a urinary system the function of the urinary system nephritis treatment drug safe for use urinary incontinence

1. Disorders of Urinary
System
BY
MD. MYNUL HASAN
SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY

2. URINARY SYSTEM
The bodily system consisting of t
he organs thatproduce, collect, an
d eliminate urine
ORGANS THAT CONSTITUTE
THE URINARY SYSTEM
•Kidneys
•Ureters
•Urinary bladder
•Urethra

3. The Functions of the Urinary System
a) The kidneys regulate blood volume and composition, help
to regulate blood pressure and pH, participate in red blood cell
production and synthesis of vitamin D, and excrete waste
products and foreign substances.
b) The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary
bladder.
c) The urinary bladder stores urine and expels urine into the
urethra,
d) The urethra discharges urine from the body.

4. Nephritis
Etiology
 virus - ICH
 Bacteria- E.coli, Streptococci, Leptospira
 Parasites- Dirofilaria immitis, Dioctophima renale
 Toxins
 Autoimmune diseases

5. Clinical Signs
 Rise in body temperature
 Polydypsia and polyuria followed by anuria
 Rough and staring body coat
 Uraemia and vomiting
 Cloudy urine

6. Diagnosis
 From clinical signs
 Urine analysis
 Physical Examination: Volume, colour, transparency,
odour, foam, specific gravity.
 Chemical analysis: pH, proteins, glucose, ketone bodies,
bile, blood, etc.
 Microscopic analysis: cells, microorganisms, casts,
parasites, spermatozoa, sediments, etc.

7. Treatment
 Antibiotics - for 7-10 days
 Frusemide @ 4.4 mg/kg b.i.d
 Corticosteriods
 Vit B complex and proteins
 Dextrose normal saline- slow i/v
 Low sodium diet and plenty of water

8. Cystitis
 Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of
the urinary bladder
 Most common cause – E.Coli
 Sym- DYSUIA (painful urination) and frequency
 Usually in females (shorter urethra)
 Rx - antibiotics

9. Acidic pH Alkaine pH Both pH
Oxyteracycline
Tetracycline
Cephalosporines
Penicillin
Gentamicin
Streptomycin
Erythromycin
Trimethoprim
Sulpha drugs
Streptopenicillin
Ampicillin
Norfloxacin
Nalidixic acid
Cephalexin
Cephaloridine
Drugs that work well in specific pH

10. Obstructive Urolithiasis
(urinary calculi or stone)
 Obstruction of the urinary tract by urinary calculi.
 Common sites:
 bladder, kidney, urethra at the ischial arch and the sigmoid
flexure.

11. Etiology
 Feeding high concentrates
 Pasture containing high oxalate and silica
 Hypervitaminosis D
 Avitaminosis A
 High estrogen intake
 Less water intake

12. Treatment:
Treatment depends on the type of kidney stone. Medication
and diet changes are often used to prevent kidney stones
Drinking water. Drinking as much as 2 to 3 quarts (1.9
to 2.8 liters) a day may help flush out your urinary system.
Pain relievers. Passing a small stone can cause some
discomfort. To relieve mild pain, your doctor may
recommend pain relievers such as ibuprofen
In case of large stone:
Surgery to remove very large stones in the kidney.
Using sound waves to break up stones.
Parathyroid gland surgery.

13. Pathogenesis
Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone with Uric Acid Nidus

14. Clinical signs
Anorexia and lethargy
Small amount of urine in partial obstruction to
anuria in complete obstruction.
Repeated attempts to urinate but in vain.
Abdominal pain
Per rectal examination: distended /flattened
UB

15. Treatment
 Location of the site of obstruction can be done by
passing a urinary catheter.
 Tab cystone - 3-4 tab daily x 15-20 days
 Allopurinol @ 10 mg/kg p.o. t.i.d x 4 wks
 Inj. Antibiotics
 Surgical intervention- urethrotomy and removal of the
calculi.

16. Drugs safe for use:
Penicillin
Ampicillin
Erythromicin
Chloramphenicol

17. Urinary incontinence
Constant dribbling of urine due to loss of voluntary
control of micturation. This could be due to:
Bladder paralysis- damage of nerv
Abnormal disposition of urinary organs
Oestrogen and testosterone responsive incontinence
Obstruction of urethra

18. Treatment:
Attempt should be made to control the primary cause
Measures to prevent infection
Empty distended bladder
Neurovitamins to induce contraction power of urinary
bladder

19. THANK YOU