Extended Temporal Discourse
The mechanisms that influence the behavior, physiological stress, and fitness of natural populations
may be altered due to the interaction with a species' temporal niche. Defined as the entrainment of
24–h rhythms whose time is characterized by the period and the phase of the light: dark cycle
(Smarr et al. 2013), the temporal niche characterizes the time of day an individual is active, which in
turn defines the environmental conditions the individual is subjugated to, as well as the timing of
interspecific competitive and predator–prey interactions (Gaston et al. 2014). If an organism is
exposed to a zeitgeber that produces repetitive and predictable environmental changes, the
individual can shift their temporal niche due to entrainment processes. ... Show more content on
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It is unlikely that this behavior has evolved in response to the presence of artificial light, which may
constitute as a super stimulus, such as for the nocturnal orb–web spider Larinioides sclopetarius
(Heiling 1999). Furthermore, species might be influenced by physiological stress that is impacted by
ALANN stimuli. Studies have shown exposure to brief periods of high–intensity or prolonged
periods of low intensity ALANN alters the patterns of circadian clock gene expression and
melatonin production (Gaston et al. 2014). A reduction in melatonin reduces an animal's tolerance to
high temperatures as well as their ability to lower their body temperature (Vanecek 1998; Perry et al.
2008). For all species, melatonin production is increased at night/ longer dark periods, regardless if
they are active during the day or night (Vanecek 1998). Species may therefore lose essential dark
refugia, which may cause misleading behaviors if species are not able to escape ALANN
interference with their preferred dark
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Sleep Social Cadence
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between sleep and social cadence in college
students. This study tries to assess the effect of sleep in daily activities like academic study, meal
consumption, mood, and social relationships. The hypothesis of this study is, sleep helps to maintain
good regularity of social rhythm. Good sleepers are more active in social activities, whereas poor
sleepers have less regularity in their social life. In this study, sleep is the independent variable and
social regularity is the dependent variable. The research method followed in this study is an
experiment because there are two variables identified as dependent and independent variables. Also,
the experimenters assigned participants randomly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If before examining any process or thought, the leader puts all the participants in an environment
with the same condition, external influences will not affect their behavior or performance. This
would help the leader to achieve the accurate result that he/ she is looking for. For example, if a
platoon leader wants to know about the mental endurance of the soldiers in his platoon and tasks
them for conducting a gruesome mission, he should ensure that all his soldiers are having equal
responsibility with equal mental pressure. If some of them face serious challenges while others are
relaxing, he will receive a biased result. Also, the environment might affect their performance and
soldiers having favorable environment will show more mental endurance. Therefore, as a leader to
ensure unbiased culture not only in an experiment but also in general for a good working
environment, it is necessary to create an identical condition for all the employees in the profession.
That is how it becomes easy to assess people and their activities. In an institution, everyone must
receive the same treatment and there should not be any space for showing sympathy for someone
while ignoring others. As a leader, I must treat everyone equally to create a sound working
environment and more productive system. Additionally, I should

The Effects Of Sleep On The Human Body And Mind Requires A...
The human body and mind require a regulated sleep and wake pattern in order to naturally restore
homeostasis and provide healthier functioning in regards to it's physical, emotional, cognitive, and
somatic response to it's environment. Chronic disruptions in this sleep pattern have been found to
affect 10% to 18% of the general American population, while it has been found to affect 50%–80%
of the American psychiatric population. The most common mental illnesses that suffer from chronic
sleep/wake disruptions include mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder as
well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), PTSD, and schizophrenia. Research on the
regulation of the sleep/wake cycle has found that proper regulation promotes healthy physical,
emotional, and mental resilience, while chronic dysregulation promotes negative thinking as well as
physical and emotional vulnerability (Nathan, 2015). Although lack of sleep is often viewed as just
a symptom of mental illness, research in this area suggests that chronic sleep difficulties may have a
larger role in the contribution to the development, progression, and outcomes of mental illness.
Further investigation in this area can allow us to better understand this role of the sleep/wake cycle
and therefore develop more sophisticated clinical measures, interventions, and prevention strategies.
Sleep is best understood through two main theories, recuperation and circadian rhythms. Both
theories function

