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MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS
Instituto Tecnológico de Delicias
Unidad II: Métodos De Solución De Ecuaciones.
2.1 Método del Intervalo.
Cuando para encontrar la solución a una ecuación F(x)=0 partimos de un
intervalo [𝑎, 𝑏] dentro del cual sabemos que se encuentra la solución.
2.2 Método de Bisección.
Obtener una solución F(x)=0 dada una función f continua en [𝑎, 𝑏] donde f(a) y f(b)
tienen signos opuestos.
Encontrar un punto P tal que
𝑝 = 𝑎 +
𝑏 − 𝑎
2
=
𝑏 + 𝑎
2
Si f(p)*f(a) >0 a=p (signos iguales se mueve a)
Si f(p)*f(a) <0 b=p (signos iguales se mueve b)
|𝑏 − 𝑎| < 0.000001 𝑇𝑜𝑙
a[ ]b
MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS
Instituto Tecnológico de Delicias
Ejemplo:
𝑓(𝑥) = x3
− 4𝑥 − 10 𝑎[1,2]𝑏
|𝑏 − 𝑎| < 0.000001
|1.557671875 − 1.55765625| < 1.5625𝑥10−5
Operaciones Para sacar F(an)
𝑓(1) = 1_3
+ 4(1) − 10 = 1 + 4 − 10 = 5
𝑓(2) = 2_3
+ 4(2) − 10 = 8 + 8 − 10 = 6
𝑓(1.5) = 1.5_3
+ 4(1.5) − 10 = 3.375 + 6 − 10 = −0.625
𝑓(1.75) = 1.75_3
+ 4(1.75) − 10 = 2.35
𝑓(1.62) = 1. 62_3
+ 4(1.62) − 10 = 0.73
𝑓(1.56) = 1. 56_3
+ 4(1.56) − 10 = 0.0364
n an bn pn F(pn) F(an)
0 1 2 1.5 -0.625 -5
1 1.5 2 1.75 2.35 -0.625
2 1.5 1.75 1.62 0.73 -0.625
3 1.5 1.62 1.56 0.0364 -0.625
4 1.5 1.56 1.53 -0.2984 -0.625
5 1.53 1.56 1.545 -0.1320 -0.2684
6 1.545 1.56 1.552 -0.048 -0.1320
7 1.552 1.56 1.556 -0.0087 -0.048
8 1.556 1.56 1.558 0.01383 -0.0087
9 1.556 1.558 1.557 -0.00256 -0.0087
10 1.557 1.558 1.5575 -0.00819 -0.00256
11 1.5575 1.558 1.55775 0.01101 -0.00819
12 1.5575 1.55775 1.557625 0.0096 -0.00819
13 1.557625 1.55775 1.7576875 0.0103 -0.0096
14 1.557625 1.5576875 1.55765625 -0.00996 -0.0096
15 1.55765625 1.5576875 1.55767187 0.0101 -0.00996
16 1.55765625 1.557671875 1.557664663 0.0100 -0.00996
MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS
Instituto Tecnológico de Delicias
Para sacar pn
𝑝 =
1 + 2
2
=
3
2
= 1.5
𝑝1 =
1.5 + 2
2
=
3.5
2
= 1.75
𝑝2 =
1.5 + 1.75
2
= 1.62
𝑝3 =
1.5 + 1.62
2
= 1.56
2.3 Métodos de Aproximaciones Sucesivas.
También conocido como punto fijo.
Es uno de los métodos recomendados cuando queremos resolver una ecuación
de la forma 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥):
Criterio de paro
𝑖 ≥ 𝑁𝑜 |𝑋𝑛 − 𝑋𝑛 − 1| ≤ 𝜀 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥
Ejemplo:
𝑥3
− 7𝑥2
+ 14𝑥 − 6 = 0 𝑋𝑜 = 1
Despejar x
14𝑥 − 𝑥3
+ 7𝑥2
+ 6 = 0 14𝑥 + 7𝑥2
+ 6 = 𝑥3
(1) 𝑥 =
−𝑥3+7𝑥2+6
14
(2) 𝑥 = √7𝑥2 − 14𝑥 + 6
3
7𝑥2
− 14𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥. 𝑥2
7𝑥2
= 𝑥3
− 14𝑥 + 6
(3) 𝑥 =
7𝑥2−14𝑥+6
𝑥2 (4) 𝑥 = √
𝑥3−14𝑥+6
−7
3
7𝑥2
− 14𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥. 𝑥2
(5) 7𝑥2
− 14𝑥 +
6
𝑥
= 𝑥2
𝑥 = √
7𝑥2−14𝑥+6
𝑥
MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS
Instituto Tecnológico de Delicias
n xn 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 6/7 = 0.8571 -1 -1 1.1338 No Existe
2 0.7509 3 27 1.2722
3 0.6802 3 1.4076
2.4 Métodos de Interpolación.
Es una de las técnicas numéricas para resolver un problema de búsqueda de
raíces F(x)=0 mas poderosas y conocidas-
Método de Newton.
