Bathymetry Plate Tectonics

Bathymetry Plate Tectonics
Discuss how are knowledge of bathymetry has increased our understanding of plate tectonics? Bathymetry is the study of Floor Ocean. The earth is
covered by 70.8% of water; this includes oceans, lakes, and seas. Bathymetry is created to know information on water behavior for safety when
navigating on the surface or below the water. One of the methods being used today is the echo sounders which makes use of sound beneath the water;
and together with the GPS is it possible to give a report of the features of underwater. Also maps are important to scientist to learn more about the
climate change on the environment. The ocean begins, of course, at the shore, the irregular boundary where the surface of a continent descends first to
sea level and
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Plate Tectonics Video Analysis
The first video was on plate tectonics, the building blocks of earth. The focus was on the interior workings of the earth and it described the movement
of the earth and the process of redistribution. The earth is made up of several surfaces and the plates are rigid slabs of solid rock that move around the
earth's crust and upper part of the mantel. They wrap around the globe like a net and interact at boundaries, such as land and ocean.
There are three types of place boundaries, convergent, divergent and transform. Convergent boundaries are regions that develop when two tectonic
plates collide. The area surrounding the collision becomes mountainous as the plates buckle. This happens through a process called subduction.
Divergent boundaries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different structural arrangements in the carbon atoms determine the outcome of the mineral. Diamonds are the hardest mineral; they are formed under
a covalent bond which is very strong. Graphite on the other hand is one of the softest; it is held with a softer bond. Despite the difference in structure,
both of these minerals are made from the same substance, pure carbon.
Silicates are minerals that contain oxygen and silicon. These two elements can be found in 90% of the earths minerals. While they do not produce the
beauty of diamonds or the wealth of gold, they are used in the making of construction material. The element in silicon is a common ingredient in many
products in the computing industry.
These two videos were a great introduction into how the earth works. The idea that there is constant movement within and underneath the earth's crust
can be taken for granted. The 1st video gave a great illustration of how the earth moves and shifts. The second went a little deeper into what makes
up the earth. As a society it is easy to take our resources for granted, but when it comes down to it, we are an interdependent system. The earth needs
us and we need the earth's resources to survive as a

Mount St Helen Research Paper
Mount Saint Helen
The theory of the continental drift is that the continents have slowly drifted to their current location. Alfred Wegener believed that all the seven
continents were once a supercontinent known as Pangea. A discovery that came from climate clues like glacial deposits in South America, Africa,
Australia and India. Rock and fossils matching evidence found in South America and Africa.
The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth's outer shell is divided into plates. The crust and upper mantle is broken into plates that move around on
the mantle, changing in size throughout time. The lithosphere makes up the crust and upper mantle and the asthenosphere a plastic like layer beneath
the lithosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries. Divergent boundaries where two plates move away from each other. The ocean widens and
new crust forms at the mid–oceanic ridge. Convergent boundaries has three types of converging, moving two plates towards each other. First we have
an ocean floor plate that collides with a less dense continental plate. Next an ocean floor plate collides with another ocean floor plate. Finally a
continental plate collides with another continental plate. Transform boundaries were two plates slide past one another. The resulting effects of plate
tectonics is landforms such as rift valleys, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mount Saint Helen is located on The Ring of Fire, a zone of active volcanoes. In 1980 Mount Saint Helen erupted due to its location on a destructive
plate boundary where a continental plate (North American) meets an oceanic plate (Juan de Fuca). Since the oceanic plate is denser it will submerge
under the continental plate. The plate melts because of friction between moving plates. The melted plate is now magma which rise through the gaps in
the continental plate, forming a volcano once it reaches the

Mount Etna Research Paper
Mt.Etna is an active Stratovolcano which means that it is a shaped like a cone made of layers of lava, hardened ash, and other material erupted from
the main volcanic vent. Also well known for a composite volcano. The formation of all stratovolcanoes takes place on boundaries between two tectonic
plates where an oceanic plate is subducting into the mantle beneath the continental plate. In this case, the two plates involved are the Eurasian plate and
the African plate. These types of volcanoes have more of a violent eruption.
#2 These are the coordinates: 37.734oN, 15.004oE. Mt.Etna is specifically located on the East coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Province of Catania, between
Messina and Catania.Then again it stands above the convergent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many towns living on the side of the volcano including Sicily,Paterno, Catania, etc. The body of water closest to it is the very
Mediterranean Sea. If this volcano were to erupt again, most towns would be wiped out and they would also lose all of their vegetation.
#4 The circumference= 93 miles (150 km). Mt.Etna has four distinct summit craters and two central craters called Bocca Nuova and Voragine. It also
contains the Valle del Bove (Valley of the Ox) caldera on the eastern slope. The volcano itself covers 600 square miles.
#5 The first eruption that took place that scientists believe was in 475 BCE but it was very vague since it occurred so long ago. The most
commonly known eruption was in 1669 in which it killed over 20,000 citizens. The ash spread 100 miles away. Before the eruption an earthquake
took place in 1169 killing an additional 15,000 people. It wiped out 14 towns and villages, leaving about 27,000 people homeless. It lasted for about
two months. The last actual eruption happened on December 3rd 2015; however, no deaths were lost and it did not last very long (small). Etna's
longest time it was fully active began in 1979 and went on for thirteen years. It is still active today but not as much as before. It contains many
different types of volcanic igneous rocks including,

Boundaries In The United States And The Galapagos Islands
A constructive boundary is a boundary that seems to add to the surface of the earth, one example would be mountains. These plate boundaries include
continental–oceanic boundary, oceanic–oceanic boundary, and continental–continental boundary. For continental–oceanic convergent the oceanic sinks
under the lighter continental plate and then melts into magma, this magma rises through the crust to form volcanoes. An oceanic–oceanic convergent
boundary creates volcanic island chain, by the subduction and melting of one plate then magma rises through the crust to form islands and volcanoes. A
continental–continental convergent boundary is where two continental plates collide and neither of them are dense enough to subdue so the wrinkle up
to form mountains. One example of this is the Himalayan mountains which are formed from the Indian continental plate pushing into the Eurasian plate
causing the to ruffle up into mountains.
One great example of this the Galapagos Islands which is a chain of volcanic islands located off the coast of Ecuador. Theses islands are formed from
two oceanic plates pushing against one another. The two plates that formed this island chain are the South American and Pacific plates, the Pacific
plate subdue underneath the South American plate and melted, this magma rose to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some examples of this kind of plate boundary are, oceanic–oceanic or oceanic continental convergent boundaries which can both lead to the formation
of trenches in the ocean. Continental–Continental divergent plates happen when two continental plates pull apart from another causing rock in
between them to drop deeper and deeper and if it drops low enough it may be filled with water. Oceanic–oceanic divergent two plates are pushed apart
by the continual expansion of magma at the mid–ocean ridge causing it to expand and subdue underneath another plate and