Describe and Evaluate Circadian Rhythms
Describe circadian rhythms (8marks)
Circadian rhythms occur every 24 hours; an example of a circadian rhythm is the sleep–waking
cycle. We are diurnal animals who are active during the daytime and asleep at night, other animals
are nocturnal they are active at night but asleep during the day. The circadian rhythm depends on the
interaction of physiological and psychological processes to be tuned into the sleep–waking cycle so
energy is provided when needed. As diurnal humans we have a fairly stable sleep pattern with the
time we go to sleep and the time we wake up, this consistency suggests an internal mechanism
controls sleep, endogenous pacemaker. However, this can be overridden by external factors,
exogenous zeitgebers.
The endogenous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When using non–humans there needs to be justification to inflict this kind of sacrifice, due to the
number of rats that did die during this study is a major concern and as Stephan and Zucker's study
was conducted in 1972 before the regulations were tightened, it is unlikely their study would be
permitted today.
To explain the control of biological rhythms by just referring to endogenous pacemakers such as the
SCN is an example of biological reductionism. This is a limited approach as it is partial and does
not take account of the interaction of endogenous pacemakers with exogenous zeitgeber. The
psychologists assume that the damage to the SCN is the only causation of the disturbed sleep there
is no consideration that the sleep–waking cycle could be a more complex mechanism. The SCN is
connected to the pineal gland which could be the underlying cause of the disturbed sleep, due to the
damage of the SCN this connection may mean that melatonin is no longer secreted efficiently. This
would suggest that the SCN is only a factor within a larger pathway. Michel Siffre however did take
into account the interaction of endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers.
Siffer, a French geologist, spent six months in a cave with no natural light; his biological rhythms
became free–running in the absence of light. The cave was artificially lit and Siffre had a phone to
the outside world to turn light on or off. He had no watch and ate and

Zoochosis And Pandatory Research
Critics of zoos would argue that animals suffer physically and mentally in the zoo by being enclosed
and away from their habitat. According to the PETA article "The reality of zoos," Some animals are
so unhappy that they risk their lives in desperate attempts to free themselves. At the Dallas Zoo, a
gorilla named Jabari tried to escape by jumping over the walls and moats of his enclosure, only to
be fatally shot by police. A witness later confessed that teenagers were taunting him by throwing
rocks. The Chinese government "rents" pandas to zoos worldwide for fees of more than $1 million
per year. According to Peta (2015), Zoochosis is the term used to describe the stereotypical
behaviour of animals in captivity. This leads us to stereotypic ... Show more content on
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Society sees it as the zoos making money off people and it really is hurting the animals in the long
run because there is not enough room that they have where the animals stay. There were also reports
about there not being enough sun and the temperatures throws off the animals because they are
already use to their habitat. The article talked about it being a benefit because they are able to save
the near extinct because they can mate the animals. On this article they did a study on what people
saw when they walked into the zoos and wildlife tours. Overall it was most of the people who had
good things to say after their visit. It was solely based on what they saw. Zoos and wildlife
sanctuaries bring in a lot of money each year and it will continue to be a hot topic because of the
reports alone we have seen on these sanctuaries. It was a good article because they went into how
the research was done and the outcomes. There was a lot of information there. I actually got to join
access for free to this article I got off Brandman

Key Components Of Sleep Research
The average person sleeps around four months a year, begging the question why do humans
dedicate such a large portion of our time asleep? One of the key components of sleep are dreams,
many psychologists have attempted to figure out why dreams are beneficial to us, some of these
theories include: Wish–fulfillment, problem solving, replay, and activation–synthesis. Through
analyses of my dream, I will demonstrate that activation–synthesis is the most logical explanation as
to why we dream. Sleep is crucial for the stability of one's mind, body, and temper. When an
individual enters a sleep deprivation they tend to have exhaustion, irritability, and an inability to
focus that can only be remedied by several nights of healthy sleep. The healthy ... Show more
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The location and aesthetic of the prom was, to my recollection, the same as in my dream, suggesting
that I only dreamed of going to prom was merely an adaptation of my previous memories. Further
supporting this thought the friends I sat around the table with were actual friends I had in high
school. Even though we never sat around a table and talked about our dates to prom, my brain could
have just been scanning familiar faces and replaying them for me in a new context. Replay theory
goes against wish–fulfillment theory by saying that the dream was meaningless. Despite the
reasoning behind replay theory, it does not explain why we visualize and relive our memories each
night. The Thalamus is constantly working at turning short–term memories into long–term
memories, and yet we are not always thinking about the past. Furthermore, everyone has had
especially weird dreams where nothing makes sense and everything seems strange and new. These
dreams could not possibly from our memories, because nothing of the sorts has ever been previously

