Escherichia Coli (EPEC)

Escherichia Coli (EPEC)
Escherichia Coli, or E. coli, resides in the large intestine where it assists digestion and make up
essential molecules like Vitamin K. For the most part, E. Coli poses no threat although there are few
disease causing strains that can cause mild to severe food poisoning by finding its way into food
supply (Timmons, Trzepacz, Duboinis–Gray). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, or EPEC, is a
strain of diseasing causing E. Coli that is the leading cause of death in children with diarrhea in
many parts of the world. EPEC colonizes in the intestine allowing the host to be invaded which can
spread from person to person (Pearson, Wong fok Lung, Hartland, Giogha). Another strain of
disease causing E. Coli also causes diarrhea in children is the DEC ... Show more content on
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L–broth, or a sterile growth media, is dispensed at 35mL into a sterile 125mL flask. Small volumes
of E. coli are added to each flask. Each flask is then placed into three separate shaking incubators set
for specific temperatures of twenty–five degrees Celsius, thirty degrees Celsius, thirty–seven
degrees Celsius, and forty–two degrees Celsius. The incubators are all set to the same shaking speed
of 125 rotations per minute. A Spectrophotometer is also used to estimate the density of the culture.
A spectrophotometer is a device that transmits a beam of light through space toward a light sensor
(Trzepacz et. al). The spectrophotometer measures the density of the culture by measuring the
amount of light that travels through to the sensor. The spectrophotometer is set to transmit light at a
600nm wavelength. In order to do so, 1.0 mL of the culture is transferred with a plastic pipet into a
cuvette. To remove bubbles from the culture, the bottom of the cuvette is gently tapped. The cuvette
is then placed into the spectrophotometer. While the 1.0 mL is being measured, the rest of the E.
Coli culture is in the shaking incubators. Every 20 minutes, a new 1.0 mL sample is taken from the
E. Coli culture in the incubators and is measured in the spectrophotometer. Four to five absorbance
readings were collected during each lab period throughout the
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Supply Chain Management : Tesco And Safeway
Supply Chain Management Supply chain management has emerged as an important aspect in the
modern business environment in light of the challenges businesses face because of rapidly changing
customer expectations, inefficient product development processes, and increased cost of operations
and human resources. This concept is increasingly considered as a new means of managing
businesses and increasing performance and profitability. However, business enterprises must
consider various aspects related to supply chain management during its implementation to gain
performance and increase profitability. These elements include supply chain strategies and policies,
suitable infrastructures or technologies, and logistics function.
Infrastructures/Technologies for Tesco and Safeway Tesco is currently regarded as one of the largest
food retailers across the globe given its huge workforce and customer base. The company provides
an assorted range of products and services to customers, which has contributed to its tremendous
growth and profitability in the past few years. In contrast, Safeway is one of the leading companies
in the grocery industry that has been built on the principle of providing everything to its customers
in one store. Despite the increased competitiveness of the grocery industry, Safeway has relatively
maintained its dominance in this market or industry. Given the nature of their businesses and need to
enhance the effectiveness of their operations, Tesco and

Logistics Administration
Logistics Administration.
Objective: To provide the students with the basic elements of the logistics administration and the
physical distribution in order to take the right decisions.
Compendia:
a) Total Distribution Concept and logistics administration
b) Customer service, logistics and customer service and customer service vs. cost
c) Channel of distribution strategy, selection of the channel and distribution
d) Warehousing
Total Distribution Concept and logistics administration
Logistics is a broad, far–reaching function which has a major impact on society's standard of living.
In a modern society, we have come to expect excellent logistics services, and tend to notice logistics
only when there is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Customer service performance is a measure of how well the logistics system functions in creating
time and place utility, with a focus on external customers. The level of customer service provided to
customers determines whether the organization will retain existing customers and how many new
customers will atract.
Definition of Customer Service
The definition of customer service varies across organizations. Suppliers and their customers can
view the concept of customer service quite differently. In a broad sense, customer service is the
measure of how well logistics systems is performing providing time and place utility for a product
or service.
* Definition of Customer Service
Customer service can be defined as: a process which takes place between the buyer, seller and third

party. The process results in a value added to the product or service exchanged. This value added in
the exchange process might be short term as in a single transaction or longer term as in a contractual
relationship. The value added is also shared, in that each of the parties to the transaction than it was
before the transaction took place. Thus, in a process view: Customer Service is a process for
providing significant value–added benefits to the supply chain in a cost–effective way. Example:
KEY ACCOUNTS!!!
Theory of 80–20 /20–80
COMMUNICATION!!!!!
COMMUNICATION ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION IS VITAL!!!!

The Effects Of Smoking On The United States
Smoking is established as a recognized cause of cancer, lung disease, coronary heart disease, and
stroke(US Public Health Service,1964,Doll R 1976,1994, US Department of Health and Human
Services,1989).it is considered to be the single most important avoidable cause of premature
morbidity and mortality in the world. WHO has estimated that there are about 1100 million smokers
worldwide; this represents about one–third of the global population aged over 15 years
(WHO,1997). About 73% of these smokers (700 million males, 100 million females) are in
developing countries; in industrialized countries there are 200 million male smokers and 100 million
female smokers. In the over 15–year–old population of developing countries, it is estimated that
about 48% of males and 7% of females are smokers. The corresponding figures for industrialized
countries are 42% for males and 24% for females (WHO,1997).
Logistic Regression Model: The logistic regression models has wide ranging applications from
determining the population growth and its determinants to applications for predicting and analyzing
qualitative data and in epidemiological studies. Logistic regression model postulates relationship
between the log odds of a disease and the risk factors. A regression predicts the probability that an
observation falls into one of two categories of a dichotomous dependent variable based on one or
more independent variables that can be either continuous or categorical.
As in univariate logistic

Logistics and Supply Chain Management
1a.What logistics management?
b. State the six rights in an effective logistics management system.
Logistics is defined as process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient flow and
storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to the point of consumption
for the purpose conforming to customer requirement, which also includes the inbound, outbound,
internal, and external movements and return of materials for environmental purposes.
Logistics Management is the governance of supply chain functions. Logistics management activities
typically include inbound and outbound transportation management, fleet management,
warehousing, materials handling, order fulfillment, logistics network design, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The goods must also be delivered at the right time that is the goods must be provided as and when
it's needed. For example for a time bound or seasonal product like daily graphic, rain coat, the
product will be of no use to the customer when it is supplied late.
Lastly, the goods must be provided at the right cost. Thus the cost of acquiring the product should be
what the consumer will be sure of achieving value for his money. The six rights should be rightly
blended to ensure better customer satisfaction.
ASSIGNMENT
INDEX NUMBER: WBLSC/080003
CLASS: LEVEL 400 WEEKEND
COURSE: LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
QUESTION: Define retail logistics and explain its functions.
SOLUTION
Logistics is the function of making goods and other resources physically available for use as and
when required. This generally includes two basic activity of moving or transporting these resources
and storing them at different location till required for use or further transportation.
Retail logistics is the organized process of managing the flow of merchandise from the source of
supply to the customer. Gibson G. Vedamani.
Retail logistics performs numerous functions and among these are as follows;
Inbound and outbound transportation. Retail logistics conduct physical movement of goods from the
wholesalers point to their premises and

