Food beyond the farm gate: environmental change, adaptation and mitigation - Sonja Vermeulen
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IARU Congress, 24 October 2014
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Food beyond the farm gate: environmental change, adaptation and mitigation - Sonja Vermeulen
- 1. Food beyond the farm gate: environmental change, adapta7on and mi7ga7on Sonja Vermeulen CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security IARU Congress, 24 October 2014
- 2. The global food system © 2009 shiHn.com
- 3. The food supply chain: a simple view processing transport refrigeration packaging inputs retail & catering home storage cooking waste disposal on-farm production ë é é ì ACTIONS: pracOces, technologies, insOtuOons, market incenOves
- 4. Post-‐farmgate accounts for a Ony share of biomass Bajzelj et al., Nature Climate Change 2014
- 5. Post-‐farmgate accounts for the major share of value hTp://www.fla.net.au
- 7. Which post-‐farmgate acOons maTer most? KeaOng et al., Global Food Security 2014 Refrigera7on Supply chain disrup7on Interna7onal trade 20% (diets and waste) 46% 34%
- 8. Food safety, refrigeraOon and human health energy 367 t CO2eq waste 578 t CO2eq Should domesOc fridges be colder or warmer? Brown et al., 2014 Int Journal of RefrigeraOon
- 9. Extreme weather events and supply chain disrupOons Survey of 559 companies in 62 countries, Zurich Financial Services Group 2011 Ø Most highly cited cause of supply chain disrupOon was extreme weather events -‐ 51% of respondents Ø A third said disrupOon caused a loss in revenue and 17% said the biggest incident cost over 1 million euros Ø Only 8% thought their supply chain had strategies to deal with disrupOons Ø Also weather-‐related peaks in consumer demand Ø Low inventory / rapid response strategies (“just-‐in Ome”) versus high inventory cost-‐saving strategies
- 10. InternaOonal trade A valuable adaptaOon measure? Liu et al., Global Environmental Change 2014
- 11. But more trade, more emissions? Schmitz et al., Global Environmental Change 2012 deforesta7on
- 12. Problems and soluOons are highly specific home-‐cooked meal versus ready meal Schmidt Rivera et al 2014, Journal of Cleaner Prodn.
- 13. 2. Moderniza7on of supply chains
- 14. Developing country food supply chains seen as: Ø Geographically short Ø Many “middlemen” – long in terms of intermediaries Ø Highly fragmented – mainly small players Ø Few technological advances Ø Tied credit
- 15. Reardon et al. 2012. The Quiet RevoluOon in Staple Food Value Chains. ADB and IFPRI The modern reality? Example of staple markets in China & India – but other countries close behind Peri-‐urbanisa7on Photo: Mint Cold storage Photo: CFP Retail revolu7on Photo: Reuters Fewer market players LiOle 7ed credit A “tresformed middle”
- 16. 3. Increasing aOen7on to supply chain issues
- 17. Public sector investments: e.g. IFAD
- 18. Private sector sustainability: from operaOons to whole supply chains • “A new green wave” (The Economist, August 2014) • “How strange bedfellows are transforming a trillion-‐dollar Industry” (CLUA, September 2014)
- 19. Research programs: with honourable excepOons, agriculture dominates publicly funded research 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 crop yield access to food Ingram, Food Security 2011 ASTI, 2012
- 20. Concluding conundrum: why do post-‐farmgate acOviOes, strategies and drivers remain so under-‐researched? • Difficult to study? – Geographic dispersion and many food chain actors – Corporate privacy – Inter-‐disciplinarity • Power of “producOonist” agendas? – Food-‐insecure countries have agricultural economies – Knee-‐jerk simplicity of “need more food” • Complex relaOonships between environmental change and food system outcomes (e.g. nutriOon)