Interpretation And Interpretation Of The R Code Stand For...
Introduction
The purpose of this report is interpretation and analysis of the R–Code 2015 and application relating to surveyors when considering subdivision design.
The report has divided into two parts. In the first part of report shown importance of R–code in the design of subdivision and second part shown used
the part 5 'deemed–to–comply' of R–codes refer to the design elements for all single house(s) and grouped dwellings; and multiple dwellings in area
codes less than R40.
R–Codes
The R–Codes stand for the Residential Design Codes. The State Planning Policy is prepared under section 26 of the Planning and Development Act
2005 by the Western Australian Planning Commission. The policy is cited as State Planning Policy 3.1 Residential... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Planning Governance and Development Process
The R–Codes specifies minimum and average lot areas, or plot ratios for each density code (i.e. R20, R30, R40 etc.). Local planning schemes then
apply a density coding to residential zoned land which is used to control the subdivision and development of land.
To ensure clear scope for scheme objectives to influence the assessment of proposals. To ensure certainty in timely assessment and determination of
proposals applied consistently across State and local government.
The WAPC has prepared the explanatory guidelines on the matters addressed in the R–Codes, in consultation with decision–makers and relevant
stakeholders, to provide guidance and assist interpretation and assessment of proposals against the design principles and/or deemed–to–comply
provisions of the R–Codes.
In addition to meeting lot size requirements, the Residential Design Codes specify other requirements relating to lot design, setbacks, driveways, open
space, plot ratio, parking areas etc. The all land owners to become familiar with the Residential Design Codes, or seek professional advice prior to
making a formal subdivision application. Although planning staff from the local surveyor can discuss general requirements of the R–Codes, they
cannot design

How Does Earthquake Affect The Mexico Earthquake
3.) The recent Mexico City earthquake that occurred on September 9th, 2017, was incredibly destructive and devastating to the region. This natural
disaster had such a significant impact because of the plate tectonic plate setting, as well as the soil composition and high population density in this
city.One of the main factors that contributed to the dramatic impact of the earthquake was the plate tectonics at that setting. The southwestern coast of
Mexico is located along an ocean–continental convergent boundary, where the Cocoas Plate subducts under the North American Plate. As they converge
and the oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate, tension builds until they release energy at the hypocenter. This causes seismic waves to
radiate out through the crust, eventually reaching the surface and causing and earthquake.In addition to the plate tectonic setting, the geological
composition of the region also was to blame for the vast destruction of the earthquake. The land the city is built on is primarily sand and clay. This is
a very soft, fertile soil composition. While these characteristics are very beneficial for farming, they can be detrimental to the region during an
earthquake. This soil is loosely compacted, which allows seismic waves to reverberate vibrations, worsening the impact. This causes the tall,
multistoried buildings found in the city to sway back and forth, as the ground holding them is so unstable. Also, soil of this makeup causes

Environmental Impacts Of The Fukushima Disaster
Fukushima Disaster
Introduction
On 11th March 2011 Fukushima, Japan was struck by a 9.1 magnitude earthquake which initiated a tsunami, as well as the damage of the Fukushima
Daiichi Nuclear Reactor, creating a nuclear disaster. Japan is located at a plate boundary region, which makes earthquakes a common occurrence. From
this Fukushima suffered from environmental impacts such as the contamination of food, health conditions such as thyroid damage as well as an impact
on the economy that put Japan into even more debt. Since the disaster, Fukushima has undergone 128 more Earthquakes, indicating that the area in
which Fukushima is located is prone to more future Earthquakes. Although these earthquakes cannot be predicted, technology such that assist in the
Dilatancy Theory may help to determine if an earthquake is about to occur, through generalized patterns of activity. In the event of another earthquake
systems like Earthquake Early Warning can help to alert citizens that may be in danger, to ensure that the number of fatalities is lower than Fukushima.
Tectonic Movement
Japan is located in a plate boundary region, where three tectonic plates meet therefore creating three subduction zones. Two of the fault lines run
parallel to the east coast of Japan. These fault lines occur from the Philippine plate in the south of Japan that is being subducted under the Eurasian
plate, as well as the Pacific plate which is being subducted under the North American plate (Rowan, C. 2011).
The epicenter of the Fukushima disaster occurred at 38.3 N, 142.4 E. The epicentre was located 90km from Onagawa, 160km from Fukushima Daiichi
and 150km from Sendai (Mohrbach, L., SchГ¤fer, G., & Vallana, G. 2011).
Elastic strain build up was shown in GPS stations across Japan, that measure the slow build–up of strain in the crust between big earthquakes. Centuries
worth of elastic strain build–up had been placed on the plates that make up Japan, making Eastern Honshu move several metres to the east, this pushes
the Japanese crust westward and upwards but was soon released in a matter of minutes during the disaster (Rowan, C. 2011).
At around 150km behind the trench the initial rupture occurred, this is the area in which the plate boundary

The Great Chilean Earthquake And Its Impact On Earth
Earthquakes have been around for longer than humans have roamed the Earth. Even though humans haven't been around to record all earthquakes, they
have been around to record many significant ones in the past that have done damages to not only civilizations, but human lives and even the economy.
A prime example of an earthquake that wreaked havoc on Earth was the Great Chilean Earthquake. This was the world's largest ever recorded
earthquake which had a magnitude of 9.5 that hit near Valdivia, Chile on May 22, 1960 at 19:11. This was the largest earthquake of the 20th century
that triggered large tsunamis to occur all through the Pacific Ocean Basin. This earthquake destroyed large amounts of buildings, killed many people,
and had a significant impact on the economy. The Great Chilean Earthquake was what scientists call a Megathrust earthquake. Megathrust earthquakes
occur at subduction zones at destructive convergent boundaries and are the most powerful earthquakes in the world that can generally create tsunamis
(Subduction Zone: Tsunami Generated by Megathrust Earthquake n.d.). This megathrust earthquake occurred where the Nazca Plate is subducting
underneath the South American Plate and in doing so it produced a 500–mile–long rupture zone from Talca, Chile to the Chiloe Archipelago (World's
Largest Recorded Earthquake, n.d.). The Nazca Plate and South American Plate are an example of ocean–continent convergent boundary plates. The
Nazca Plate is subducted underneath the

Geol 1345 Lab 2B Essays
Lab 2B
1. In the Figure 1 schematic view of the ocean bottom, the vertical scale is given in kilometers (km). This vertical scale is vastly different from the
horizontal scale. The vertical distance between scale markings is [(1)(10)(100)] km.
2. The ocean trench in the schematic view has a maximum depth of [(8)(80)(800)] km below sea level.
3. The distance between scale markings on the horizontal scale is 100 km. Comparison of the vertical and horizontal scales indicates that the vertical
scale is exaggerated [(10)(100)(1000)] times relative to the horizontal scale.
4. The right portion of Figure 1 describes general characteristics of the ocean bottom in coastal areas that are tectonically passive (not near a plate
boundary). The left ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The maximum depth is at a distance of about 80 km from the shoreline. The nearly horizontal continental shelf extends westward from the shoreline
about 10 km before the profile of the ocean bottom indicates a relatively steep decline that continues until the maximum depth is reached. According to
Figure 1, this decline primarily composes the [(continental rise)(continental slope)(abyssal plain)].
9. Oceanward of the oceanic trench, the ocean bottom first rises and then levels off to a depth of approximately 3900 m, making the deepest part of the
ocean trench about [(1400)(2400)(3500)] m below the bottom of the abyssal plain ocean bottom west of the trench.
10. This Figure 3 vertical cross–section exhibits a profile consistent with a tectonically [(passive)(active)] coastal region.
11. The horizontal distance in Figure 5 is measured in km from 77В° W eastward to 71В° W, covering a total length of about 550 km. The average
maximum depth of the nearly horizontal eastern portion of the profile is about 4400 m. Compare this vertical cross–section with Figure 1. Figure 5
most closely resembles the [(left)(middle)(right)] portion of Figure 1.
12. In the Figure 5 profile, the coastline is within a few kilometers of the western end of the vertical cross section. From the coastline, water depth
increases very gradually to about 40 m at 140 km from shore (western end of the profile). This segment of the vertical cross–section resembles the
continental [(rise)(slope)(shelf)]