Consequences of Disrupting Biological Rhythms (A2...
Critically consider the consequences of disrupting biological rhythms (24)
A rhythm is something that is regularly repeated. All living organisms experience rhythmic changes
which tend to coincide with seasonal or daily environmental changes. Most organisms have an
internal biological clock called endogenous pacemakers, which are influences by external
environmental factors called exogenous zeitgebers, these control periodic changes. The sleep wake
cycle is a circadian rhythm that repeats itself every 24 hours. However these can become
desynchronised, resulting in a disruption of your biological rhythm. It can be disrupted by many
factors, including Jet lag and shift work.
Jetlag occurs when flying east to west or vice versa, it does not ... Show more content on
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But what the study does not take into consideration is the fact that the east coast team could just be
genuinely better than the west coast team, and that is the reason they win, and not because of jetlag
and the direction they travel. But this study does have ecological validity due to them being real
teams, and it not being in laboratory conditions, making the results more valid and generalizable
outside of the study. It also supports Klein, Wegman and Hunts findings that westbound flights are
easier to adjust to.
However chlo (2001) found a reduction in temporal lobe size and memory function in air crew who
regularly flew over seven different time zones. This looks at a more biological approach as it
challenges the views that jetlag is psychological as it shows organic structural changes and cognitive
reduction.
Stewart et al found that rats who have been emotionally stressed are not as good at resetting their
innate clocks using light as the zeitgeber, as rats that have not been emotionally stressed. This shows
that stress can make the SCN less responsive to light. This could explain why some people
experiences jetlag and others do not, as those who do may find flying stressful. However this study
lacks validity as rats have a different physiological makeup to humans, meaning the results found
from rats cannot be generalised to humans and how they behave.

The Circadian Rhythms Affects Sleep
Circadian rhythm is most known for the effect on sleep and wake, but it also affects eating, hormone
secretion, urination, and much more (Kalat, 2013). Circadian rhythms are endogenous, which means
they are generated from within the body. When broken down into its latin roots "circum" and "dies",
circadian means about a day. This name was coined as animal circadian rhythms last about a day, or
around 24 hours (Kalat, 2013). Though rhythms are around 24 hours, each individual differs in their
exact rhythm. This can be seen in the difference between "morning people", who are alert and
awake early in the day, and "night owls", who awaken at a slower pace and reach their peak
alertness later in the day (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, ... Show more content on
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Insomnia and sleep complaints are common among those who are completely blind. When the
circadian rhythm of those with no light perception, it has been found that they have abnormal
rhythms. Their rhythm pattern is most commonly found to be "free running", which means that it is
not entrained to the 24–hour period, by either following a shorter or more commonly longer rhythm
(Sack & Lewy, 2001). These people lack the ability to adapt to changes in sleep patterns based on
light, so as their schedule changes their rhythm is continually of course. Some days they may have
periods of good sleep and some days they may not, depending on where their life timeline falls
against their un–entrained circadian