Future Technology For E Health Systems
Abstract Lot of research has been done on Human Activity Recognition(HAR) in the last decade and
HAR is expected to be future technology for e–health systems. Here, I discuss various models built
using SAS® Enterprise Miner™ 14.1, on a free public domain dataset containing165,633
observations and 19 attributes and compare each model with another. Data used in this discussion,
represents the metrics of accelerometers mounted on waist, left thigh, right arm and right ankle of 4
individuals performing five different activities recorded over a period of eight hours. Finally, I
propose a Stepwise Logistic–fed–AutoNeural model to recognize human activity. The accuracy of
the model is 98.73% Introduction The advances in medical care and rise in ... Show more content on
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There are prospects of developing assistive technologies to support care of the older adults using
research work on HAR. E–Health systems like AAL can be developed by using patients ' routine
data provided by activity recognition. The most common methods used to recognize human activity
are image processing and usage of wearable sensors. Though image processing doesn 't require
patient to wear any equipment, it has some major problems such as requiring installation of cameras
and good light. In addition, its operations are restricted to indoor environments and users have
privacy concerns. The use of wearable sensors has addressed all these problems, but requires
wearing of equipment by the user for long durations[1]. In this paper, I discuss various models built
using SAS® Enterprise Miner™ 14.1, on a free public domain dataset containing 165,633
observations and 19 attributes and compare each model with another . Data used in this discussion,
represents the metrics of accelerometers mounted on waist, left thigh, right arm, and right ankle of 4
subjects performing five different activities. These activities, such as sitting–down, standing–up,
standing, walking, and sitting, recorded over a period of eight hours of four healthy subjects is used
for our analysis. Data Data was collected from accelerometers mounted on waist, left thigh, right
arm, and right ankle of 4 subjects while they were performing five different activities. This data was

The Lotka Volterra Predator Prey Model
Introduction The Lotka–Volterra equations are used in biology, chemistry, and many other sciences
that deal with two populations whether that be in our case animal, or chemical, where two species
both rely on a single source to stay alive, called a Competitive model (Appendix A), or where one
species relies on another species to stay alive, called a Predator/Prey Model (Appendix B). Initially,
the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model was stated by Alfred K. Lotka. This was a similar equation
to the logistic equation which was proposed by Pierre–François Verhulst in 1838. By 1926, Vito
Volterra, who was a physicist and a mathematician, also had published the same set of equations
identical to that of Volterra. Later on the model was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case we have a saddle point where if both species use the resources in the same proportions,
they can coexist but any small change to the system, which in reality is perfectly normal, will push
the point to either side and allow one species to overtake the other, and this saddle point is also
represented by the point at: We also have two stable steady states at (K1,0) and (0,K2), and an
unstable steady state at (0,0): (See Appendix E for a graph with various initial conditions applied
under this system) Beta1 Beta2 K1 K2 5 1 250 100 Now in our second scenario, we have two
species also on an island, the Rabbits and the Foxes. The fox relies on the rabbit for food, and the
rabbit relies on grasses (a constant unchanging source) to survive. The growth rate of the rabbits and
foxes can be modelled by

Case Study Of Jamjoom Pharma
The Jamjoom Group is a well–respected business conglomerate with over a hundred years of history
in Saudi Arabia. The healthcare sector has been one of the major areas of focus for the Group. The
Group set–up Jamjoom Pharma as a 100% Saudi owned company headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia. The company received manufacturing & sales operations in late 2000. The initial focus was
to establish a firm base in the domestic market in Saudi Arabia, which was followed by progressive
expansion of operations into several export markets in the Middle East, Africa, and CIS region.
Jamjoom Pharma mission is to be a center of excellence in healthcare and wellness sectors
providing high quality, safe and effective products to meet customer needs, to give ... Show more
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Also, Jamjoom Pharma factory has appointed well–established distributors to handle the distribution
logistics around the Kingdom. The distributors have effective nationwide coverage through the
branches set up in all important cities in the Kingdom. The distributors are responsible for collecting
and servicing the orders placed by hospitals, pharmacies and health centers (resellers) and providing
these orders from the Jamjoom Pharma factory. This is an outbound distribution of the marketing
logistics. In addition, Jamjoom Pharma has its own direct presence with branch offices and sales
teams operating in all major centers. Qualified and well–trained pharmacists in the company sales
teams handle the medical detailing and promotion targeted at the medical

Essay about Case 8-3 Isol -Global Value Chain Logistics...
Global Value Chain Logistics Case Analysis
University of Phoenix
Global Value Chain Management
ISCOM/383
June 25, 2012
Global Value Chain Logistics Case Analysis ISOL + Group produces and sells a variety of products
within France, Spain, and Italy. The general manager Mr. Dupont has initiated a thorough rethinking
of logistics matter for the group. Based on his recommendations, the management team must
identify, analyzed, discuss, and recommend the most appropriated solutions for the
recommendations made by Mr. Dupont. Identify Based on the global value chain strategies, it would
be best for ISOL to "build a new manufacturing facility with one production line in France close to
the firm's southern European ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, if ISOL delivery time were to be reduced to "48 hours then there would have to be an
increase in inventory, and the production–per–order would no longer be possible given the
manufacturing time required" (Dornier, Ernst, and Fender, 1998). Both of Mr. Dupont's proposals
would cause an increase in ISOL's logistic budget. With the increasing of ISOL's logistics budget, it
would be in the best interest of ISOL to put both of Mr. Dupont's proposals on hold. After evaluating
the situation of logistics, to meet the increase in production, it will be best for ISOL to set up a new
manufacturing facility in southern France because both markets are relatively close to the southern
markets. "Reducing the quantities that a customer can order will increase ISOL costs because 98%
of ISOL customers throughout the countries make orders for at least a full truckload, which are eight
pallets" (Dornier, Ernst, and Fender, 1998). However, if ISOL implements Mr. Dupont's
recommendations, its customers will start ordering smaller sizes, and this will increase the logistics
cost. With the idea of cutting the delivery time to 48 hours, this will increase its inventory cost
because ISOL will need more inventory on hand. With the current delivery time between one or two
weeks, allows the plant to not have

Understanding Logistics Management and Supply Chain...
Discuss this proposition. Do the terms, logistics management and supply chain management have
the same meaning in operations Briefly explain how logistics management adds value to the
operations of a manufacturing or service organisation. Introduction Logistics management and
supply chain management are similar terms in business logistics, but these two terms are not the
same (Murphy and Wood 2011, p22). In different decades, scholars made use of their knowledge
and experience to define logistics management and supply chain management (SCM). In my
opinion, currently logistics management is part of the supply chain management. This minor
difference between the two can be supported by scholars in the industry. In this essay, we will
discuss ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Ballou 2007, p.338) The definitions of SCM and logistic management put emphasis on
coordination, collaboration and relationship building among channel members that are missing from
logistics management. Ballou (2007, p.340–341) also explained that logistics is now being viewed
as a subset of SCM. The scope of logistics is being limited to the boundaries of the function within a
firm and is primarily concerned with activity administration. Interfunctional and interorganizational
management seem to be within the purview of SCM rather than logistics. Logistics as an identifying
name supersedes physical distribution. At the most basic level, logistics management is concerned
with the effective movement and storage of product, approximating the traditional economic utilities
associated with creating value through time and place transformation (Chase, Jacobs, Aquilano
2006). In 2007, CSCMP offered the following definition Logistics management is that part of
Supply Chain Management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and
reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of
consumption in order to meet customer requirements. Logistics, therefore, involves managing
facilities, transportation, inventory, materials, order fulfillment, communications, third party
providers and information within the firm in a way that contributes to customer