Famous Volcanoes Quiz
Magma can also push up under the middle of a lithosphere plate, though this is much less common than magma production around plate boundaries.
This interplate volcanic activity is caused by unusually hot mantle material forming in the lower mantle and pushing up into the upper mantle. The
mantle material, which forms a plume shape that is from 500 to 1000 km wide, wells up to create a hot spot under a particular point on the earth.
Because of the unusual heat of this mantle material, it melts, forming magma just under the earth's crust. The hot spot itself is stationary; but as a
continental plate moves over the spot, the magma will create a string of volcanoes, which die out once they move past the hot spot. The Hawaii
volcanoes were created ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this difference in density, the magma pushes upward with great force (for the same reason the helium in a balloon pushes up through the
denser surrounding air and oil pushes upward through denser surrounding water). As it pushes up, its intense heat melts some more rock, adding to the
magma mixture.
The magma keeps moving through the crust unless its upward pressure is exceeded by the downward pressure of the surrounding solid rock. At this
point, the magma collects in magma chambers below the surface of the earth. If the magma pressure rises to a high enough level, or a crack opens up
in the crust, the molten rock will spew out at the earth's surface.
If this happens, the flowing magma (now called lava) forms a volcano. The structure of the volcano, and the intensity of the volcanic eruption, is
dependent on a number of factors, primarily the composition of the magma. In the next section, we'll look at some different magma types and see how
they

Geologists And Tourists At The Taupo Volcanic Zone ( Tvz...
Introduction In this report, I will be explaining two surface features which are visually interesting to geologists and tourists in the Taupo Volcanic
Zone (TVZ), Lake Taupo, and Mt Ruapehu. Lake Taupo is a main tourist attraction as it is the largest lake in New Zealand with a beautiful scenery
perfect for activities like recreational fishing and sky diving. Furthermore, it generates electrical energy via the Waikato river that is used by people all
around waikato. Mt Ruapehu is also a tourist attraction as the highest peak on the North Island with two major ski–fields and only glaciers on its
slopes. Creation Believe it or not, both surface features are active volcanoes. Lake Taupo a caldera, and Mt Ruapehu a stratovolcano. These
volcanoes were formed because TVZ is a convergent plate boundary where the Pacific (Oceanic) plate which is more dense ,is getting subducted
under the Australian (Continental) crust which is less dense. This is being driven by a force called convection which happens in the asthenosphere
which is fluid. It is when the fluid near the core heats up, and rises due to it's low density compared to the surrounding fluid. This fluid then cools
down and sinks due to it's high density compared to the surrounding fluid. It therefore gets near to the core again and so, repeats the cycle. The
direction of the convection can cause plate boundaries– opposite and away from each other will result in divergent plate boundaries and opposite but
towards each

A Case Manager At An Outpatient Clinic
Ms.C was a case manager at an outpatient clinic that provided a variety of services. One of her clients was Ms. R, who was receiving services as a
result of a recent divorce. Ms. C had also experienced a divorce in her past and though she had effectively dealt with that experience, but found herself
identifying with many comments by Ms. R. Through their work together, the two women realized they shared many common interests. They often
found themselves talking about these shared interests in their time together and eventually began meeting for coffee after their sessions. Ms. R soon
suggested they begin spending additional time together socially and Ms. C agreed. Before long, they became fast friends, spending significant amount
of social time together on evenings and weekends, visiting clubs, going to movies or visiting local restaurants. After several months, the two had a
falling out about a gentleman both women favors. Ms. R filed a complaint with the Regulatory agency in her state about the relationships. Throughout
this paper this case will be analyzed including the harmful effects of the relationship on all parties involved in the helping relationship, the social and
emotional impacts of the relationship, the effect on the treatment relationship, the likely outcome of Ms. R's complaint if filed in New York State, and
the strategies to minimize the likelihood of such a relationship arising. There are a few things within this case scenario which could cause

Mid-Atlantic Ridge Research Paper
magnetic stripes along the seafloor, with stripes getting older as you move away from the mid–Atlantic ridge, thus proving that the plates are moving
apart. REVISION GUIDE
The mid–Atlantic ridge:
The mid–Atlantic ridge runs like a spine along the ocean floor between the North and South Atlantic Ocean. It is a constructive plate boundary where
crust is created and not destroyed. In the north Atlantic it separates the North American plate from the Eurasian plate and in the south–Atlantic it
separates the African and south–American plates. It breaches the surface of the water at several different points along the length, both in the northern
and southern hemisphere, but most notably where you find Iceland, the largest land mass to breach the surface at 102,775km2, with the highest point
recorded at the top of the Oraefajokull volcano at 2109.6m. This however is not the highest point of the mid–Atlantic ridge, which is found on the
Island of Pico, Portugal, at 2351m high, the lowest being Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, at 22.5m. (ALL WIKI) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
An example of this can be seen on the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago off the south–west coast of Iceland, which continues to create islands. The most
recent of these being the creation of Surtsey, the eruption of which lasted four years, beginning in 1963 and finishing in 1967. The most notable
island on this chain is that of Heimaey, which saw its last eruption of the volcano Eldfell in 1973. This island has a population of 4500 people and an
area of 13.4km2. Eruptions like this and the creation of islands on the archipelago show that the country is still growing, and show the high tectonic
activity of the

Plate Boundaries: Questions And Answers
1.Describe the relationship, if any, of the boundaries in #1 to the features that you labeled in #2.
The relationship between the boundaries for example in a convergent plate boundary there exists a trench between the two plates sliding against each
other. Hotspot, a zone in the asthenosphere is where the magma comes from during volcanic eruptions and part of the moving plates.
2.Describe the relationship, if any, of the boundaries in #1 to the islands that you labeled in #3 Most divergent boundaries are under water. Normally
forming submarine called oceanic spreading ridges. Iceland is an exception of this phenomenon since it emerges over the surface unlike other islands
submerged deep in the water.
3.Describe the relationship, if any, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What do you think controls the appearance and form of the continental margin? Plate movements and the basic difference in the density of oceanic and
continental crustal units initiate the structural pattern of continental margins and result in a tectonic classification of coastlines as active (Pacific,
leading edge) or passive (Atlantic, trailing edge) margins, each of which have certain fundamental characteristics which define the appearance.
7.How do you think that the mountain chains in #5 formed?the mountains have been formed as a result of convergence of plates e.g. like the nazca
plate and the south American plate . the heavier oceanic crust of the nazca plate is pushed towards the south American plate and because it denser is
sub ducted underneath
8.Here is a thought question. Reflect back on your answer to questions C and E. Based on those responses, does it seem logical that Kilimanjaro is a
much bigger volcano than any of the others, excluding Hawai'i? Hawai'i is a different type of volcano. Be sure to explain your answer.mt kilimanjaro
is much bigger volcano compared to the rest because its one of the oldest dormant volcanoes.mauna loa though regarded as the largest volcanic
mountain is still an active