Sleep Synthesis Essay
Neurotransmitters are nerve signaling chemicals produced by nerve cells (neurons) in various parts
of the brain. Controlling wakefulness and sleep state is one of their work. Hypothalamus is the main
area of the brain that is responsible for these secretions and regulation. For example serotonin and
norepinephrine are neurotransmitters produced by neurons in the brainstem that keeps the brain
active while people are awake. When people fall asleep some neurons starts signaling to shut down
the awaking signals. According to Mastin (2013), wakefulness has not got one regulation center in
the brain, it is a system controlled by different parts of the brain such as the hypothalamus,
brainstem and basal forebrain. Brain sends alerting signals to ... Show more content on
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This cycle is being controlled by 2 different systems in the body which are called circadian rhythm
(process C) and sleep wake homeostasis (process C). They are closely related and provide a balance
between each other. (Mastin, 2013, "The Two Process of Sleep Regulation"). Circadian rhythm is
governed by circadian clock which is the key mechanism that regulates the timing of sleep in the
hypothalamus. It is also regulator of feeding models, core body temperature, cell regeneration, brain
wave activity and hormone activity which is organized by light dark cycle. Circadian rhythm of all
animals is arranged according to the surrounding by external factors which are called Zeitgebers (In
German it means time givers). Day light is the most significant Zeitgeber since humans are mostly
active during the daytime. This internal clock is independent with the length of the sleep. For
example even longer sleep than usual might be not enough or inefficient if it does not occur at the
right time of the circadian cycle. Mastin (2013) stated that ıf sleep occurs at the right time of the
circadian cycle core body temperature decreases to the minimum level around 4.30–5.00 am and
melatonin hormone which is produced in the pineal gland, cause drowsiness and decrease body
temperature starts to be secreted around 8.00–9.00 pm until 7.00–8.00 am ("Circadian Rhythms").
Second

Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Clear Link Between the...
Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Clear Link Between the Outside and the Inside of the Brain
And God said, Let there be light; And there was light.
And God saw that the light was good;
And God separated the light from the darkness.
God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night.
And there was evening and there was morning, one day.
(Genesis 1:3–5) (1)
The sun has been an endless source of inspiration, both physical and spiritual, throughout the ages.
For its light, warmth, and the essential role it has played in the maintenance of the fragile balance of
life on earth, the sun has been honored and celebrated in most of the world's religions. While the
regeneration of light is constant, the relative length of time ... Show more content on
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Defining Seasonal Affective Disorder is somewhat more complicated than it may seem at first
glance. It is generally thought to be a recurring fall/winter depression experienced by susceptible
people, those with a lower threshold for light–associated depression. SAD affects approximately 35
million Americans, 10 million with the disorder and 25 million with subsyndromal SAD (8). While
most people who live in northern latitudes tend to experience some mild depression symptoms
related to seasonal changes, up to five or ten percent of the general population may be affected by
one or more of the diagnostic symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder (6). There is a clear link
between latitude (probably proportional to the amount of exposure to daily direct sunlight) and the
susceptibility to Seasonal Affective Disorder. For example, in Florida, less than 1% of the general
population is thought to be affected by SAD, while in Alaska, the percentage of affected people may
be as high as 10% (7).
The major diagnostic symptoms related to SAD are recurring periods of depression and mood
change throughout several years of seasonal changes. Other symptoms include nighttime
carbohydrate craving (sugars, starches and alcohol) and weight gain, irritability and anxiety, an
inability to focus, guilt, lethargy, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts and decreased sexual appetite (2, 3,
5, 7, 8, 9). Many of these symptoms are easily confused with

Managing Fatigue in Aviation Maintenance
EmirATES AVAITION COLLEGE | Managing Fatigue in Aviation Maintenance | Human factors in
Aviation | | Nazar Ahmed Suliman Mohamed | 4/1/2012 |
|
Content
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3
2. Fatigue Related to Sleep and Circadian Physiology ............................................ 4 2.2 Mechanisms
of the Circadian Rhythm ................................................................... 4 2.2 Symptoms of Circadian
Rhythm and sleep fluctuation ...................................... 5
3. Fatigue Resulted from Human Limitation ............................................................ 7 3.1 Vision
........................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Workload
.................................................................................................................... 7
4. Managing Human fatigue ....................................................................................... 8 4.1 Human
Fatigue Risk Assessment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This change in body temperature has a great influence of human alertness and mental performance
at work, with lowest performance experienced between 0300hrs – 0600hrs in the morning. It is
therefore vital that work schedule and planning should consider these changes in performance and
adjust accordingly.
Scientifically related, on 24 hours time the body maintains normal functioning condition by
interacting different amplitudes and phases of multitude variables of circadian rhythms of emotional
and physiological with each other. For example, when body temperature levels increased during the
day, sympathetic nervous–system is highly activated, metabolic rate is rich, alertness is increased,
performance is efficient, and physical body is fit; whereas body temperature levels decreases at
night, parasympathetic activity is increased, metabolic rate is poor, sleepiness is increased , and
performance is inefficiency.
As a result, consideration to the circadian rhythm of a body is a significant function for people
working in aviation industry. In fact, Maintenance personnel, who do rotating shift, have to be
encounter with social and biological rhythms with regard to their exact working environment (Wise,
Hopkin, and Garland 2010, p, 245). "In 2008, an FAA Conference on fatigue revealed that:
scientists, regulators, company management, and labor representatives all agree that personnel
fatigue is a recognized safety hazard in the aviation maintenance industry, and we