The Impact of Globalisation on Logistic Service Providers
Biographical Note Dr. Seyed–Mahmoud Aghazadeh
is in the Department of Business Administration, School of Business, State University of New York
at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY 14063, USA.
How to Choose an Effective Third Party Logistics Provider by Seyed–Mahmoud Aghazadeh
Abstract The purpose of this article was to identify the steps that need to be taken when choosing an
effective third party logistics provider. Based on the research completed, it was determined that third
party logistics are beneficial to many companies. The use of third party logistics provides a
competitive advantage in today's business world. The optimal solution for a company choosing a
third party logistic provider would be a five–step process. Introduction The ... Show more content on
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The focus of the present article is on identifying the steps involved in choosing a good TPL
provider, and these steps will be mostly related to the retail and service industries. Every industry
has its own unique needs and so it is important that the TPL provider is right for the particular
company. This research shows that TPL can be very effective if the proper tools are used in
implementing one. Background Logistics is the process of strategically managing movement and
storage of material or products and related information from any point in the manufacturing process
through consumer fulfilment. Many articles and abstracts focus on how TPL are being used more
often. TPL has become a more popular technique for managing transportation, warehouse and
inventory management. TPL are often seen as providers of the integrated supply chain, which uses
many value–added services to work with the customer. The market for TPL services is growing by
18 to 22 per cent a year. TPL originally began as public warehousing during the 1970's. Managers of
warehouses began selling space to businesses in the area that had run out of space or were in need of
additional space during the busy seasons. During the 1980's TPL expanded into selling not only
space but also offering throughput to physical distribution managers who wanted to improve
customer service with their current customers. By the 1990's TPL saw the consolidation of both
warehousing and transportation organisations to offer

The Competitive Advantages Of SME In Malaysia
SME in Malaysia can be determined based on employee head count and their sales turn over. By
definition, SMEs are easier to manage than large companies in many aspect of the management. By
this, logistic can be a great tool for SMEs to increase their efficiency and effectiveness in business
activity. Logistic in SME can be divided into customer service, demand forecasting and planning,
inventory management, procurement, material handling, packaging, warehousing, transportation or
even more. All of these aspects in logistic can increase the competitive advantage for SME to create
more business opportunities:
Customer Service Customer service is crucial part for every small and medium enterprise as
customer is their sources of revenue. Components ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their logistic services included packaging, warehousing, distributing, transportation, material
handling or reverse logistic. A 3PL can be a single service provider which only transportation or
warehouse storage. SME can outsourcing their logistic service based on their need requirement and
request. Some of SME may require for packaging while other SME may require for warehouse
storage. There are several advantages for SME to use third party logistic. Frist is cost and time
saving, this is the greatest advantage for manufacturing or selling product SME. Third party logistic
has greater knowledge and equipment to support their logistic service compared with non–logistic
based SME. Thus, SME do not need to purchase more equipment, storage place or increase human
resource to process their products. Second advantage is focus, 3PL will prepare and solve all the
logistic problem for SME so that SME can focus on their core business. Thirdly is flexibility, 3PL
can be more flexible in distributing the products to different region since they have a strategic
location for their warehouse and distributing centre. SME business can expand and grow in different
region when their products are able to distribute to other region or market without

Logistics Management And Supply Chain Management
Aero Marine Logistics
Tomer Dicturel
California InterContinental University
Aero Marine Logistics
Introduction
During last two decades, the importance of logistics has been noticed around the world. In global
markets, the effects and further developments of logistics and supply chain management for
corporate success has increased significantly that result in a large amount of companies have taken
actual benefits in logistics, such as reducing costs, enhancing customers ' satisfaction and increasing
sales. However, some people are confused with the relationship between logistics and supply chain
management. Therefore, this essay will argue that logistics management and supply chain
management are not exactly the same in operations because of the scope where utilized and some
specific activities are similar, but some are different. In the end, this essay will also talk about the
reasons for logistics management is an important strategy to manufacturing or service companies.
The first argument is that they are not completely the same terms in operations because of the scope
where utilized are different. CSCMP states that the supply chain management includes all activities
about planning and management, such as procurement and sourcing, conservation and all logistics
management activities according to (Goetschalckx, n.a). It is vital to notice that it also collaborates
and coordinates with channel partners. Logistics concentrates on coordination among business

Dynamic Biological Processes Influence Pop, Density,...
53.1 Dynamic biological processes influence pop. density, dispersion, & demographics Density &
Dispersion Density – # of individuals per unit area or volume: the # of oak trees per square
kilometer in the Minnesota county or the # of Escherichia coli bacteria per milliliter in a test tube
Dispersion – pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the pop. Density: A
dynamic perspective Pop. ecologists estimate density from an index (indicator) of pop. size, such as
the # of nests, burrows, tracks, or fecal droppings Density isn't a static property but changes as
individuals are + to or – from a pop. + occur through birth & immigration, the influx of new
individuals from other areas – occur through death & emigration, the ... Show more content on
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Some plants secrete chemicals that inhibit the germination & growth of nearby individuals that
could compete for resources Animals often exhibit uniform dispersion as a result of antagonistic
social interactions, such as territoriality–the defense of a bounded physical space against
encroachment by other individuals Aren't as common in pop. as clumped Random dispersion –
unpredictable spacing, the position of each individual is independent of other individuals Occurs in
absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals of a pop. or where key physical or
chemical factors are relatively homogenous across the study area Plants established by windblown
seeds, dandelions, may be randomly distributed in a fairly consistent habitat Not as common in
nature; most pop. show tendency toward clumped Demographics – study of the vital statistics of
pop. & how they change over time Birth rates & how they

Systems And Logistics Support Management
Gregory Long
MG 5061: Systems and Logistics Support Management
Third Party Logistics Providers
Dr. Janice Spangenberg
April 10, 2016
Introduction Blanchard (2006) defined third party logistics as, "A single entity that coordinates all
the logistics requirements for a given company/agency." Today's world business environment has
become so competitive that companies in order to be successful in the market must deal with
different resources for satisfying their customer need. In the past decade or so the competitive global
market has made a big influence in the growing for external business. Third party logistics providers
are more and more employing external companies for inventory management, transportation,
warehousing, and other value added activities for customer services. Third party logistics ultimate
goal is to provide a competitive advantage to the organization for which they are serving. According
to Cardinal Logistics (2012), "Third–Party Logistics is an effective way to reduce operational costs,
and allow a company to focus on their core competencies.
Overview of Third Party Logistics Between the year of 1970 and 1980 it was recognizes as the first
generation of the third party logistics for providing services for shipping and transportation. By the
1980's through the 1990's were non–asset and asset based organizations by increasing the services
level of contribution and by the

