe that learning is a journey not a
a destination.

3. OVERVIEW OF THE 7 TOOLS:
The 7 tools of quality
control, also known
as the "7 QC Tools,"
are a set of
techniques used for
process
improvement and
problem-solving.
They are:
Pareto Chart
Cause and Effect
Diagram (Ishikawa or
Fishbone Diagram)
Check Sheet Control Chart Histogram Scatter Diagram Flowchart

4. 1-PARETO CHART
 Explanation of Pareto Principle: The Pareto Principle, also known as the 80/20 rule, suggests that roughly
80% of effects come from 20% of causes. In quality control, it means that a significant portion of
problems (80%) is often caused by a few key factors (20%).
 How to Construct a Pareto Chart: Steps include identifying and listing problems or causes, collecting
data on their frequency or impact, arranging them in descending order, and plotting them on a bar
chart. The tallest bars represent the most significant issues.
 Example Application : Lets plot a pareto chart for our incrency inprocess system and find out the vital
few reasons causing inprocess errors(hypothetically)

5. EXAMPLE PARETO CHART-INPROCESS ERRORS
Reason of
error
Number
of errors
Total
Percentage
Cumulative
percentage
Human
error/mishan
dling
11 50% 50%
Balance
fluctuation
5 23% 73%
Auto capture 3 14% 86%
Vernier
caliper failure
2 9% 95%
Actual below
limits
1 5% 100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Human
error/mishandling
Balance fluctuation Auto capture Vernier caliper
failure
Actual below limits
CUMULATIVE
PERCENTAGE
NUMBER
OF
ERRORS
ERROR TYPE
Inprocess error pareto chart

6. 2-CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM (ISHIKAWA OR FISHBONE
DIAGRAM)
Purpose and Benefits: The Cause and Effect Diagram helps visualize the potential causes
of a problem or effect. It organizes brainstormed ideas into categories, facilitating root
cause analysis and solution generation.
Steps to Create a Cause and Effect Diagram: Identify the problem or effect, draw a
horizontal line (the "spine" of the fishbone), brainstorm potential causes categorized into
branches (e.g., people, methods, machines, materials, environment), and analyze the
causes. 5 Whys or Why-Why analysis can then be incorporated to fishbone diagram for
better brainstormoing.
Real-Life Example: In manufacturing, a cause and effect diagram can be used to
investigate defects in a product by considering 5+1 M factors related to
Man,Machine,Methods,Material,Measurement and Mother Nature.

7. FISHBONE DIAGRAM IN PHARMA

8. 3-CONTROL CHART
 Definition and Importance: A Control Chart is a statistical tool used to monitor processes over time and detect any deviations or variations from
desired performance. It helps distinguish between common cause variation (inherent to the process) and special cause variation (due to external
factors).
 Statistical Monitoring: Control charts are statistical tools used to monitor processes over time. They provide a visual representation of process
variation and help distinguish between common cause variation (inherent to the process) and special cause variation (due to external factors).
 Key Components: A control chart typically consists of a central line representing the process mean and upper and lower control limits (UCL and
LCL) based on the process variation. These limits are usually set at three standard deviations from the mean and serve as boundaries for
identifying significant deviations from the norm.
 Types of Control Charts: There are various types of control charts depending on the nature of the data being monitored. Common examples
include the X-bar and R charts for variables data (measurements), and p-chart and c-chart for attribute data (counts or proportions of
nonconforming items).
 Interpretation: Control charts help users interpret process behavior. When data points fall within the control limits and show a random pattern,
the process is considered to be in statistical control, indicating that variations are consistent with common causes. However, if data points fall
outside the control limits or exhibit non-random patterns, it suggests the presence of special causes requiring investigation and corrective action.
 Continuous Improvement: Control charts are integral to the concept of continuous improvement in quality management. By providing early
warning signals of process deviations, they enable timely interventions to prevent defects, reduce variability, and enhance overall process
performance, thus supporting the pursuit of operational excellence.

9. EXAMPLE-CONTROL CHARTS.
 Lets plot a hypothetical control chart for Batch assay results.
 As you can see we have given random data and set a upper
Control limit and lower control limit in our excel formula bar.
 After setting ucl and lcl we have freeze the limits and now
I will delibratly let batch no. B329 and B334 assay result go out
Of limit.
 Which will be detected in our control chart in a trendline
mannar
Sr. No Batch no.
Assay
Result(%)
Average/
Mean(%)
Standard
Deviation
Upper
Control
Limit(+3)
Lower
Control
Limit(-3)
1 B321 97 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
2 B322 94 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
3 B323 92 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
4 B324 94 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
5 B325 99 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
6 B326 98 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
7 B327 107 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
8 B328 105 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
9 B329 119 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
10 B330 107 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
11 B331 95 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
12 B332 102 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
13 B333 102 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
14 B334 81 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
15 B335 103 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
16 B336 103 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
17 B337 105 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
18 B338 100 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
19 B339 93 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21
20 B340 104 99.4 7.73 114.59 84.21

10. EXAMPLE-CONTROL CHARTS.
97
94
92
94
99
98
107
105
119
107
95
102 102
81
103 103
105
100
93
104
Mean(99.4)
UCL(114.59)
LCL(84.21)
80.00
85.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
105.00
110.00
115.00
120.00
B321 B322 B323 B324 B325 B326 B327 B328 B329 B330 B331 B332 B333 B334 B335 B336 B337 B338 B339 B340
Assay
Batch Number
Assay control chart

11. 4-CHECK SHEETS
Definition and Purpose: A Check Sheet is a simple data recording tool used to collect and
organize data systematically. It helps in identifying patterns, frequencies, or trends in
processes or events.
Types of Data Captured: Check sheets can be used to record various types of data, such as
defects, errors, occurrences, or observations, depending on the specific quality control
needs.
Example of Check Sheet in Action: In a service industry, a check sheet can be employed
to track customer complaints by recording details such as the type of issue, time of
occurrence, and frequency, enabling the organization to prioritize improvement areas.