Parkinson's Biological Psychology
The biological basis of behavior has become apparent throughout this semester. The mind and brain
are connected in ways that are still amazing scientists today. However, there are three important
topics discussed in this psychology class that have influenced me into thinking that the mind is
located in the brain. The science behind Parkinson's disease, the inaccuracy of memory, and biology
of circadian rhythms have convinced me that the brain and the nervous system do impact the mind
and behavior in considerable ways. I will discuss these three concepts and three peer–reviewed
neuroscience articles that support this idea. Throughout this semester, this class has informed me
about Parkinson's. Although neuroscience is an ever–developing field, I have learned a lot about
Parkinson's symptoms, causes, and new developments that are currently being researched. Being the
third most common neurological disorder in the United States, research on preventing or treating
Parkinson's is imperative. Parkinson's causes a hyperactivity in the ... Show more content on
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These cycles are based on the approximately twenty–four–hour tau of humans and external factors,
called zeitgebers. The sleep cycle affects multiple parts of a person's day, including school or work,
naps, eating, or driving. Research has found that there is an endogenous clock but that animals are
also affected by external cues through free–running experiments. An experiment was done
concerning circadian rhythms and their connection through metabolism. The researchers looked at
multiple factors affecting sleep as a homeostatic process along with a circadian process (Albrecht
27). These factors included neurotransmitters, protein kinases, and metabolism, along with others.
The way the body affects our behavior is apparent when looking at the habit that is

The Circadian Rhythms
Each day, when the sun rises and sets, mammals and plants alike conform together with a celestial
rhythm that instructs the activities of the day. The human body, along with nearly all other
mammals, endogenously oscillates on a rhythm that coincides with these daily activities. However,
when mammals are placed in an environment void of nearly all outside influences, also known as
zeitgebers, these rhythms continue to run at specified intervals. Thus, the endogenous rhythm must
be governed by an internal "master clock." This master clock has been discovered to be the
suprachiasmatic nuclei which are located in the anterior portion of the hypothalamus. Circadian
rhythms are endogenous rhythms that mammals and plants exhibit. The term "circadian" was
established in the 1950's and is derived from the Latin prefix circa– which means "approximately,"
and dies– which means "day." (2) Nearly all living things have circadian rhythms that approximate
to a 24 hour cycle; however there are some differences in lengths varying from species to species.
(1) Numerous physiological processes are governed by the circadian rhythm, and by effect nearly
every process in the body can be contributed to a rhythm of circadian fashion. The master clock of
the circadian rhythm for biological processes is the suprachiasmatic nuclei, or SCN. (1)(2) The SCN
is located in the anterior portion of the hypothalamus, posterior to and slightly inferior to the frontal
lobe of the brain. The SCN is believed

The Relationship Between Sleep And Social Rhythms Essay
Hypothesis, Methods, Results, and Validity In 2009, researchers, Colleen E. Carney Ph.D., Jack D.
Edinger, Björn Meyer, Linda Lindman, and Tai Istre, published their study called, "Daily Activities
and Sleep Quality in College Students". The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship
between sleep and social rhythms. The researchers acknowledged that, "It has long been recognized
that consistent and qualitatively satisfying sleep is largely dependent on a robust and well entrained
endogenous circadian rhythm" (Carney, Edinger, Meyer, Lindman, and Istre, 2009). The researchers
further explained that in their study they were going to attempt to establish a relationship between
one's daily activities and social engagements to his or her sleep quality. The researchers
hypothesized that, "self–reported good sleepers would report more daily activities, show earlier
daily scheduling of their social rhythms, have social rhythms characterized by greater regularity, and
be involved in more activities with active social engagement than would poor sleepers" (Carney et
al., 2009). To test their hypothesis the researchers gather 243 willing participants between the ages
of 18 and 39 years. The sample was mostly female and Caucasian, but other ethnicities and races
were present to ensure a representative sample. To carry out the study the Social Rhythm Metric
(SRM) was used to assess social rhythms. The SRM consists of 17 activities which are considered
to be common