China Third Party Logistics Analysis
CHINA THIRD PARTY LOTISTICS SURVEY AND BETTER LOGISTICS COMPANY STUDY
BY
S.guo
Business Logistics Management
Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen HAN University.2009
6/9/2009
1 Acknowledgements 3
2 Executive summary: 4
3 Introduction 6
4 Company description and problems of company 7 4.1 Company description 7 4.2 Problems of
BTL 9
5 Problem definitions 10
6 Research objectives and research questions 10 6.1 Research objectives: 10 6.2 Research questions
11
7 Research methodology 11
8 Chinese logistics market and development of 3PL 12 8.1 A Chinese logistics market analysis: 12
8.1.1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, as one looks to the future, technology will play an essential role in enabling the desired
changes. Technology will help make feasible the new logistic capabilities needed to support future
industrial concepts and the type of efficient, responsive logistic system that business forces will
demand".[1] Traditionally, China is a country with relatively weak formal institutions; more
importance is given to informal constraints, e.g. personal relationships. As a result, Chinese
companies rely upon a network–based strategy of growth, based on personal trust and informal
agreements among managers. These are important considerations for managers when forming
business relationships and designing their supply chains in China. "Although customers are
spending more on average for logistics outsourcing, the percentage of budget devoted to outsourcing
logistics, and the services outsourced, haven't changed dramatically over the past several years.
Companies continue their general tendency to outsource relatively commoditized services".[2] As a
result of the market shift from cost–driven to quality–driven in the near future, the strategies for

logistics service providers will include: more flexibility, quicker handling, better price stability,
higher transparency and increased professionalism, in order to meet the challenges. "The next five
years will see a significant increase in outsourcing activity. 3PLs will be the main beneficiaries of
this process and as the

The Characteristics Of Grizzly Glies
Grizzly bears are very interesting creatures. There are several grizzly bears in this world, but not as
many as people think. There are several grizzly bears in this world. To be specific there are roughly
50,000 still in this world. Grizzly's are very mean creatures, when you mess with these creatures
they get very defensive. Grizzlys are also very territorial when it comes to their homes, they also get
defensive when you come near their cubs. Grizzly bears are lonely creatures. Grizzlys like to be
alone unless they just had their cubs, or there cubs are growing up. After having cubs and they grow
up momma bears leave there kids and they start to fin for themselves. When you see two bears with
each other you better take a picture of it because you don't see that very often. Like i said they are
lonely creatures and like to be alone. My survivorship curve belong to type one. For this reason it
belongs to type 1 is grizzlys don't have a lot of babies and live a longer time. Grizzlys and humans
are they same in type one. They have fewer babies and better parental care for there young. Usually
grizzly bears only have one or two babies in there life span. For this reason they take care of their
kids longer and better. Grizzlys are reminded by humans, humans do the same thing as grizzlys they
are so much alike. By doing this and taking better care of them they have a better off spring and
their babies are more likely to live longer. Grizzly bears like to immigrate from

Ways And Advantages And Disadvantages Of Third Party...
Abstract this paper introduces ways and advantages of third–party logistics enterprise servicing
manufacturing enterprise, analyses supply–chain of manufacturing enterprise and further studies for
the organization structure of third–party logistics enterprise servicing manufacturing enterprise, to
seek to the enterprise organization structure which has the best combination in third–party logistics
enterprise with manufacturing enterprise. Keywords: Third–party logistics enterprise,
Manufacturing enterprise, Organization structure 1. Current Situation of Foreign Funds in China
Insurance Industry Following the rapid development of third–party logistics enterprises and
industrial structure entering the mid–term of industrialization in our country, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
3.3 Distributed Network Type Virtual Logistics Organization Structure Distributed network type
virtual logistics organization structure is shown in figure 3. From the figure, we can see that
managers take the logistics basic activities to external forces. The organization core consists of cost
control center and information center of the alliance which conposes of third–party logistics
enterprise, carries out design, organization, surveillance and control directed at logistics activities.
Non–assets logistics service is better at enhancing profit ability and profit speed than assers logistce
service. Investigation and study going deep into manufcturing enterprise is in favor of realizing the
co–operation with manufcturing enterprises from strategic level. This kind of structure is mini–
scale, not hardware facilities, but have advanced logistics management technology and information
technology. It can help manufcturing enterprises working out marketing plan, transportation plan,
order plan, production plan; even to carry out reforming enterprise

bio 2 exam
Chapter 40 Exam – Student Copy 40.1 Multiple–Choice Questions 1) Trees are rare in the savanna
biome because of A) insufficient annual precipitation. B) acidic soils. C) extreme winter
temperatures. D) large variations in seasonal rainfall. E) permafrost. 2) Which of the following
statements best describes the effect of climate on biome distribution? A) Average annual temperature
and precipitation are sufficient to predict which biome will be found in an area. B) Seasonal
fluctuation of temperature is not a limiting factor in biome distribution if areas have the same annual
temperature and precipitation means. C) Not only is the average climate important in determining
biome distribution, but so is the pattern of climatic variation. ... Show more content on
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A) Labrador does not get enough rainfall to support the subtropical flora found in Land's End. B)
Regions such as Labrador are actually colder than England because colder arctic air is pulled down
to eastern North America and not to England. C) Rainfall fluctuates greatly in England; rainfall is
consistently high in Labrador. D) Labrador is too windy to support tall plants, such as palm trees. E)
Labrador receives sunlight of lower duration and intensity than does Land's End. 11) In mountainous
areas of western North America, north–facing slopes would be expected to A) receive more sunlight
than similar southern exposures. B) be warmer and drier than comparable southern–exposed slopes.
C) consistently be steeper than southern exposures. D) support biological communities similar to
those found at lower elevations on similar south–facing slopes. E) support biological communities
similar to those found at higher elevations on similar south–facing slopes. 12) Deserts typically
occur in a band around 30 degrees north and south latitude because A) descending air masses
originating from the tropics tend to be dry. B) trade winds have little moisture. C) moisture–laden air
is heavier than dry air and is not carried to these latitudes. D) ascending air from these regions tends
to be moist, removing available water and creating a desert. E) these locations get the most intense
solar radiation of any location on Earth. 13) Which of the following events might

Math 30 IB Standard Level Body Mass Index Portfolio...
This portfolio is an investigation into how the median Body Mass Index of a girl will change as she
ages. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a comparison between a person's height (in meters) and weight (in
kilograms) in order to determine whether one is overweight or underweight based on their height.
The goal of this portfolio is to prove of disprove how BMI as a function of Age (years) for girls
living in the USA in 2000 can be modeled using one or more mathematical equations. This data can
be used for parents wanting to predict the change in BMI for their daughters or to compare their
daughter's BMI with the median BMI in the USA.
The equation used to measure BMI is:
The chart below shows the median BMI for girls of different ages in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
That can be fixed by adjusting the horizontal phase shift value of _c_ to 12.4 to compensate.
There is also a noticeable discrepancy between the function graph and the scatter plot in the domain
{} and {}. A slight stretch about the y axis would fit the curve closer to the data points in those
areas, therefore the _b_ value should be changed from π/15 to π/14. The number π/14 was chosen
because reducing the denominator's value by 1 will increase the b value by a slight amount, and an
increased b value will shorten period and compress the graph about the y axis, resulting in the values
within domain to be closer to that of the data points.
Making these changes, the revised formula for the sinusoidal function is as follows:
Using TI InterActive!™ to graph that function, overlaid with the original data, and restricting the
graph of the function to the same domain and range as the domain and range on the scatterplot, the
graph is as follows:
The refined equation fits the data much more closely at the beginning, yet around the Age = 13 mark
it starts to deviate again. Looking at this graph, one can come to the conclusion that it will take more
than one mathematical function to graph the entirety of the data.
If one were to relate the concept of human growth with the measurable