Comienza con una aproximación inicial p0 y genera nuevos puntos de la sig.
Manera.
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑛−1 −
𝑓(𝑃𝑛−1)
𝑓′(𝑃𝑛−1)
Algoritmo:
Entrada: Po, TOL, No
Salida: Solución P o mensaje de Error.
1) 𝑖 = 1
2) Mientras 𝑖 ≤ 𝑁𝑜 (pasos 3-6)
3) 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 −
𝑓(𝑃𝑜)
𝑓′(𝑃𝑜)
4) 𝑠𝑖 |𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜| ≤ 𝑇𝑂𝐿 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑃 𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟
5) 𝑖 = 𝑖 + 1
6) 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃
7) Salida (“El método fracasó después de No iteraciones”)
Ejemplo:
𝑇𝑜𝑙 = 1𝑥10−5
MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS
Instituto Tecnológico de Delicias
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 𝑥 𝑃𝑜 =
𝜋
4
n pn f(pn) f’(pn)
0
𝜋
4
-0.078291 -1.7071
1 0.7395 -0.0006943 -1.6739
2 0.7391 −2.4881𝑥10−5 -1.673623
3 0.739085 3.6𝑥10−10 -1.673612
4 0.739085 3.6𝑥10−10 -1.673612
Método de la Secante.
Para encontrar una solución para f(x)=0 dadas las aproximaciones iniciales p0 y p1
Algoritmo:
Entrada: Po, P1, TOL, No
Salida: Solución aproximada P o mensaje de error.
1) 𝑖 = 2 𝑞𝑜 = 𝑓(𝑃𝑜) 𝑞1 = 𝑓(𝑝1)
2) 𝑀𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑖 ≤ 𝑁𝑜 (𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑠 3 − 6)
3) 𝑃 = 𝑃1 −
𝑞1(𝑝1−𝑝0)
𝑞1−𝑞0
4) 𝑠𝑖 |𝑝 − 𝑝1| ≤ 𝑇𝑂𝐿 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑃, 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟
5) 𝑖 = 𝑖 + 1
6) 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃1, 𝑞𝑜 = 𝑞1, 𝑃1 = 𝑝, 𝑞1 = 𝑓(𝑝)
7) 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎 ("𝐸𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑠ó 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠")
Ejemplo:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 𝑥 𝑃𝑜 = 0.5 𝑃1 =
𝜋
4
n pn qn=f(pn)
0 0.5 0.3775825
1
𝜋
4
-0.078291
2 0.73638 0.0045246
3 0.739058 0.000004526
4 0.739085 0.000000223
5 0.739085133 0

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Material unidad ii metodos

  • 1. MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS Instituto Tecnológico de Delicias Unidad II: Métodos De Solución De Ecuaciones. 2.1 Método del Intervalo. Cuando para encontrar la solución a una ecuación F(x)=0 partimos de un intervalo [𝑎, 𝑏] dentro del cual sabemos que se encuentra la solución. 2.2 Método de Bisección. Obtener una solución F(x)=0 dada una función f continua en [𝑎, 𝑏] donde f(a) y f(b) tienen signos opuestos. Encontrar un punto P tal que 𝑝 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑎 2 = 𝑏 + 𝑎 2 Si f(p)*f(a) >0 a=p (signos iguales se mueve a) Si f(p)*f(a) <0 b=p (signos iguales se mueve b) |𝑏 − 𝑎| < 0.000001 𝑇𝑜𝑙 a[ ]b
  • 2. MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS Instituto Tecnológico de Delicias Ejemplo: 𝑓(𝑥) = x3 − 4𝑥 − 10 𝑎[1,2]𝑏 |𝑏 − 𝑎| < 0.000001 |1.557671875 − 1.55765625| < 1.5625𝑥10−5 Operaciones Para sacar F(an) 𝑓(1) = 1_3 + 4(1) − 10 = 1 + 4 − 10 = 5 𝑓(2) = 2_3 + 4(2) − 10 = 8 + 8 − 10 = 6 𝑓(1.5) = 1.5_3 + 4(1.5) − 10 = 3.375 + 6 − 10 = −0.625 𝑓(1.75) = 1.75_3 + 4(1.75) − 10 = 2.35 𝑓(1.62) = 1. 62_3 + 4(1.62) − 10 = 0.73 𝑓(1.56) = 1. 56_3 + 4(1.56) − 10 = 0.0364 n an bn pn F(pn) F(an) 0 1 2 1.5 -0.625 -5 1 1.5 2 1.75 2.35 -0.625 2 1.5 1.75 1.62 0.73 -0.625 3 1.5 1.62 1.56 0.0364 -0.625 4 1.5 1.56 1.53 -0.2984 -0.625 5 1.53 1.56 1.545 -0.1320 -0.2684 6 1.545 1.56 1.552 -0.048 -0.1320 7 1.552 1.56 1.556 -0.0087 -0.048 8 1.556 1.56 1.558 0.01383 -0.0087 9 1.556 1.558 1.557 -0.00256 -0.0087 10 1.557 1.558 1.5575 -0.00819 -0.00256 11 1.5575 1.558 1.55775 0.01101 -0.00819 12 1.5575 1.55775 1.557625 0.0096 -0.00819 13 1.557625 1.55775 1.7576875 0.0103 -0.0096 14 1.557625 1.5576875 1.55765625 -0.00996 -0.0096 15 1.55765625 1.5576875 1.55767187 0.0101 -0.00996 16 1.55765625 1.557671875 1.557664663 0.0100 -0.00996