Celts Liminality
My earlier investigations ported between Biblical Spirituality, Celtic Spirituality, and City
Spirituality. My M. Div. mini–thesis investigated the spirituality of the insular Celts (du Toit, 2007).
Two Celtic sniglets for liminalities was thin places and thin space. Thin, for the island Celts,
designated liminality. Thin spaces, like beaches and mountaintops, and thin times, such as dawn and
dusk, thinned the veil drawn between the natural and supernatural. Such insular Celtic ideas parallel
various Psalms which focus on waking and sleeping as liminal notions. Indeed, liminality, as
abstracted zeitgeber, makes life and death appear less restrictive. Two selections to illustrate the
insular Celt's general understanding of liminality will suffice.

Personal Narrative: My Life Credit Portfolio
I've been pursuing my education for my entire adult life. As a young and working mother I tried to
fit night classes into my hectic schedule but never seemed to be able to string together enough
credits to make it seem like it was worth the time. Then some years back, I began working for an
employer that had tuition reimbursement so I took advantage of that – only for a minute;
unfortunately the following year they took reimbursement out of their benefits plan, and around that
same time the school notified me that my old college credits had expired and wouldn't be used
toward my degree. Their 'Life Credit Portfolio' was an option, but just barely. I decided that my time
had passed and I should focus on saving money for my children's college, and retirement. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the managers finally took pity and confirmed what I"d already suspected: This company was
too conservative and old fashioned to bestow the title upon someone without a conventional
education and (at least) a four year degree. As you can imagine, it is demoralizing to work that hard
and not be recognized in a meaningful way. So when I read about UoPeople offering no cost college
classes I was intrigued. At first I was hesitant to start all over again, again, but I realized that it's still
something that I really wanted to do. It's important to me to have that four year degree that is so
necessary to open doors in conventional business. Even if I decide to leave my current employer and
work for myself, it's still something that I'm doing for myself and to set a good example for my
family. Now my planned path to this degree begins with the Associates program, and after the
UNIV1001 and BUS1101 this term I'm going to take two classes that compliment each other every
term until I have enough credits to ask the Office of Student Services for an

DIscuss psychology
Discuss explanations for insomnia and/or narcolepsy. (8 marks + 16 marks) Explanations of
narcolepsy are in majority biological. Scientists have discovered that narcoleptics often are lacking
in hypocretin which is a chemical in the brain that control sleep and wakefulness. A lack of this
chemical may explain the sudden attacks of sleep. Sakurai (2007) highlighted how there are about
10,000–20,000 hypocretin–producing cells in a normal hypothalamus, but people with narcolepsy
have a significantly lower amount, resulting in low levels of the neurotransmitter hypocretin which
may cause narcolepsy. Supporting evidence for the hypocretin theory comes from narcoleptic dogs
that had a genetic mutation which disrupted to processing of ... Show more content on
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Idiopathic insomnia is a rare form of chronic insomnia which is present from birth with no obvious
cause and is thought to be a genetic disorder. Dauvilliers et al (2005) asked 256 primary insomniacs
to complete psychometric questionnaires about family history and physiological recordings during
sleep. They found that 73% of those with insomnia reported relatives with the disorder compared
with just 24% in the control group. This suggests that the disorder is inherited. However, a holistic
explanation of insomnia is reductionist because it doesn't take other explanations into account which
aren't due to an organic cause, for instance cognitive explanations for insomnia suggest that it's due
to the expectations themselves of not sleeping. A self–defeating belief, known as 'catastrophising', is
self–fulfilling because worry creates arousal and keeps a person awake. Furthermore, environmental
factors can also cause insomnia, as Breslau (1996) found that insomnia was also associated with
increased risks of drug and alcohol abuse. As a result, the biological approach over–estimates the
role of nature and is not sufficient to explain why people suffer from narcolepsy and insomnia.
Another explanation of restlessness is poor sleep hygiene and anxiety. Habits, behaviours and
activities that inhibit sleep such as watching tv before bed or studying in the bedroom can restrict
the onset and then disturb