Limitations of Population Growth
Introduction There are a number of factors that can contribute to the growth of a population and
these trends can be seen in a number of species. It is generally believed, from an ecological
perspective, that populations will display either an exponential of logistic growth rate. If optimal
environments are consistently maintained with no biotic or abiotic limiting factors (excess food,
excess space availability, optimum climactic environment, no predation, etc) then a population will
grow in an exponential direction. Species with high maximal relative growth rates do not occupy
infertile habitats because their physiologies are more sensitive to suboptimal habitats and so their
relative growth rates decrease more rapidly as fertility ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each bottle was filled 3/4 full with spring water from the San Marcos River. The water levels in the
bottles were marked for future reference. Ten large Daphnia magna were carefully placed n each
bottle along with a pinch of Spirulina (powdered algae). For the duration of the experiment, only the
supplemented group of Daphnia magna received food weekly, the unsupplemented did not. Spring
water was added periodically to the bottles when the water levels were below the line marked
previously. Each week the numbers of Daphnia were counted utilizing a light source in order to
illuminate the Daphnia and allowed them to be visible. The daphnia were placed in the designated
lab area that maintained at room temperature. The data for a total span of 8 weeks was pooled and
recorded. The data was then used for various types of statistical analysis including weekly means,
per capita growth rates, t–tests, etc.
Results According to the data collected, the Daphnia magna population in neither the supplemented
treatment nor the unsupplemented treatment portrayed either the exponential or logistic growth
model. The supplemented group showed a steady decline in the population while the
unsupplemented group at first began with a significant drop off at first but then also became a steady
decline. The week with the highest maximum growth rate for the supplemented group was week 7
and for the unsupplemented group was also in week 7. The

Murphy Contemporary Logistics 10e
PART III
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF LOGISTICS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Logistics clearly contributes to ___________ and ___________ utility.
a. time; place
b. form; time
c. place; form
d. possession; time
e. none of the above
(a; p. 3)
2. ___________ utility refers to the value or usefulness that comes from a customer being able to
take possession of a product.
a. Time
b. Place
c. Form
d. Possession
(d; p. 3)
3. ___________ utility refers to having products available where they are needed by customers.
a. Possession
b. Time
c. Place
d. Form
(c; p. 3)
4. All of the following are types of economic utility, except:

a. Time
b. Production
c. Place
d. Possession
e. All of the above are types of economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marketing; production
d. Finance; logistics
(d; p. 12)
21. A common interface between production and logistics involves:
a. the use of plastic versus wood pallets
b. the mode of transportation
c. shipment pricing
d. the length of production runs
(d; p. 13)
22. ___________ refers to the delay of value–added activities such as assembly, production, and
packaging to the latest possible time.
a. Building blocks
b. Deferral
c. Demurrage
d. Postponement
(d; p. 13)
23. The four basic components of the marketing mix include all of the following except:
a. price
b. production
c. product
d. place
(b; p. 14)
24. Branding alliances allow customers to purchase products from two or more name–brand retailers
at one store location. Which of the following statements about branding alliances is false?
a. They offer potential customers convenience by satisfying multiple needs at one place
b. They boost brand awareness
c. They don't create any logistical challenges
d. They increase customer spending per transaction
e. All of the above are true
(c; p. 14)
25. Landed costs refer to:

a. a product that is shipped via surface transport
b. a product that is quoted cash on delivery (COD)
c. a prepaid shipment
d. a price that includes both the cost of the product plus transportation to the buyer
(d; p. 15)
26. ____________ refers to being out of an item at the same time there is demand for it.
a. Intensive distribution
b. Stockout
c. Rhochrematics
d. Supplier

Logistics Strategy
Content
1. Logistic also plays a role in customer satisfaction
1.1 Overview
2. What is a logistic strategy?
3. Why implement a logistics strategy?
4. What is involved in developing a logistics strategy?
5. What is involved in developing a logistics strategy?
5.1 Strategic
5.2 Structural
5.3 Functional
5.4 Implementation
6. Components to examine when developing a logistics strategy
1. Transportation
6.2 Outsourcing
6.3 Logistics systems
6.4 Competitors
6.5 Information
6.6 Strategy review

7. Strategic logistics planning
8. Risk profiles
9. Strategic logistics planning options
10. The strategic logistic plan
11. Developing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some are now also assisting their clients in inventory planning and forecasting. As a result, many
services organizations no longer believe that they need to perform these activities themselves in
addition to the various manufacturing, sales and marketing, and customer service activities that they
are already performing on a day–to–day basis.
However, as more services organizations realize that the increasing costs of inventory management
and logistics are likely to impact both their bottom lines and their ability to support customers –
especially if they are presently running either an outdated or otherwise inefficient operation to begin
with – they may have some strong reservations with respect to outsourcing some of these key
activities. The greatest fear among most organizations is that outsourcing will almost immediately
result in the lessening of customer service performance, either real or perceived, and therefore, loss
of control over an historically critical component of their overall customer service and support
equation.
Those organizations that have already moved toward outsourcing suggest that there are still many
ways in which to ensure that the organization retains control over these critical areas. It is true that
some still believe that there are no outsource vendors that are truly global in terms of their inventory
management and logistics capabilities – that

Essay about Case Study
1. Table 8.1 shows results of an eight–center clinical trial to compare a drug to placebo for curing an
infection. At each center, subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. Table 8.1 Clinical Trial
Data for Problem 1 a. Perform two different tests (Breslow–Day, and likelihood ratio test) for
whether the drug effect on curing an infection is the same over eight centers. i) Breslow–Day test:
The B–D test of homogeneity tests for whether the drug effect on curing an infection is the same
over eight centers gave a chi2 = 8.0 with df=7 and p–value = 0.333. Therefore since the p–value is
> 0.05, we fail to reject the null that the drug effect on curing an infection is the same over the
eight centers. The drug effect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is your conclusion with regard to the effect of the drug on curing the infection? What is the
odds ratio using the CMH method? The OR for curing the infection comparing drug with placebo,
adjusting for the centers is 2.175, with a p–value of 0.011 which is less than 0.05 and therefore
significant. We can conclude that the drug is 2.175 times better at curing the infections after
adjusting for centers compared to the placebo. Using the CHM Method: From the CMH method
above, the combined OR=2.13, with a p–value of 0.0115 which is significant at the 0.05 level.
Therefore the drug is 2.13 times more effective at curing the infection after adjusting for centers
compared to the placebo d. Perform a new logistic regression to find the odds ratio for curing the
infection without adjusting for the centers. Which measure, adjusted, or unadjusted odds ratio, do
you prefer to use when you investigate the drug effect on curing the infection? From the output
above, the OR without adjusting for centers is 1.5 with a p–value of 0.108 which is not significant at
the 0.05 level. Therefore, I will prefer to use the adjusted measure when investigating the drug effect
on curing the infection. e. (Extra Credit) Perform a likelihood ratio test on whether the treatment is
different among the centers, using the deviance measure. data medtreatment; input center drug
treatment count; datalines; 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 25 1 0 1 10 1 0 0 27 2 1 1 16 2 1 0 4

