The document provides an overview of Roman history and culture for Zoey and Kaya. It discusses Roman gods like Jupiter, Mars, and Minerva. It covers major events like the Punic Wars against Carthage and the civil wars between figures like Caesar, Pompey, and Antony. Important emperors are highlighted from Augustus to Constantine. Daily life in the Roman Empire is explored through topics like homes, engineering, numerals, work roles, family life, entertainment, fashion, hygiene, and food. Overall, the document serves as a primer on Roman civilization for educational purposes.

1. Roman History for
Zoey and Kaya
Created by GrandBob
Muse
Grandma

2. Roman History

3. This is an excerpt from World History Lessons for Zoey and Kaya
Clickable links begin on next slide.

4. Rome
History on the Net
Many World History Links
Amazing FactsHistory for Kids
with Many Links

5. Greek/Roman Gods
Zeus/Jupiter Poseidon/Neptune
Helios/Apollo/Sol
Ares/Mars
Athena/Minerva
Hades/Pluto
Greek Gods Family Tree
Hera/JunoCronos/Saturn
Uranus
Gaia/Kaya Artemis/Diana/Luna
Uranus was the original sky God married to Gaia the Earth Goddess. Cronos the Titan overthrew his father Uranus and
ate his own children for safety. His son, Zeus escaped this fate, overthrew Cronus, resurrected his siblings, and became
king of the Gods. Hera was his wife. Poseidon (brother of Zeus) was the Sea God Hades (brother of Zeus) was the God
of the Underworld, Zeus had many children. Artemis was the Moon Goddess, Helios was the Sun God, Aphrodite was
the Love Goddess, Ares was the War God, and Minerva was the Goddess of Wisdom. Sophia were featured in later
Greek religion as the personifications of Wisdom (philosophy = lover of wisdom). Zoey (Zoe) was Sophia’s daughter.
Aphrodite/Venus
Olympian Gods
Zoey Sophia
Sophia Robot
Greek Mythology Details

6. More Greek/Roman Gods and Goddesses
Eros/Cupid
Hestia/Vesta
Hephaestus/Vulcan
Demeter/Ceres
Janus
Nike
Maia/Bona Dea
Dionysius/BacchusHermes/Mercury
Atlas
Hermes was the messenger of the Gods, Dionysius was the God of wine, Hephaestus was the God of Fire, Demeter
was the Goddess of Fertility, Hestia was the Goddess of Home, Atlas held up the world. Hercules was the world
strongest man (half-God), Maia was the Goddess of spring time, Janus had two heads looking into past and
future.Eros was the God of Love, Pan had a goat’s body and was the God of the woods. Mithras was an Iranian and
Indian sun god whose cult became very popular across the Roman Empire from about 100 AD to 300 AD
Constellations of the Zodiac
Pan/Faunus
Nemesis
Greek Gods Set to Music
Muses
Mithras
Greek Mythology Details

7. Roman Religious Holidays
Lupercalia Feb 15
Bacchanalia Mar 17
Kalends of January Jan 1
Saturnalia Dec 17-23
The Romans had many festivals. Some major ones are pictured below. The Kalends of January
were the Roman New Year dedicated to the two-faced God, Janus. The gates of the Temple of
Janus were only closed in times of peace. The Lupercalia was a fertility celebration of the wolf
who raised Romulus and Remus. Bacchanalia was a drinking celebration of the God of wine.
The Saturnalia was a merry making holiday celebrating the Golden Age under the God Saturn.

8. Rome vs. Carthage (Punic Wars 264 - 146 BC)
Rome lost many battles including 50,000 men at Cannae but eventually destroyed Carthage
Hannibal
Carthage
general
Battle of Cannae
Hannibal crossing
the Alps

9. Rome Civil War and Political Conflicts 130 BC- 45 BC
Sulla 78 BC
Gracchi Brothers
Marius 86 BC
T Gracchus 133 BC G Gracchus 121 BCRome’s Civil Wars
Pompey 48 BC Crassus 53 BCCaesar 45 BC
After the victory over Carthage, the Roman Republic experienced a series of political upheavals and civil wars. The
Gracchi were supported by the poor people of Rome but were eliminated by the aristocrats. Marius was a great military
leader who was sympathetic to the poorer citizens. He and his son lost power to Sulla who formed a military dictatorship.
After Sulla died, Rome was ruled by a triumvirate of Pompey (general and Sulla follower), Julius Caesar (general and
nephew of Marius), and Crassus (wealthy). After Crassus was killed in Asia, a civil war broke out between Pompey and
Caesar. Eventually Caesar won (Pompey was killed) and h became the undisputed leader of Rome.
Crassus Rap

10. Assassination of Julius Caesar (41 BC)
Julius Caesar was a Roman General who conquered Vercingetorix and Gaul (France). He led his Army into Italy and
became the leader of Rome after winning the battle of Pharsalus against Pompey. The Roman Republic was run by
aristocratic Senators. Several Senators led by Marcus Brutus and Cassius were afraid that Caesar wanted to become
king and plotted to assassinate him When Caesar came to the Senate, they gathered around him and stabbed him to
death. However Caesar was popular with the people of Rome. They rallied around Mark Anthony and chased the
assassins out of Rome. At the battle at Phillippi in Macedonia Brutus and Cassius were killed by Mark Anthony and
Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian. Mark Anthony (with Cleopatra of Egypt) fought a civil war with Octavian. Octavian won
in 31 BC at the naval battle of Actium with Anthony and Cleopatra committing suicide. Octavian became the first
Roman Emperor and was renamed Augustus Caesar. July and August are named after Julius and Augustus Caesar.
Julius Caesar
Augustus Caesar
OctavianMark Anthony
Cassius
Marcus Brutus
CleopatraJulius Caesar Assassination
Battle of ActiumBattle of PhilippiBattle of Pharsalus
Vercingetorix