100 Mla Case Study
1. (odors were puffed over the antenna from a 100 ml syringe, and I used the same PowerLab
system and cables we used) except I used a different species of ant. The antenna got 10 alternate
stimulus presentations, 5 each of a plant volatile odorant (octanal) and 5 of blank air (in a sequence
of octanal, blank air, octanal. etc.). The figure demonstrates a difference in EAG signal after octanal
vs. blank air presentations. What explains this difference? Why is there any signal at all after the
blank air puff? In insects, the olfactory receptor neurons are located on the appendages, specifically,
the antennae. In the presence of an ordant, the receptor proteins bind with the specific chemical and
participate in a conformational change which

Television And The Golden Age Of Television Essay
Have you often found yourself watching television and saying "Just one more episode" and
suddenly it's 3am and you have to wake up in four hours to go to work or school? Ever since man
discovered fire, we have been using artificial light to extend our days and fight off sleep. We
continue to work late into the night with the development of electricity and light bulbs. In the 1950s,
when televisions were first introduced to the general population, nearly two thirds of American
households had televisions. During what is referred to as The Golden Age of Television, families
would gather around their TV set and watch their favorite shows together and after nine that evening
they would head to sleep because there was nothing else to watch. Now there are thousands of
television networks and channels that are constantly playing programs, whether they're reruns of old
shows or new episodes. There are also dozens of options that allow you to watch for hours on end,
whether they're live television, DVR, HBO, Netflix, Hulu, YouTube, or On Demand. Not to mention
the evolution of computers and smartphones, we are constantly surrounded by technology 24/7,
which begins to affect our brains in ways that have never been seen before in history. We have
always known that we need sleep, but up until the 1950s, most people thought of sleep as a passive,
dormant part of our daily lives. We now know that our brains are very active during sleep.
Moreover, sleep affects our daily functioning and

Vision Loss In The Circadian Era
Through recent findings, I have stumbled upon some really interesting points, which have not only
allowed to further my understanding of sleep regulation but have raised some personal discussion
points. This point relates to the idea that our circadian clock checks its accuracy everyday using
zeitgebers, mainly through light. The exposure to natural daylight stimulates a nerve pathway from
special photoreceptive ganglion cells in the retina of the eye, which allows for the calibration of our
circadian period. From this information, I reflected on how some of my grandparents, who suffer
from vision loss, are able to maintain an appropriate circadian period. I thought that perhaps,
through neuroplasticity, an individual could "rewire" its own

The Stages Of Non Rem Sleep
The stages of non–REM sleep, stages 1–3, are defined by EEG activity. Slow–wave sleep in stage 3
is the deepest stage of sleep. Alertness consists of desynchronized beta activity (13–30 Hz);
relaxation and drowsiness consist of alpha activity (8–12 Hz); stage 1 sleep consists of alternating
periods of alpha activity, irregular fast activity, and theta activity (3.5–7.5 Hz); the EEG of stage 2
sleep lacks alpha activity but contains sleep spindles (short periods of 12–14 Hz activity) and
occasional K complexes; stage 3 sleep primarily consists of delta activity. About 90 minutes after
the beginning of sleep, people enter REM sleep. Thereafter, cycles of REM and non–REM sleep
occur in periods of approximately 90 minutes. Muscle tone decreases throughout the stages,
resulting in deepest relaxation and paralysis in REM sleep (Carlson & Birkett, p. 268).
The rate of cerebral blood flow during REM sleep is high in the extrastriate cortex but low in the
striate cortex and the prefrontal cortex. This activity reflects a lack of visual in– put in REM (little
or no activation in the striate cortex), but the presence of active visual hallucinations during
dreaming (activation in the extrastriate cortex). Lack of prefrontal cortex activity likely reflects the
lack of organization and planning that occur in dreams. Regional cerebral blood flow during slow–
wave sleep is generally decreased throughout the brain compared to waking. However, some
researchers have found localized increases