Essay on Transportation and How it Affects Logistics
Transportation is one of the largest industries in the world. It is the most costly and time consuming
of the supply chain. Transportation refers to the movement of products and raw materials from one
destination to another. This process begins from the supply chain to the shipping of the finished
product to the consumer. For we know that products are rarely produced in the same location. We as
people depend on transportation because it moves goods and people from one place to another.
Transportation is a key element in the logistic chain. It joins together those components that are
considered to be separated. In order for transportation and logistics to work together successfully,
there must be good management between them. It plays a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
To achieve the lowest total cost means that financial and human assets committed to logistics must
be held to an absolute minimum (Pieplow, Daniel, & Calhoun [Pg. 29]).
SCM can be divided into three main groups: purchase, manufacture, and transport (Thomas et al.,
1996). The focus is on transportation. There are different modes of transportation. These modes of
transportation fall under three basic types and they are: land (road, rail and pipelines), water
(shipping) and air. Transportation plays a connective role among the several steps that result in the
conversion of resources into useful goods for the ultimate consumer. It is the planning of all these
functions and sub–functions into a system of goods movement in order to minimize cost and
maximize service to the customers that constitutes the concept of business logistics. The system,
once it's put in place, must be effectively managed (Fair & Williams, 1981). What are the
advantages and disadvantages of these modes of transportation in logistics?
Initially, there is the mode of land transportation. Roads, rails and pipelines fall under this category.
These land logistics are very important because they extend the delivery services for air and water
transport from airports and seaports. The main transport mode of land logistics are railway, road
freight and pipeline transport. The advantage of railway transport is that it has carrying capacity and
lower influences by weather conditions

Logistics Management : Logistic Management
Logistics Management
"Logistic is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, effective flow of
goods storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of
consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements"
Logistics exists to satisfy customer requirements by facilitating relevant manufacturing and
marketing operation. The main responsibility of logistic is the geographical positioning of raw
materials, work in process and finished inventories at the lowest possible cost.
Creating logistics value is costly. Logistics accounts for one of the highest costs of doing business.
Logistics expenditure normally ranges from 5% to 35% of sales depending on the type of business.
Thus logistics even though very important for any business success is expensive.
VARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
Logistic management encompasses all materials flows management, from the inflow of purchased
materials into works (i.e. materials planning of raw materials components and other products,
transport of materials from suppliers to works, receiving and inspection and storage of materials)
materials flow through manufacturing processes (i.e. materials issues and materials handling) and
material (flow to customers (physical distribution (Refer fig.1 for these relationships)
Materials Logistics physical distribution
Management Management
Fig.1
(Relationship between logistics and other)
Schmidt

The Rapid Growth Of Population Essay
Introduction:
The reason I chose this topic is because in my country Ethiopia the rapid growth of population
alarmed me, just around the 1965 our population was very low however in the past few years it has
tripled form 20 million to over 100 million. This was when my interest in my countries population
developed. Population is one of the conversational topics when talking about a countries profile, in
view of the fact that it plays a huge role, in a countries work force, consumption and economy. I will
be collecting data and modelling them to predict the population for the next 5 to 10 years. I will also
be doing this for Kenya to see the relationship between the two countries to prove that this rapid
growth of population is happening not only in our country but in our neighboring countries too.
The data collected is imprecise because it is affected by many variables. The mortality rate of the
people in Ethiopia can affect my data highly. During this time Ethiopia had a high rate of migration,
this could also be included as one of the variables that have affected my data. I will be using this set
of data to draw a graph so that I can generate a model to represent this data so that I can use it to
predict the population after five years.
Year
Population (in millions)
1
2015
99.3
2
2010
87.5
3
2005
76.6
4
2000
66.4
5
1995
57.2
6

1990
48.0
7
1985
40.8
8
1980
35.2
9
1975
32.6
These are my test values that I will use to test my every models accuracy.
year
Population

Compare And Contrast The Fragmented And Unified Logistical...
9.Define what is meant by a cost trade–off. Do you believe that this concept is workable? Why or
why not?
Cost trade–off occur when there is a change in some activities change in the organization. These
activities can either increase or decrease the costs. Integration of all activities should minimize
distribution costs in a manner that supports an organization's customer service objectives. There are
different levels of cost trade–offs; within the distribution components, between distribution
components, between company functions, between the company and external organizations.
Yes, cost trade–off can be good and workable. For example, between company functions if the
company has a trade–off for lower finished goods stock, then the inventory and storage cost will be
reduced for the distribution sector but for the production department, there can be situation where
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fragmented logistics structure is where multiple departments handle the logistics activities in the
organization. In such a structure the functions of each department tend to concentrate in their own
areas and there is isolation from rest of the departments. Hence, this structure has communication
issues which can reduce the efficiency of the overall system.
Whereas, unified logistical structure is one in which all the different departments handling the
activities combine into one single department and manage the activities. In this structure it
emphasizes the need for improvement, the planning and control of overall activity as one. Hence,
there is better c–ordination and good communication in the department.
11. From a logistics perspective, how is network organizational design manifested in terms of
relevancy, responsiveness, and flexibility? (give examples)
From a logistics perspective is designed in such a way that the organizational design reveals the
relevancy, responsiveness and

Logistics
11.1 Logistics
In both vertical and horizontal marketing systems, systematised information contributes to the
efficient flow of goods and services from the point–of–origin to the point–of–consumption. This
process of regulation begins with customer service and extends to the procurement, handling, and
processing of resources aimed at delivering customer satisfaction. All ways in which resources are
procured, handled, and processed fall within a set of activities known as logistics.
Logistics
is a process of systematising information to facilitate the efficient and cost–effective flows of goods
and services to produce customer satisfaction. Each member in the supply chain must be involved in
logistics activities. Logistics flows may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not Really, Just Cutting–Edge Logistical Practice
Retailer and wholesaler sales reps having offices next to their supplier's factory floor? Wearing
badges allowing them to roam wherever they want, attend production–status meetings, or log onto
sales forecasts? Independently record–ing sales orders for which their customers are billed?
Welcome to the brave new world of logistics, where channel members treat their suppliers and
distributors almost like their employees.
The behaviours described above are due to JIT II, the new version of just–in–time inventory control.
While the original JIT tended to cultivate hostility by putting extreme pressure on suppliers, JIT II is
designed to create harmony and efficiencies on both sides of the channel. Based on the decision to
share previ–ously guarded information such as up–to–the–minute sales forecasts, JIT II must rely
heavily on trust since the companies involved could face serious conflicts of interest. In spite of the
advances, however, traditional manufacturer–distributor mistrust and hard–nosed negotiations over
price, quantity discounts, or shipping terms still linger. Customers and suppliers both worry about
releasing too much confidential data or technology. Manufacturers, in particular, expose themselves
to risk by revealing their costs. Such suppliers may suddenly find themselves at the mercy of
customers trying to squeeze their margins. But some success stories are already in