The Relative Importance Of Four Variables As Possible...
The Relative Importance of Four Variables as Possible Indicators of Wake Length.
Introduction
In rivers there are objects that cause more of an obstruction to the overall flow and so generate more resistance than the surrounding grains. This is
because they are larger than the bed's grains and thus they are sometimes known as large roughness elements. Large roughness elements are an
important feature in the river bed since they block the path of the flow. Obstructions embedded in a bed such as stones can cause flow separation which
results in phenomena such as detachment of boundary layer and turbulent wakes (Charlton, 2008, p. 81 & 87). The flow is separated into three parallel
flows that combine at a later point downstream. Between these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stone length shall henceforth refer to the length of the stone parallel to the overall direction of the water flow. Stone length was determined using two
measurements of length which shared the same starting point: The upstream beginning of the artificial bed. The first was measured to the upstream
end of the stone while the second was measured to the downstream end of the stone. Stone length was obtained by subtracting the first measurement
from the second measurement. Stone protrusion shall refer to a measurement taken perpendicular to the flow and approximately parallel to gravity.
Stone protrusion was determined using two measurements of depth: The first was the depth of the water above the artificial bed. The second was the
depth of the water above the stone. Stone protrusion was obtained by subtracting the second depth measurement from the first depth measurement.
Stone width shall refer to the measurement taken perpendicular to the both flow and gravity. Stone width was determined by directly measuring the
stone along the widest possible perpendicular axis to both gravity and the direction of water flow.
Empirically determining the properties of the artificial bed was neglected. However a few properties can be estimated or stated: The smallest grain
sizes in the bed were approximately 1cm. This was due to the process used for selecting grains when the artificial bed was created. The maximum
grain size did not exceed the size of any of the stones

Cellular Boundaries Are Permeable
In biology, I learned that cellular boundaries can be permeable. Initially, this concept was intriguing in and of itself, that cells can release and absorb
information to perform necessary functions. Three years later, that particular biology class and the principle it revealed has held a place in my mind.
The phrase "boundaries are permeable" returns to my thoughts at odd times, not always bearing the original scientific connotation. Most often, the
phrase returns when there is an overlap in subject matter, an opportunity to bridge ideas that were previously considered distinct to respective areas of
study. The three words have remained with me, serving to analogize the ability to effectively apply information across disciplines, something I wish to
accomplish on my career path. In my academic experience, there is a striking difference between the classroom... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I have desired to meet the world and it's diversities for some time. The vigilant mountains seem to protect inhabitants from the outside world,
global events appear distant and therefore are not fully addressed in a village of less than 1,000 citizens. I have yearned to see more of the world,
to be able to understand complex relations and use this knowledge to improve matters through communication. I aim to utilize my opportunity to
receive an education to help equalize societal imbalances. In order to achieve the stasis of peace, it is important that injustices are acknowledged
and given a voice. I hope to align my values with my actions, to convert my worries over social and environmental issues into work. By becoming
informed about the impacts of human activity on the environment, and our impacts on each other, I will be able to be a respectful and effective
advocate for improvement in these areas. I hope to be able to grow and obtain techniques needed to effectively address and resolve issues alongside
passionate

Theories of Plate Tectonics
According to the theory of plate tectonics there is constant motion in the lithosphere which causes the many plates lying upon it to move relatively to
one another due to convection currents. There are 3 boundaries where volcanic and seismic events, but not limited to, occur. The constructive plate
boundary is where 2 plates, such as the North American plate and the Eurasian plate move apart causing sea–floor spreading and volcanic activity –
when the less dense basaltic lava from the asthenosphere rises and forms new crust. The destructive plate margin is where dense oceanic plate is
subducted under a continental plate forming a sea trench and fold mountains (e.g. the Nazca plate suducting under the South American plate has
formed the Peru–Chile trench and the Andes Mountains); when two oceanic plates converge subdution begins. This forms ocean trenches and island
arcs (e.g. the Pacific plate is being subducted under the Philippine plate forming the Marianas Trench and the volcanic islands Guam and Marianas.
Seismic activity also occurs along the subducting plate being melted. Fold mountains are also formed when 2 continental plates converge, there is no
subdution and no volcanic activity, however, the movement of the plates can cause shallow–focus earthquakes. This convergence is also referred to as
collision zones. A prime example is the Indo–Australian plate being forced northwards into the Eurasian plate forming the Himalayas range. The final
plate boundary is the

Marine Volcanoes Vs Landforms
Submarine volcanoes, mid–ocean ridges, and submarine canyons are all grouped into the marine geology systems. Underwater structures can actually
be pretty useful to marine geologists, in 1930 studies found the seafloor to have all of the same physical features on land like mountains, volcanoes,
canyons and more. The seafloor is estimated to be less than 2,000,000 year old, being a lot younger than landforms. The 'age' difference of the two
makes marine geologists' work a lot more fun to compare in finding the way rocks are built, how the sediments are compatible and finding an estimated
location of natural disasters underwater.
Submarine volcanoes, also known as sea mounts, are underwater landforms that magma releases from. They're most commonly located near ocean
ridges because that's where the most tectonic plate movement happens therefore, more eruptions. Depending on the depth at which the volcano is, vapor
clouds may be visible but usually only in shallow waters. There are two big types of volcanic eruptions, huge lava pockets that release really slowly and
and bunch of little lava pockets that burst super fast. There has been a study conducted so that scientists are able to differentiate the types of eruption
so that they know ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are close to as many, or possibly equal amount of landforms as there are on the seafloor that are just as important. In fact, there's an estimated 20
eruptions that happen annually through submarine volcanoes and 80% of volcanoes are found under the ocean. One of the biggest mountain ranges is
the mid–oceanic ridge system, it connects in some way to every single ocean in the world and is bigger than any other on land mountain range.
Lastly, submarine canyons have opened up this huge area of research that helps so much with oil discoveries and such. The seafloor is no less than
land and in most cases, the seabed is more useful to our research than landforms