Depression : Interpersonal Vulnerability Factors In...
1. Interpersonal Vulnerability Factors in Depression – (list and briefly explain) Interpersonal
vulnerability factors in depression include complex bereavements; role disputes (for example bad
relationships) role transitions (like losing or getting a new job or a significant life change), and
interpersonal deficits. Stressful life events can also provoke depressive episodes and negotiate
interpersonal functioning by making it hard to cope with stressful life events and provoke more
negative life events. Having trouble securing attachments can lead to the beginning of depression
and further lead to trouble in forming and sustaining secure attachments. Interpersonal vulnerability
factors like lack of social support, poor problem solving skills, marital conflict, and the need for
excessive reassurance and negative feedback, etc. can also be associated to depression. 2. Four
domains of problems focused on in IPT for depression The four domains of problems focused on in
IPT for depression are grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits. Grief
addresses the client's complex bereavement after the death of a significant other. The therapist aids
the mourning process, encourages catharsis, and supports the client form new relationships and find
new activities to compensate the loss. A role dispute is a conflict with a significant other. This
significant other can be a spouse, friend, parent, relative, employer, and coworker or close friend.
The therapist

Honey Bees: Circadian Rhythm
The diurnal activity of day and night present various external cues such as light and temperature
patterns. These cues combined with endogenous processes can create an inherent clock in many
species of plants, animals, and fungi, known as circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythms are used to
adapt to the daily occurrences and patterns, and can affect cellular processes, hormonal changes, and
behaviour. Many animals have prominent circadian adaptations that have been investigated, the
honey bee (Apis mellifera) being one. Examination into the specific mechanisms of the honey bee
circadian rhythm began in the 20th century. Research discovered that honey bees were able to
predict the time of day in which flowers produced their maximum pollen and nectar ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The researchers did not have a standard hypothesis stated, where a specific outcome that is expected
to be seen is proposed, the typical"if we do this then this will occur" format. Instead their
investigations were based around the general question; does circadian rhythmicity affect learning
performance and memory in honey bees? The researchers developed and implemented a reliable
study in which they aimed to answer their inquiry.
For their study the researchers used only Apis Mellifera foragers as they display the most advanced
circadian rhythm compared to the other divisions of labour specializations. Indoor bees, the first
study group, were kept in conditions that mimicked that of a normal day (light, temperature,
humidity, wind conditions) in a gauze cage. Outdoor bees were free to fly and forage normally. A
third group of bees were tested in complete darkness (with dim red light) for 2 days and tested using
the same stimuli and four Zeitgebers (times) as the other groups. Proboscis extension reflex (PER)
occurs when a sweet stimuli is received by antennae and the honey bee extends its proboscis. The

Personal Narrative: A Hero's Journey
Sea gulls bickered on the warm, morning breeze over head. The waves lulled the vessel boat to–
and–fro as it skimmed through Blackwater Bay. The water sparkled like sapphires, clear and bright
under the sun. From the bow of the boat, Alayna peered out towards the Narrow Sea. Beyond the
bay, adventure called her like a siren song. She longed to explore the lands beyond Westeros.
However, this voyage wouldn't ferry her towards that dream. She'd continue to dream of that
journey. The schooner wouldn't be sailing beyond the bay.
Alayna had joined Elia and Ashara for a day of sailing. She dared not waste the opportunity to
escape the keep. It wasn't everyday one found the chance to leave. Within the last fortnight, court
had grown immensely duller. The lack of entertainment had almost brought Alayna to tears if it
weren't for the King's erratic behavior. Ever since the Defiance of Duskendale, Aerys' moods
swayed like the flags in the wind. His deteriorating temperament left the court's atmosphere tense.
All those in attendance felt the strain and hoped someone would find a way to end his madness. He
saw enemies and shadow everywhere. Tensions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's long lean body cut through the surface like a knife cut through butter. Twin masts carried sails
colored in the reds and oranges of House Martell as the cloth billowed in the wind. A briny spray
that stung her eyes and tangled her hair as it fell from her braid. Unlike her companions, Alayna
thrived in this environment almost as much as she thrived in the Reach. Just as the Reach was part
of her and she was part of the Reach. Her heart sang for the sea and the sea called for her. As she
was part Tyrell, she was part Redwyne. Two halves of one soul. Two different people coinciding
within the same body. In her youth, she had accompanied her mother to the Arbor countless times.
Sailing had become an important part of her childhood and taught her many lessons life on land
could

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