MBA 4.2: LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
Module 1
Introduction to Logistics and its interface with production and Marketing; Measures of Logistics;
Physical distribution and logistics.
Introduction to Logistics
When total supply chain system is integrated over a firm, it is known as logistics
It is an integrated effort aimed at helping customer value at a lower cost.
Without logistical support, marketing and manufacturing departments cannot accomplish product in
timely or fresh manner.
The value of logistics is evaluated when the inventory is correctly positioned to facilitate sale. It is
very costly to create a logistical value.
A firm gains competitive advantage by providing customer with superior service through quality
logistics.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Components
In order to achieve logistics operational objectives, while achieving its mission, a large no. of
individual activities are required to perform, which constitutes functions of logistics management
system. Different components constitute differently in the achievement of logistics mission and
objectives which can be grouped in 3 broad categories.
a. Generic components
b. Primary components
c. Supportive components
Generic Components
Primary Components
Supportive Components
Components of a typical logistical system
Purchasing, packaging, inventory control, material handling, order processing, customer service,
demand forecasting, distribution communications, parts & service support, plant or warehouse
selection (location analysis), return goods handling, salvage & scrap disposal, traffic and

transportation, and warehousing and storage.
Definition
Logistical management includes the design and administration of system to control the flow of
material, WIP and finished inventory to support business unit strategy.
Overall goal of logistics is to achieve a targeted level of customer service at the lowest possible total
cost.
LOGISTICAL TOTAL COST – includes the cost of physical distribution system and cost of
logistical supply chain
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM cost

The Impact Of Logistics Innovations On The International...
Introduction
Nowadays, logistics are constantly developing for meeting the growing requirements of
international business. The innovations in logistics are crucial, which can not only stimulate the
emergence of international business around the world, but also further promote its efficiency and
scale.
This essay will focus on the innovations in modern logistics, taking 3PL as an example to discuss
the impacts of logistics innovations on the international business. It will firstly make a brief
introduction of 3PL, then followed by the analysis of how 3PL promote E–commerce, one typical
model of the modern international business. Theoretical Background
International business refers to the exchange of goods and services among individuals and
businesses in multiple countries and areas which origins even in the 14th century. Logistics
comprises the activities of transporting goods and services between these countries and areas. The
term 'logistics' became widely used after 1985, which was derived from the logistics organizations
of US army in WWII. Their success of delivering a steady stream of strategic supplies around the
world during the wartime was later studied by many companies and then widely introduced into
business activities.
Based on the Comparative Advantage Theory (David Ricardo) and Division of Labour Theory
(Adam Smith), firms in different countries and areas are willing to utilize comparative advantages to
produce goods and services for exchanging some goods

Gaining Competitive Advantage Through Outsourcing
Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing
Authors:
Sarah Tagliapietra
Peter Platan
Ng Seow Li
Ralph Schneider
Executive Summary
Today 's escalating, competitive and demanding environment has forced players in the marketplace
to be more efficient, to emphasize on a leaner organization and continuously innovate new
procedures to keep ahead of competitors. Adding final consumer value to the product or service in
the form of lower prices, quality and better service has become an essential requirement in the
global marketplace.
Logistics outsourcing has become an attractive option in order to take advantage of global
opportunities, to acquire state of the art logistics capabilities, significantly improve customer
service ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10
3.3.2 Warehousing............................................................................................................ 11
3.3.3 Inventory management ............................................................................................ 13
3.3.4 Information systems................................................................................................. 14
4.0 CASE EXAMPLE ............................................................................................................ 15
4.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 15
4.2 OUTSOURCING SOLUTION ................................................................................................ 16
5.0 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. 18
6.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................................. 19
Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Outsourcing today
Today 's escalating, competitive and demanding environment has forced players in the marketplace
to be more efficient and to emphasize on a leaner organization. Enterprises must adapt with
increasing speed to market pressure and

Education and labour skills are essential for a fully...
Education and labour skills are essential for a fully functioning logistics and supply management
system. In Southern Africa there is a lack of education and skills within the logistics system, which
means unskilled labour and less effectiveness and efficiency. Education is the single most important
aspect in order for a country to achieve success and wealth, the more educated people are, the more
people can make intelligent and effective decisions about the economy and the logistics and supply
chain management functions. Southern Africa does not have a strong education system in
comparison to the global market in which Southern Africa compete in, which limits its full potential
that it has to be a functioning logistic powerhouse which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Another factor of logistics is inventory and inventory management. This field in logistics involves
storing of the company's goods, a lack of education and skilled labour could harm the inventory
process by not being efficient enough or not knowing how the technological side of inventory
management works, this could increase the chances off 'mix–ups' or mishaps and therefore a loss of
sales or even the loss of customers. Unskilled labour has been a problem for many companies,
unskilled labour consist of people who get paid a very low wage for the work that they do which
doesn't consist of any skill nor do you need an education. This is a problem for logistics because in
the logistics process, there are many unskilled labour forces involved which means companies have
to manage and guide the unskilled labour or else things could go horribly wrong and the
organisation could be placed in a major deficit. The other main problem is that the skilled people
who have studied in university have left the country, which leaves Southern Africa without the
correct amount of skilled labour to take on the main business operations in order to achieve what the
organisation should.
Education and unskilled labour affect the economic growth and development of Southern Africa by
causing many problems within the actual supply chain, which could lead to an increase in logistics
costs, an increase in the costs of logistics within Southern Africa make Southern Africa

Environmental Science Worksheet Essay
University of Phoenix Material
Environmental Science Worksheet
Answer the following questions in at least 100 words. The answers are found in Ch. 1–4 of
Environmental Science.
1. What would you include in a brief summary on the history of the environmental movement?
The environmental movement is closely related with the appearance of environmental awareness.
Before 1960, very few people knew the term ecology. Environmental concerns were absent in the
political and social spheres. However, a groundbreaking book by Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, was
published in 1960 and large numbers of people became aware of the consequences of humans'
encroachment upon the nature in terms of the use of highly toxic chemicals like ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, exponential growth does not last long in the nature. Exponential growth is bad since
continuously high reproduction rate for a species places extreme pressure on ecosystems. Logistic
growth curve explains how exponential growth is stopped by limiting factors like natural resources.
A population might grow sharply at the beginning but as the limiting factors (like water, space, food,
predators, and disease) come into play, the growth levels off (Withgott & Brennan, 2009, p. 85). As
for human population, exponential growth is promoted by new medicines that staved off many
diseases, dependable supply of food all around the year through scientific agriculture involving
artificial fertilizers, and the eradication of predators. As for the limiting factors, lack of urban space,
collapse of habitats supporting human life, war, occasional epidemics (like AIDS or flu), and
declining fertility of overused agricultural areas are all serious obstacles to higher population
growth.
3. Compare predictions for human population growth in developed countries versus developing
countries. Why is it difficult to predict the growth of Earth's human population? Why should
population growth be predicted?"? What will happen if there is exponential human growth?
Human population and its dynamics have very important implications for the nature. Exponential
human growth would have disastrous effects on the nature because a larger population means