The Sorites Paradox And The Epistemic View
solution to it.
The Sorites Paradox begins with the problem that if one looks at a vague term such as a heap, at what point is it no longer a heap if you keep taking
grains of sand out of it. The same can be said for cattle, if one keeps removing cattle from a herd when will it no longer be a herd. The Sorites Paradox
is paradoxical because all the premises appear to be true as well as the argument being valid (the conclusion really follows from the premises); yet
the conclusion appears to be false. In which case there must be a problem with one of the premises in order for the conclusion to be false, however it
is very difficult to see which premise is false. One proposed solution to the problem is the Epistemic view.
There are two versions of the argument the many–premise version and the two–premise version.
The keys steps in the many–premise version of the Sorites Paradox are as follows:
(MPS)(1)1,000,000 grains of sand make a heap; (2)If 1,000,000 grains of sand make a heap, then 1,000,000 – 1 (= 999,999) grains of sand make a heap;
So
(3)999,999 grains of sand make a heap.
(Morris, 2016)
The argument begins with 1,000,000 grains of sand which can obviously be seen as a heap. One grain of sand is subtracted each time e.g 1,000,000 –
1 = 999,999 grains of sand, with the conclusion following that 999,999 grains of sand make a heap. This seems a valid argument as the conclusion
follows from the premises and it is clear that 999,999 grains of sand being

Description Of The Event That Caused The Earthquake
Description of the event:
In February 2011, a 6.3M earthquake devastated the city of Christchurch, New Zealand. Since the fault movement that caused the earthquake did not
visibly breach the Earth's surface, scientists were reliant on measurements from a variety of instruments to determine the location and nature of the fault
movements. Based on data from GPS stations, seismographs, and other sensors, the fault that caused this earthquake lies along the southern edge of the
city. The fault rupture (Figure 1) was approximately 14km long, and extended offshore to the adjacent ocean (Briole et al, 2011). The top of the fault
was around 1km beneath the surface, and the rupture continued down along the fault plane for another 7km (Briole et al, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At convergent plate boundaries, plates are pressing against each other until the build–up of pressure causes the strain on the plates to rupture, triggering
a massive release of energy.
As previously mentioned, the earthquake triggered vertical land movement and was an example of a dip–slip fault, specifically of the thrusting nature.
Thrust faults are a specific type of reverse fault. Reverse faults occur when a block of land above a fault moves up relative to a block of land below
the fault. Reverse faulting motion is caused by compressional forces (convergent boundary) and results in shortening. A reverse fault becomes athrust
fault when the angle at which a block of land moves over another is 45В° or less (Moscicki, 2017).
This earthquake was a delayed shifting of the new stresses to the Earth's crust caused by a 7.1M earthquake in the same region in September 2010. The
2010 earthquake caused about 10km of subsurface rupture in an east–west direction (Holland, 2011). This quake was considered an aftershock of the
7.1M earthquake due to the fact it's epicenter was adjacent to the existing aftershock zone of the September earthquake (Holland, 2011). Like the main
shock, the February 22nd aftershock was triggered by the deformation along regional plate boundaries where the Pacific and Indo–Australian tectonic
plates push against each other (Figure 3).
Impacts:
This 6.3M earthquake killed 185 people and injured several thousand

Easter Island 's A International Identity
Christy Cole
G115; FA14
October 29, 2014
Oceanography Places:
Easter Island Easter Island's colossally international identity is mainly associated with its mysterious moai (the island's statues); however, more
recently, Easter Island is being recognized for its depleting resources and wildlife. Apart from the tourism generated by the moai, Easter Island is a
popular destination for scuba divers due to its pristine, clear waters. There is concern about Easter Island's ocean life as it is home to nearly one
hundred fifty unique marines species that are gradually disappearing. These aquatic species make up the island's food source as there are no large,
indigenous mammals. In addition to tourism, these fish make up the rest of Easter Island's economy. Even though humans have played a role in
devastating the flora and fauna, Easter Island's very location works against the native life forms.
Geographic Location:
Easter Island is exceptionally isolated. The closest inhabited neighbor is over two thousand kilometers away, and Easter Island is over three thousand
six hundred kilometers away from the coast of Chile (Van Tilburg). As Easter Island is an intraoceanic volcanic island, it was created by volcanic
activity–much like Hawaii ("Easter Island"). Easter Island is located on the Nazca Plate just east of the Easter Plate. The Easter plate is categorized as a
micro–plate, and it rests along the western border of the Nazca plate (see Figure 2). Along the border between the

The Exploring Of Earth : The Earthquakes Of The Earth
Why do Earthquakes occur?
An earthquake is the violent shaking of the ground which is caused by sudden movement in the Earth's crust. Earthquakes occur because the tension
gets released from inside the crust of the earth. Tectonic plates move alongside and past each other but they do not always move smoothly and when
they get stuck it causes an earthquake because the pressure builds up then the pressure is finally released (see source 1). This movement from the
plates forces waves of energy to come to the surface of the Earth. Plates can also converge into each other, this is when two plates collide and one goes
beneath one and creates an earthquake.
How does it occur?
Source 1 Pressure building up under tectonic plates An earthquake occurs when tectonic plates slide against, under, over or past each other. Tectonic
plates are plates that are broken up like a jigsaw that are located in the outer layer of the Earth (see source 2). All of the water and land on the Earth
sit on tectonic plates. The Earth is made up of eight major plates, Australia is located on the Indo–Australian Plate. These plates are constantly moving
beneath us but the movement is too slow for us to notice and feel. The energy from earthquakes are released in seismic waves which spread out from
the focus in the crust. The focus is the point that the pressure is released from and the surface on Earth that is the focus is called the epicentre (see
source 3).
During an earthquake, the most damage will

Volcanoes : A Part Of Earth 's Geologic Timescale
Volcanoes have been a part of Earth's geologic timescale for as long back as we can look. The people of ancient Greece believed the fumes were the
fiery breath of a monster, held captive under a mountain by the almighty God, Zeus. The Romans were convinced the God of Blacksmith, Vulcan, was
working diligently in his personal forge crafting the weapons of the Heavens. Some civilizations even feared volcanoes, with the idea that they were
the passage way to the underworld, a hell here on Earth. If volcanoes really were the passage way to the underworld, Earth is not the only place hell
resides. In 1988 the Voyager space probe sent back revealing data of one of Jupiter's moons, Io. Erupting sulfur and other volcanic gases, scientist
soon realized that volcanoes could be found not only on this Jupiter moon but also in numerous places and on other planets throughout our solar
system. These volcanoes, like the ones found on earth, also contributed to the shaping of their own atmosphere and other geological landmarks.
Volcanoes impacted the form and chemical properties of Earth's exteriors, but also play a role in unlocking the secrets of our planet's interior as well.
Volcanoes can help create magnificent landmarks such as the famous Hawaiian Islands, and they can destroy man's creation like the city of Pompeii.
There are a lot of questions on Volcanoes we have yet to answer, but there is one thing we know for sure, we can never know enough. Our survival
may depend on it.
Now as

Plate Tectonics: Birth Of A Theory
Based on the information in the textbook and the instructor note, plate tectonics is the Earth's surface divided into several plates that move slowly and
change in size. I found the video Plate Tectonics: "Birth of a Theory" in session 13 very useful. It helps me understand the material easily by using the
animation to illustrate the process of plate tectonics. It is amazing about the fact that the continents can be made to fit together like pieces of a picture
puzzle. About 225 million years ago, the Earth seemed to contain only one piece of continent. However, as time goes by, the plate boundaries have
happened. The plates that move away from one another are called divergent plate boundaries. The plates that move toward each other are called

Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics Theory (Part 1a) Introduction: The Beginning of the "Continental Drift Theory" In the middle of the eighteenth
century, James Hutton proposed a theory, uniformitarianism; "the present is the key to the past". It held that processes such as geologic forces–
gradual and catastrophic–occurring in the present were the same that operated in the past. (Matt Rosenberg, 2004) This theory coincides with the theory
of Continental Drift that was first proposed by Abraham Ortelius in December 1596, who suggested that North, South America, Africa and Eurasia
were once connected but had been torn apart by earthquakes and floods. He also discovered that the coasts of the eastern part of South America and the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water from the south then flowed in over time, thus forming the evaporites now found along the coastlines there. (Lois Van Wagner, 2013)(Figure 5)
However, Wegener believed that only the continents were moving and they plowed through the rocks of the ocean basins. (Colliers Encyclopedia,
1996) Harold Jeffreys then argued that it is impossible for continents to break through solid rock without breaking apart. (USGS, 2012) Wegener also
claimed that the centrifugal force of the spinning planet had forced the continents sideways, parallel to the equator; tidal pull from the sun and moon
had caused lateral movement. (Sant, Joseph, 2012) His orders of magnitude were too weak. Thus, his theory was dismissed. (Lois Van Wagner, 2013)
Further development and support of the "Continental Drift Theory" in the 1960s After World War 2, the U.S. Office of Naval Research intensified
efforts in ocean–floor mapping, leading to the discovery of the Mid–Atlantic Ridge to be part of a continous system of mid–oceanic ridges on all ocean
floors, prompting Harry H. Hess to suggest the theory of sea–floor spreading. The oldest fossils found in ocean sediments were only 180 million years
old and little sediment were accumulated on the ocean floor. Thus, he suggested that seafloors were no more than a few hundred million years old,
significantly younger than continental land due to

Indian American Earthquake
1.6 minutes
2.~32 m
3.1960 and 2010
4.Thrust faulting on or near the subduction zone plate boundary between the Pacific and the North America plates.
5.A. Pacific, North America, and Eurasia plates, including Okhotsk Plate and Amur Plate.
B. 83mm/yr
6.A. 9.1
B. 2004 Sumatra Andaman Earthquake (Indian Ocean Earthquake), 1964 Alaska Earthquake (Good Friday Earthquake), 1960 Great Children
Earthquake
7.The volcanic arc is a 2200 km long zone of subduction of the Pacific plate, this has created a deep offshore Ogasawara and Japan trenches are well as
parallel chains islands and volcanoes. They are known as the Circumpacific island arc.
8.A. The epicenter is the point where the Earth's surface is directly above the hypocenter, this is the point where the earthquake originates. ... Show
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Latitude: 38.3 degrees North, Longitude:142.4 degrees East
9.A. The hypocenter is the point of origin of an earthquake or a surface nuclear explosion.
B. underwater depth was approximately 29km (18 mi)
10.9.0M

11.Stick slip is the fast movement between two sides of the fault when the two sides of the fault become unstuck. This also radiates energy in a form of
a seismic waves, which creates earthquakes.
12.Yes, 3/09/11, a magnitude of 7.3
13.60 aftershocks greater than 6M and three over 7M
11,450 as of March 2015
14.A. The vertical coastline has dropped by 0.6 meters (2 feet)
B. household had no water or electricity, buildings were damage, many deaths, nuclear waste, fires, nuclear plant meltdown
15.2.4m (8 ft.) east
16.A, B, C: Yes, the Earth axis shifted by an estimate of 10cm (4in) and 25cm (10in), the earth might be spinning a little faster because of the
earthquake. it also caused the Earth's "figure" axis to wobble a bit different as the earth rotates.
17.15,894 deaths
18.Thousands of lives were lost
19.39 meters (128 ft.)
20.2 m (6.6 ft.)
21.Earthquake, unusual sea–level fluctuation, huge waves, loud ocean roar,

Descriptive Essay About Boundary Waters
Crossing Boundaries in the Boundary Waters
I will never forget the first time I stepped foot into the Boundary Waters. It was February of 2016, a brutally cold weekend but one I will hold with me
forever. My family and I took a day trip away from Camp Menogyn to go visit Rose Falls, one of the only waterfalls in Minnesota located in the
Boundary Waters. When my mom told me we would be within park limits, I was ecstatic. Growing up, I heard stories from my parents and sister about
the adventures they'd encountered in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. I felt so excited for my first experience.
When I crossed by the snow covered sign that read "Welcome to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness National Park" and looked at what
surrounded me, I was beside myself. I didn't know that trees could ever be so beautiful. The towering trees were the perfect shade of dark emerald
green, and the way the snow piled on them looked like painting. I thought I was living a fairytale. It was the most beautiful sight I have ever laid eyes
on.
We took a detour to a small, secluded lake that was completely surrounded by thick forests. The snow that blanketed the lake was untouched and it
glistened in the soft sunlight. We skied across to the middle of the lake and took a few minutes of silence. In that moment, I felt my whole world flip
upside down. It was so quiet I almost felt uncomfortable as I'd never stood in complete and utter silence, but my senses were focused elsewhere; I had
so much to

Write an Essay on Confidentiality and the Boundaries of a...
Boundaries not only reflect a need for physical space, but, our core values, self respect and our need for safety and protection. They are invisible lines
that differentiate people from each other. The different forms or types of boundaries include physical, emotional, spiritual, financial, and relational.
The formation of boundaries in Counselling, or a helping interaction, is very important. Helping interactions provide people with an opportunity to help
deal with their difficulties, whatever they may be. It is a chance to be listened to and understood. As such, the helping relationship is an intimate one. It
is built around trust and support and offers the helpee (client), a place free from judgment. Within a helping interaction ... Show more content on
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Thus, boundaries allow the explorative process to continue. As the helpee may be not used to this kind of framework and unaware of the importance of
keeping the limits, it becomes helper's responsibility to set up and manage the boundaries as well as to recognize the dilemmas that are inherent within
them.
The agreement on the boundaries concerning therapeutic relationship is beneficial for both the helpee and helper. Boundaries preserve the therapeutic
relationship by ensuring that a helper understands the need to and can keep separate his personal and professional life. Counsellors, or helpers
who are able to maintain healthy boundaries do not carry the problems of their clients around with them during leisure hours. They know how to
say no, which allows them to keep a balance in their lives. A helper that takes care of himself and knows where to draw the line is in a position to
provide a higher standard of service to his helpees, than a helper who blurs the boundaries between personal and professional relationships and feels
overwhelmed as a result. Moreover, by making the distinction between a therapeutic relationship and social relationships, a helper is able to retain a
level of objectivity that a friend would struggle with if you went to him with a problem. Your friend may have a stake in the outcome of your problems
that a helper