  • 3. MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS Instituto Tecnológico de Delicias Para sacar pn 𝑝 = 1 + 2 2 = 3 2 = 1.5 𝑝1 = 1.5 + 2 2 = 3.5 2 = 1.75 𝑝2 = 1.5 + 1.75 2 = 1.62 𝑝3 = 1.5 + 1.62 2 = 1.56 2.3 Métodos de Aproximaciones Sucesivas. También conocido como punto fijo. Es uno de los métodos recomendados cuando queremos resolver una ecuación de la forma 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥): Criterio de paro 𝑖 ≥ 𝑁𝑜 |𝑋𝑛 − 𝑋𝑛 − 1| ≤ 𝜀 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 Ejemplo: 𝑥3 − 7𝑥2 + 14𝑥 − 6 = 0 𝑋𝑜 = 1 Despejar x 14𝑥 − 𝑥3 + 7𝑥2 + 6 = 0 14𝑥 + 7𝑥2 + 6 = 𝑥3 (1) 𝑥 = −𝑥3+7𝑥2+6 14 (2) 𝑥 = √7𝑥2 − 14𝑥 + 6 3 7𝑥2 − 14𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥. 𝑥2 7𝑥2 = 𝑥3 − 14𝑥 + 6 (3) 𝑥 = 7𝑥2−14𝑥+6 𝑥2 (4) 𝑥 = √ 𝑥3−14𝑥+6 −7 3 7𝑥2 − 14𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥. 𝑥2 (5) 7𝑥2 − 14𝑥 + 6 𝑥 = 𝑥2 𝑥 = √ 7𝑥2−14𝑥+6 𝑥
  • 4. MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS Instituto Tecnológico de Delicias n xn 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6/7 = 0.8571 -1 -1 1.1338 No Existe 2 0.7509 3 27 1.2722 3 0.6802 3 1.4076 2.4 Métodos de Interpolación. Es una de las técnicas numéricas para resolver un problema de búsqueda de raíces F(x)=0 mas poderosas y conocidas- Método de Newton. Comienza con una aproximación inicial p0 y genera nuevos puntos de la sig. Manera. 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑛−1 − 𝑓(𝑃𝑛−1) 𝑓′(𝑃𝑛−1) Algoritmo: Entrada: Po, TOL, No Salida: Solución P o mensaje de Error. 1) 𝑖 = 1 2) Mientras 𝑖 ≤ 𝑁𝑜 (pasos 3-6) 3) 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 − 𝑓(𝑃𝑜) 𝑓′(𝑃𝑜) 4) 𝑠𝑖 |𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜| ≤ 𝑇𝑂𝐿 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑃 𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟 5) 𝑖 = 𝑖 + 1 6) 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃 7) Salida (“El método fracasó después de No iteraciones”) Ejemplo: 𝑇𝑜𝑙 = 1𝑥10−5
  • 5. MÉTODOS NUMÉRICOS Instituto Tecnológico de Delicias 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 𝑥 𝑃𝑜 = 𝜋 4 n pn f(pn) f’(pn) 0 𝜋 4 -0.078291 -1.7071 1 0.7395 -0.0006943 -1.6739 2 0.7391 −2.4881𝑥10−5 -1.673623 3 0.739085 3.6𝑥10−10 -1.673612 4 0.739085 3.6𝑥10−10 -1.673612 Método de la Secante. Para encontrar una solución para f(x)=0 dadas las aproximaciones iniciales p0 y p1 Algoritmo: Entrada: Po, P1, TOL, No Salida: Solución aproximada P o mensaje de error. 1) 𝑖 = 2 𝑞𝑜 = 𝑓(𝑃𝑜) 𝑞1 = 𝑓(𝑝1) 2) 𝑀𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑖 ≤ 𝑁𝑜 (𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑠 3 − 6) 3) 𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑞1(𝑝1−𝑝0) 𝑞1−𝑞0 4) 𝑠𝑖 |𝑝 − 𝑝1| ≤ 𝑇𝑂𝐿 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑃, 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟 5) 𝑖 = 𝑖 + 1 6) 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃1, 𝑞𝑜 = 𝑞1, 𝑃1 = 𝑝, 𝑞1 = 𝑓(𝑝) 7) 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎 ("𝐸𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑠ó 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠") Ejemplo: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 𝑥 𝑃𝑜 = 0.5 𝑃1 = 𝜋 4 n pn qn=f(pn) 0 0.5 0.3775825 1 𝜋 4 -0.078291 2 0.73638 0.0045246 3 0.739058 0.000004526 4 0.739085 0.000000223 5 0.739085133 0