12. 4-CHECK SHEETS
Structured Data
Collection: Check
sheets provide a
structured format for
collecting data,
ensuring consistency
and uniformity in
recording
observations or
occurrences.
Real-Time Recording:
They enable real-time
recording of data,
allowing teams to
capture information
as it occurs without
delay or reliance on
memory.
Versatility: Check
sheets are versatile
tools applicable
across various
industries and
settings, from
manufacturing to
healthcare, customer
service, and beyond.
Pattern Identification:
By organizing data in
a systematic manner,
they facilitate the
identification of
patterns, trends, or
recurring issues,
helping teams
pinpoint areas for
improvement.
Evidence-Based
Decision Making: The
data collected with
check sheets serves
as evidence for
decision making,
enabling teams to
prioritize
improvement efforts
and implement
targeted
interventions based
on factual insights.

13. EXAMPLE-CHECK SHEET.

14. 5-HISTOGRAM
Definition and Purpose: A Histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of
data, showing the frequency or count of observations within predefined intervals (bins).
It provides insights into the central tendency, dispersion, and shape of the data.
Steps to Create a Histogram: Determine the range of data values, divide them into
intervals or bins, count the number of observations falling into each bin, and plot the
data as bars with heights proportional to the frequencies.
Interpretation and Use in Quality Control: Histograms help identify patterns, trends, or
abnormalities in data distributions, enabling informed decision-making and process
improvements based on data analysis. Now lets create a hypothetical histogram in excel
and paste it here.

15. EXAMPLE-HISTOGRAM
Batch no.
Batch
Yield
BB001 93
BB002 89
BB003 89
BB004 96
BB005 97
BB006 91
BB007 97
BB008 89
BB009 89
BB010 95
BB011 89
BB012 91
BB013 97
BB014 96
BB015 91
BB016 98
BB017 91
BB018 97
BB019 90
BB020 96

16. 6-FLOWCHART
 Definition and Importance in Quality Control: A Flowchart is a visual representation of a process or
workflow, depicting the sequence of steps, decisions, and interactions involved. It helps in
understanding, analyzing, and improving processes.
 Steps to Create a Flowchart: Identify the process to be documented, define the starting and ending
points, map out the sequence of steps, decision points, and feedback loops using standard symbols, and
review and refine the flowchart for accuracy.
 Example of Flowchart in Process Improvement: In Pharmaceutical manufacturing, a flowchart can be
used to illustrate the product journey from one process to another, identifying bottlenecks, delays,
Probable root causes of inefficiencies for targeted improvements.

17. EXAMPLE-FLOWCHART.
Tablet hardness above
limit
Review
compression
Process
Compression force within
BMR limit?
NO
Compression force high
or low?
Compression force high
plan of action
separated
and
quarantined
already
compressed
tablets
Sent for
destruction?
Sent for
destruction.
Sent for reprocess?
Resetted
machine
parameters
to get
optimum
hardness
Tablet Hardness within
limit.
Compression Machine
RPM Optimus?
Yes
Temp.,RH,DP within limit
Yes
Blend
parameters
met?
Yes
Review compression
process
No
Reprocess the blend

18. 7-SCATTER DIAGRAM
 Purpose and Benefits: A Scatter Diagram visualizes the relationship between two variables by plotting data
points on a graph. It helps identify correlations, trends, or patterns in the data.
 How to Create a Scatter Diagram: Plot pairs of data points representing the two variables on a Cartesian
coordinate system, with one variable on the x-axis and the other on the y-axis. Analyze the pattern of points to
determine the relationship.
 Application in Identifying Relationships: In pharma manufacturing, a scatter diagram can be used to
investigate the relationship between process parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure) and product quality
characteristics (e.g., hardness, dissolution).
 Now lets plot a scatter plot between compression force and average hardness achieved per batch which
will show a positive correlation in the scatter plot along a trendline which will prove the conclusion
that increasing compression force will increase ave. hardness.

19. EXAMPLE-SCATTER PLOT DIAGRAM.
Compression
force(kn)
Average
Hardness(N)
30 89
28 88
22 82
21 82
33 91
43 110
32 89
48 113
28 86
43 103
22 79
46 108
32 90
28 85
47 111
21 79
23 85
42 103
50 118
33 88
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Average
Hardness(N)
Compression force(kn)
Scatter Plot Diagram

20. CONCLUSION
 In conclusion, the "7 Tools of Quality Control" offer indispensable methods for organizations striving for
excellence in their processes and products. From Pareto charts pinpointing critical issues to flowcharts
illustrating workflows, each tool serves as a compass for navigating the complexities of quality
management. I have tried to contain this ppt as concise and practical as possible with relatable
examples and anecdotes. By implementing these techniques, businesses can uncover inefficiencies,
address root causes, and elevate standards to meet and exceed customer expectations. Yet, mastery of
these tools is not a destination but a journey of continuous improvement. Embrace the spirit of learning,
experimentation, and adaptation, for it is through these efforts that organizations truly thrive in today's
competitive landscape. Let us commit to the pursuit of quality, knowing that with dedication and
diligence, we can forge a path towards sustainable success. Thank you for joining me on this
exploration this far with so much paitence, and may your quality endeavors be fruitful and
rewarding.