Divergent Plates Are Formed From Plate Tectonic Plates
I know that mountains are created from plate tectonics. Convergent plates are made out of the lithosphere. The lithosphere is the rocky outer part of
Earth containing the crust (the thin layer of rock under the land) and the mantle (a layer of mostly silicate rock that is directly under the crust).
Convergent plates are tectonic plates that collide and scrape against each other to form geological features such as mountains and volcanoes. Mountains
and volcanoes form when one convergent plate slides under another one, causing a subduction zone. A subduction zone is a geological process that
takes place at a convergent plate boundary. One plate moves under the other and is forced to sink because of the gravity in the mantle. When this
happens, molten rock (lava) is forced to the surface. This causes volcanoes to form. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mountains can also form when convergent plates smash into each other. Furthermore, stream erosion made a path for the river that runs through the
Rocky Mountains. I can infer that water collected on the ground and then slowly trickled down a slope, carrying rock and sediments away with it.
Overtime, more and more rain/water collected in the stream which made it grow wider. Now, a long, wide, and deep river has formed. Finally, I can
see where abrasion could have made the bottom of the mountains smooth and curved. I think that pieces of rock could have fallen off some of the
mountains in the Rocky Mountain Range (maybe due to ice wedging). When they fall, they rub on the base of the mountains. This chips part of the
rock off and smooths it

Plate Tectonic Analysis
The plate tectonic theory states that rigid plates slowly ride on the molten mantle. The boundaries between the plates are known to serve as an
important mineral resource. Three types of tectonic plate exist: convergent, divergent and transform boundaries. A convergent boundary represents two
plates moving towards each other mostly forming a subduction. When two plates move away from each other, a divergent boundary is formed. In
transform boundaries, the plates move laterally past each other (Mission, 2016).
Within the mid–ocean ridges forming a divergent boundary, a zone of low pressure is formed allowing magma to rise to the surface. Potentially
valuable metals are present in the hot magma. The valuable deposits are further concentrated by leaching of metals from water permeating the rocks
(Mission, 2016). The water circulating through the rocks is heated by the magma forming hydrothermal fluids. The hot hydrothermal fluids form black
smokers covering the sea floor and are rich in sulfur–containing minerals, for instance, galena, a lead sulfide, and pyrite, an iron sulfide (Mission, 2016).
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The volcanoes heat up water percolating through the rocks and the dissolved minerals are carried to surrounding rocks. This kind of deposit
represents the majority of world's copper supply (Mission, 2016). Mineral veins and pegmatite are formed once the magma cools. An example of a
mineral vein is the Mother Lode of the Sierra Nevada containing gold deposits. Once volcanic mountains from subduction erode, portions of silver, gold
or other metals may flow into streams and their accumulation forms placer deposits. Other resources are the Ophiolites, a rich source of chromium
which is formed from portions of oceanic crust emplaced on continents after subduction events (Sharma,

Importance Of Land Surveying And How It Has Changed Over Time
GIS 314 Final Project
Nick Winecoff
Land Surveying
Introduction
This project discusses the importance of land surveying and how it has changed over time. It takes a look at the Metes and Bounds system, the
Congressional/Jeffersonian system, and offshore system. Each of these systems has changed over time and is still important to the development of land
surveying. This project also discusses how data is used to create land–surveying maps and where to find data. This project analyzes the data that is used
with land surveying and has two maps to show how the data can be used to create maps. Review of Topic Land surveying has been around a long
time and has had a lot of history over the years. The first system of land surveying to be used in the United States was the Metes and Bounds
system. This system was used in Europe, so when the colonists traveled to the new land they used the Metes and Bounds system like they had in
Europe for land surveying in the thirteen colonies. Other states that use the Metes and Bounds system are Texas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Maine,
Vermont, and West Virginia. The Metes and Bounds system is relatively simple because it is composed of landmarks such as rivers, rocks, or trees
that are used to determine land plots or space. A landmark is used to represent the beginning of the land area and a second landmark is used to
determine where the plot of land ends. These landmarks can also create angles for these border lines based on their

Measurements in Boundary Layer Flows
Abstract: In this experiment, the velocity profile for a flat plate at zero pressure gradient of a boundary layer at two different stream wise points were
acquired. The investigation was also based on and how changes in Reynolds number affect the velocity distribution within boundary layers. Parameters
such as the Momentum Thickness, Displacement Thickness, Shape Factor, shear stress and coefficient of friction was also calculated to gain a better
understand of boundary layers. The experimental values calculated were compared to the theoretical Blasius for laminar flow and Power Law
Solutions for turbulent flow to see how they varied. It was found out the higher the Reynolds number the greater the boundary layer thickness. As the ...
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[5] The boundary layer can also be measured by other factors. One factor is the Displacement Thickness, Оґ*. It is defined as the distance by which the
free streamlines are displaced in the y–direction due to the formation of the boundary layer. The formation of the boundary layer reduces the mass
flow rate per unit area. This is because near the surface the molecules are travelling slower, meaning less flow rate per unit area is going out
compared to coming in. In order to compensate for this loss in mass flow rate, the external streamlines (free streamlines) will be displaced. The
distance it displaced is the Оґ*. [5] When deriving this equation it is assumed the flow is incompressible and steady. Another factor is the Momentum
Thickness, Пґ. It is defined as the thickness of a layer of freestream fluid carrying a momentum flow rate equal to the reduction in momentum flow rate
caused by the formation of the boundary layer. Closer to the surface of the object, the flow is slower. This means that the momentum is also slower. Пґ
is a measurement of the compensation that makes us the momentum flow rate that was lost due to the formation of the boundary layer. The momentum
thickness is useful in determining the skin friction drag on a surface. [5] When deriving this equation it is assumed the flow is incompressible and
steady. Momentum Thickness is an indication of Drag. Two parameters that

The Use of Images in William Carlos Williams', The Young...
The Use of Images in William Carlos Williams', The Young Housewife
As is typical of most Modernist poetry, William Carlos Williams uses very specific images in "The Young Housewife" to reveal not merely a
particular circumstance or event, but to also suggest underlying themes and ideas of his subject matter. For example, he gives to the reader various real
and imagined images, such her moving about in negligee behind closed doors, or her going about her daily affairs, that are at once very seductive and
suggestive of ideas that supercede their appearances. These images especially accentuate the young housewife's naturalness and beauty. However, they
are quickly contrasted by a comparison drawn by Williams of the young lady to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the leaves are separated from the tree, they quickly lose their color and texture, drying up until they are brown and brittle, and die.
Taking this into consideration, we can now move on to what we know about Williams' young housewife. Truthfully, very little is mentioned about her
except, of course, her relative age and her marital status (for some reason these two things just seem to jump out of the text). It is very clear, however,
that Williams does not limit the young housewife to these two aspects of her life, but also emphasizes other aspects–in particular her natural beauty and
sexuality, and her separation and isolation from the outside world.
It is evident that "The Young Housewife" is a very sexually charged poem. Through its subject matter, its language, its imagery, and even its use of
phrasing, Williams accentuates the young housewife's seductive and almost unrestrained nature. For instance, He describes her moving about behind
closed doors, dressed in negligee, or going to the curb un–corseted to call ice–man, or allowing her hair to hang freely, only periodically tucking it in.
All of these images suggest strongly that the young housewife is a natural and unrestrained character. She is free any imposed social constraints that
has the power to squelch her pristine and almost wild nature.
This sense of unrestraint of the young housewife, however, is purely essential, and not actual or