A Study Of Ecology And Its Effects On The Environment
Competition in ecosystems has become central to the study of ecology, and has been implicated as a
major factor behind the patterns of species abundance and distribution. Though often studied
together, abundance and distribution are two distinct designations, abundance being the density of a
species in a given area, and the spatial arrangement of that species in an area is referred to as the
distribution (Brown, 1984). In ecological terms competition refers to a fight between two organisms,
of the same species or different, for a limiting resource, leading often to an adverse effect on one or
both organism (Birch, 1957). When one of the organisms in the competition out competes the other
for the desired resource this results in a negative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to emphasize that exploitation and interference competition mechanisms can be
intraspecific or interspecific, thus are classified as real competition, while apparent competition is
typically only of the interspecific type (Birch, 1957). With that said, of all forms competition,
interspecific competition, the competition between two or more species, has been studied most
intensively as cause behind patterns of distribution and abundance within populations of species.
However, there has been much disagreement regarding the prominence of interspecific competition
in natural environment, and whether it actually effects the abundance and distribution of species. In
this paper the history and application of interspecific competition, along with a common model used
to illustrate it will be evaluated, through their use in various ecological researches.
History of Interspecific Competition Though the study of ecology is a relatively new science, the
earliest records of competition in biology and in the environment can be traced back to Charles
Darwin (Park, 1954). Darwin, the father evolution, placed great emphasis on the importance of
competition, specifically interspecies competition, in the process of natural selection and species

A Critique Of Service Quality Models
Regarding the various service quality models discussed in section 2.3.1 to 2.3.9 the gap model
considers the perceptions and expectations of the customers, the gap being the difference between
expectations and perceptions (P–E). The model resulted in five dimensions that are generic in
nature. However, other models such as 'Technical and Functional Quality Model', 'Perception–only
Model' and 'Evaluated Performance and Normed Quality Model' consider only the perceptions of the
customers. Technical and Functional Quality Model describes three components such as technical
quality (the quality received by the customer), functional quality (how the quality is received by the
customer) and corporate quality (how quality is delivered by the organization). In the
Perceptiononly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The EFQM Excellence Model helps for benchmarking and improvement of overall performance of
organizations focusing on key factors of TQM and assures quality service to its customers in turn.
2.5 A Critique on Service Quality Measurement and Evaluation SERVQUAL is a widely used
instrument to measure customer evaluations of service quality [48]. Despite a leading instrument in
measuring service quality, a number of studies have raised concern about it [156,168–171]. These
criticisms relates to conceptual, methodological and analytical issues in SERVQUAL. The primary
issue raised in the literature is the conceptualization of service quality as the difference between
perception and expectation [159]. Cronin and Taylor, reiterate their views against the
disconfirmation based SERVQUAL scale of measuring service quality and continued to be
proponents of their perception–only approach to service quality measurement. Further, the use of the
perception and expectation gap measure of service also raises related analytical concerns about its
low reliability, poor discriminant validity and spurious correlations [168–170]. Parasuraman et al.
indicate that on the issue

The Exponential Model Coordinates Population Growth Essay
Discussion
Commonly speaking, the theoretical and practical outcome of corresponding experiments done
before should be similar with the results of this time.
"The exponential model approximates population growth in its early stage. Table 3.4.1 shows the
numbers generated by an organism that doubles at each cycle.
Table 3.4.1:
Number of Generations: 0 1 2 ... 10 ... 25 ... 40 ... 72
Number of Organisms: 1 2 4 ... 1024 3.4 x 10^7 1.1 x 10^12 4.7 x10^21." (Yeagers et al. 1996).
Similarly, the first two growth graphs drawn above are also in acceleration phase in the beginning,
except the fact that there is a sudden decrease of P. caudatum on the 12th day. However, as on the
following two days the number does not continue to go down, there must be some errors when
sampling and counting. Despite that the person who conducted the experiment might operate
inaccurately during some steps, one of the most common error could happen when counting.
Moving swiftly here and there, not all paramecium would slow down obviously, which easily
triggers counting mistake.
"But as the density of the population increases, certain resources such as food and space become
scarce, predation and disease increase, and waste begins to accumulate. These negative conditions
generate a feedback effect: Increasing population density produces conditions that slow down
population growth. An equilibrium situation results, in which the population

Supply Chain Management And Logistics Essay
Supply Chain management and logistics are an extremely important functions of an organization. In
this research paper, we will be discussing an aspect of supply chain and logistics that I am interested
in, how both are related and different, key activities in supply chain and logistics, and the ethics and
social responsibility in both supply chain and logistics management.
Logistics is a vital component of supply chain management. Both involve the planning, carrying out
and management of goods, services and information from the point of origin to the point of
consumption. Logistics aligns the multifaceted pattern of traffic and transportation, shipping and
receiving, import and export operations, warehousing, inventory management, purchasing,
production planning and customer service. Organizations, like the one I work for, see logistics as a
critical design of the supply chain. When organizations incorporate logistics as a key component of
the business plan, they can use it to manage, coordinate and monitor resources needed to move
products in a smooth, timely, cost effective and reliable manner.
Like Logistics, Supply Chain Management is an essential element of operational efficiency. The
impact that supply chain has on our organization is substantial and exponential. Two of the main
ways SCM affects business include: boosts customer service and our overall bottom line. Supply
chain impacts our customer service by making sure the right product assortment and quantity are

Essay on Environmental Science Worksheet
University of Phoenix Material
Environmental Science Worksheet
Answer the following questions in at least 100 words. The answers are found in Ch. 1–4 of the text.
1. Provide a brief summary of the history of the environmental movement?
2. Explain the main point concerning exponential growth and whether it is good or bad. Compare
exponential growth to a logistic growth curve and explain how these might apply to human
population growth. What promotes exponential growth? What constrains population growth?
3. Compare predictions for human population growth in developed countries versus developing
countries. Why is it difficult to predict the growth of Earth's human population?
4. Explain how principles of system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In terms of applying it to population, exponential growth is flawed, because population growth does
not depend strictly on birth rate. Mortality rates, life expectancy, disease, natural disasters, and many
other variables affect the rate of population growth.
While exponential growth is proportionate to one variable alone – birth rate – a logistic growth
curve is an S shape curve that resembles exponential growth at some points, but is also governed by
other variables, including an upper limit. Applied to population growth, logistical growth factors in
variables other than just birth rate, and shows that as the population grows and other factors increase
disease, death, etc., the population growth slows, even if the birth rate doesn't. Exponential growth is
promoted when the environment can hold and support a growing number of inhabitants, and when
health conditions are good, enabling the death rate to be steady and, as a result, population growth
can happen in direct proportion to the birth rate. Population growth is constrained by environmental
reasons natural disaster, pollution, etc., medical reasons disease, etc., natural death, and ideology or
personal reasons birth control, etc.
One big reason is that developing countries tend to have much faster population growth than in
developed countries.
Developing countries have poor access to birth control, often practice religions which prohibit birth
control and value large families, and often have a lot of

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