2. ESWL: Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
ESWL is a non-invasive procedure that is used to treat kidney
stones
High energy shock waves are directed at the site of the stones
(previously identified by ultrasound)
Impact of shock waves cause stress on the stones, which
break them into small pieces that can then be passed through
the urinary tract
Procedure typically takes about an hour and is normally
performed under light sedation
3. UTI: Urinary Tract Infection
Infection caused by bacteria, which enters through the
urethra (tube that connects the bladder to the genitals)
Symptoms: Cloudy or bloody urine, painful and frequent
urination, pain in the side or back, fatigue, fever, nausea,
vomiting
Diagnosis: Urinalysis, a urine sample is collected. The
appearance of the urine is examined and a sample is
examined under a microscope, which can identify the
presence of bacteria. Urine culture, tests if urine sample
will grow bacteria, imagine of urinary tract
Treatment: Antibiotics
(ex. Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin)
4. ARF: ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
ARF is a sudden loss of kidney function, which develops
within 48 hours
Kidneys are unable to filter waste products from the
blood, causing extremely high levels to accumulate
Causes:
Prerenal: Decrease blood flow to kidneys
Intrinsic: Damage to the kidneys
Postrenal: Obstruction of the urinary tract
Diagnosis:
Monitoring urine output
Blood Tests: BUN, Creatinine
Imaging Tests: Ultrasound, CT scan
Treatment: Regulated fluid intake, low protein, salt,
potassium diet, Diuretic to remove excess fluid, IV
medication to control potassium levels, Dialysis to filter
blood
5. CRF: CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
CFR is kidney disease the gets progressively worse over
time, causes excess fluid, electrolytes and waste to build
up in the body
Causes:
Hypertension
Diabetes
Kidney diseases/infections
Obstructions
Symptoms: fatigue, poor appetite, insomnia, edema, dry
skin, muscle cramps, frequent urination
Diagnosis: Blood test to calculate Glomerular Filtration
Rate (GFR), Ultrasound or CT scan of kidneys & urinary
tract, kidney biopsy
Treatment: Control blood pressure, diabetes, low protein
diet, dialysis to remove waste products from blood, kidney
transplant
6. BUN: BLOOD UREA NITROGEN
Test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the
blood and evaluates kidney function
Urea nitrogen is a waste product produced by the liver
when protein is broken down, which then dissolves in
the blood stream
The kidneys then filter and remove urea from the blood
stream and it is excreted in urine
Normal range: 6-20 mg/dL
Elevated BUN: High levels in the blood indicate reduced
filtration by the kidneys and impaired kidney function,
other causes:
Urinary tract obstruction, GI bleeding, dehydration, high
protein diet, medications, congestive heart failure
Low BUN: caused by liver failure, reducing the
production of urea nitrogen, low protein diet, excess
hydration