To what extent are volcanic landforms fundamental to our...
To what extent are volcanic landforms fundamental to our understanding of plate tectonics theory? (40) Plate tectonics theory is the scientific theory
that describes the large–scale motion of the Earth's lithosphere, which is broken up into tectonic plates. Volcanic landforms are undoubtedly very
important in aiding our understanding of plate tectonic theory. However, there is other evidence that must be considered as well. Different types of
volcanoes are created at plate margins due to the viscosity of the lava. The two main types of volcanoes are composite volcanoes and shield volcanoes.
Composite volcanoes are generally formed at destructive plate boundaries as high viscous lava is produced as less dense oceanic crust is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of this is the south east coast of North America and the south west coast of Africa. This aids our understanding of plate tectonic theory on
a large scale over millions of years. However, although there is a lot of evidence from volcanic landforms that can be used to explain plate tectonics
theory, there is other important evidence that cannot be ignored. Fossil evidence is very important for our understanding of plate tectonics theory.
Similar animal fossils have been found on the South American and African continents. These fossils suggest that the continents were once joined
together. Fossils of an extinct reptile, named a Mesosaurus, have been found in southern Africa and South America. Scientists believe that the only
explanation for this fossil being found on these two continents is that they were once joined and have become separated due to plate movements. Plant
fossils, such as a fossil of the Glossopteris tree have been found in several countries across the Southern Hemisphere such as India, Australia and even
Antarctica. The discovery of these fossils prompted scientists to conclude that these countries must once have been joined in one large land mass. The
discovery of such fossils as this in Antarctica gives additional weight to this theory as vegetation cannot survive the harsh Antarctic environment
suggesting that if vegetation has been able to grow previously, the positioning of the continent must have been

Vertical Datum
A surface or level which is regarded as a base from which other levels can be counted. For example, sea level is often used as a datum level against
which the height of land and depth of the sea bed are measured. A geodetic datum is an abstract coordinate system with a reference surface (such as
sea level) that serves to provide known locations to begin surveys and create maps. In this way, datum act similar to starting points when you give
someone directions. For instance, when you want to tell someone how to get to your house, you give them a starting point that they know, like a
crossroads or a building address. Geodesists and surveyors use datum to create starting or reference points for floodplain maps, property boundaries,
construction surveys, levee design, or other work requiring accurate coordinates that are consistent with one another.... Show more content on
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Horizontal datum measure positions (latitude and longitude) on the surface of the Earth, while vertical datum are used to measure land elevations and
water depths. The horizontal datum can be accessed and used through a collection of specific points on the Earth whose latitude and longitude have
been accurately determined by NOAA's National Geodetic Survey. One application of the horizontal datum is monitoring the movement of the
Earth's crust. This type of monitoring is often used in places like the San Andreas Fault in California where many earthquakes occur. The vertical
datum is similarly "realized" through a collection of specific points on the Earth with known heights either above or below a nationally defined
reference surface (e.g., mean sea level). Geodetic vertical datum are generally used to express land elevations. However, water level datum are a
slightly different vertical datum, and are used as a reference level to which bathymetric soundings are referenced for nautical charts. Conversion
between these two can be done through geodetic surveys at tide

Fire And Water : Facing Your Fears And Crossing Your...
Alexander Lattin
Mrs. Lee
English 10
3 March 2014
Fire and water: Facing your Fears and Crossing your Boundaries "You gain strength confidence and courage by every experience in which you stop
and really take the time to stop and look fear in the face" (Eleanor Roosevelt) Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, and The Truman Show both present the
trials but the overall triumphs of Truman and Montag and their journeys to victory. While exploring and pondering upon the text,Fahrenheit 451, by
Ray Bradbury, certain themes appear that connect to The Truman Show which together suggest that knowing your fears and boundaries is certainly
normal, yet it's essential to not allow those fears and boundaries prevent you from knowing, discovering or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Montag is on a fire call, drowning books in kerosene, this routine is familiar, then Montag does something he knows he shouldn't have, in fact,
Beatty was just around the corner. "Montag's hand closed like a mouth, crushed the book with wild devotion, with an insanity of mindlessness to
his chest" (Bradbury 34). Montag Fears fire because it burns books, it burns fantasy, he also knows that fire is an obvious boundary. He knows
that taking a book is frowned upon by most of society. Regardless, he took the book because he was curious and hungry for knowledge. Having
knowledge would allow him to realize how important, and wonderful things really are supposed to be, he could experience happiness. He
overlapped his fears and went past his boundaries and that's what made him take the book in the first place. He becomes so intrigued in solving the
concealed reality he feels that he should reveal his position to others. Upon entering his living room Montag is disgusted by the stupidity of the
opinions and the viewpoints of Millie and her friends. "Montag said nothing but stood looking at the women 's faces as he had once looked at the
faces of saints in a strange church he had entered when he was a child. The faces of those enameled creatures meant nothing to him, So it was now, in
his own parlor, with these women twisting in their chairs under his gaze, lighting cigarettes, blowing smoke, touching

Two Main Ways Scientists Learn About Earth's Interior
Plate Tectonics There are two main ways scientists learn about Earth's Interior. The first way is, of rock samples. Scientists use drills to get as close
as they can to get to the center of the earth, they also looked at rocks that spat out of volcanos during a volcanic explosion. The second way is,
because of seismic waves. They study how seismic waves travel through Earth, seismic waves are vibrations that travel through Earth carrying energy,
released during an earthquake. Those were the two main ways how scientists learned about Earth's interior. Crust, Mantle, and Core
There are three main layers on the Earth. The first is, the crust, the outer layer of Earth. It's everywhere, on dry land and the ocean floor, however it's ...
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One evidence of this theory is molten material. Molten Material is magma erupting from mid–ocean ridges. Alvin the submarine found weird rocks
shaped like pillows or toothpaste. This tells us this magma cools quickly underwater. Another type of evidence are magnetic stripes. Magnetic stripes
are patterns in the ocean floor to prove Earth's magnetic field has reversed itself in history. Scientist also looked at the "magnetic memory" of the
rocks. Scientist drilled pipes through water to drill holes into the ocean floor. Scientists discovered that the older rocks were further away and younger
rocks were closer. Those were the three types of evidence that scientist used to support the theory of Sea Floor Spreading.
Plate Boundaries
There are three different types of plate boundaries. The first type of plate boundaries is, the spreading boundary. A spreading boundary is when two
plates move apart. The spreading boundary is also known as a divergent boundary. The second type of plate boundary is a colliding boundary. A
colliding boundary is when two plates come together, or collide. It is also known as convergent boundary. The third is, a sliding boundary. A sliding
boundary is when two plates slip past each other moving in opposite directions. It is also known as transform boundary. Those were the three different
types of plate

Bathymetry Plate Tectonics

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