11. Roman Empire (31 BC - 1453 AD)
The Roman Empire was the most influential for European history. The Western
Empire lasted until 476 AD while the Eastern Empire lasted until 1453 AD)
First Emperor Augustus Caesar
Interesting facts about life in the Roman Empire
Roman Forum
Livia, Wife
of Augustus
Marcus Agrippa
Augustus Deputy
List of all Roman Emperors

12. Roman Religious Holidays
Lupercalia Feb 15
Bacchanalia Mar 17
Kalends of January Jan 1
Saturnalia Dec 17-23
The Romans had many festivals. Some major ones are pictured below. The Kalends of January
were the Roman New Year dedicated to the two-faced God, Janus. The gates of the Temple of
Janus were only closed in times of peace. The Lupercalia was a fertility celebration of the wolf
who raised Romulus and Remus. Bacchanalia was a drinking celebration of the God of wine.
The Saturnalia was a merry making holiday celebrating the Golden Age under the God Saturn.

13. `
The Western Roman Empire lasted from 41 BC until 476 AD. During that time there good emperors, bad
emperors, and crazy emperors. Some ruled for many years. Others were killed after a shorter time. Tiberias was
the second emperor who spent his time partying on the island of Capri. Caligula was the third emperor and was
crazy. He killed many people, married his sister, and made his horse a Senator. Nero was nasty. He killed his wife
and mother and played the lute while Rome was burning. Domitian was an authoritarian who ruled with a strong
hand. Commodus was an egomaniac. He wanted to change the name of Rome and the months after himself. He
fought as a gladiator. Caracalla was responsible for several massacre. Caligula, Nero, Commodus, Domitian,
Caracalla, and Elagabalus were all assassinated after several years. Elagabalus was a teen-ager who tried to
convert Rome to worship the Syrian Sun God. The Pretorian Guard guarded and sometimes chose the emperors.
Nero 68 AD Commodus 192 ADTiberius 37 AD
Elagabalus 222 AD
The Pretorian Guard
Caracalla 217 AD
Domitian 96 AD
Skip the repetitive first
minute or two in the Bad
Emperor Videos
Caligula 41 AD
Some Interesting Bad Roman Emperors
Roman Emperors Portraits

14. Constantine 337 AD
Some Interesting “Good” Roman Emperors
Claudius 54 AD Trajan 117 AD
Diocletian 305 AD
Hadrian 138 ADVespasian 79 AD
Roman Legion
Claudius restored good governance to Rome after Caligula. Vespasian was a general who ended a chaotic year with
multiple emperors after the assassination of Nero. Trajan expanded the Roman Empire to its large extent. His son,
Hadrian, built a famous wall between Roman England and tribal Scotland. Antoninus Pius adopted his successor
Marcus Aurelius. Marcus made the mistake of making his incompetent son Commodus emperor. Aurelian revived the
strength of the empire after years of chaos and built a large wall around Rome. Diocletian devised a system for sharing
power among multiple leaders. He is the only emperor to retire successfully. Constantine led the conversion of the
Roman Empire to Christianity. He established the city of Constantinople that became the capital of the Eastern Roman
Empire for over a thousand years. The Emperor was often a successful leader of Roman Legions who seized power.
Aurelius 180 AD
Pius 161 AD
Aurelian 275 AD
Nerva 98 AD
Aurelius Quotes
Julian 352 AD

15. Famous Roman Authors, Poets, and Historians
Virgil 19 AD Seneca 65 AD Petronius 66 AD Plutarch 119 ADPliny 79 AD
Cicero 43 BCLucretius 55 BC
Ovid 18 ADLivy 17 ADCatullus 54 BC Horace 8 BC
Lucretius was a poet who wrote an epic “On the Nature of Things”. Catullus wrote love poems. Cicero
was a famous orator. Horace was a leading poet on the themes of love, friendship, and philosophy. Livy
was the most famous Roman historian. Ovid was a poet who wrote about Metamorphoses in Greek and
Roman mythology. Virgil wrote the most famous Roman epic called the Aeneid about Aeneas, Prince of
Troy, who voyaged to Italy after the Trojan War.. Suetonius wrote biographies of the first 12 emperors.
Tacitus was another famous Roman historian. Petronius wrote a satire of Roman society called the
Satyricon. Pliny the Elder was a well-known scientist author who was killed in the eruption of Mt Vesuvius.
Plutarch wrote parallel biographies of famous Greeks and Romans (e.g. Alexander and Julius Caesar)
Tacitus 120 AD Suetonius122 AD

16. Interesting Parts of the Roman Empire
Petra, Jordan Palmyra, Syria Trier, Germany
Split, Croatia Bath, England Alexandria, Egypt
Petra is a Nabatean city carved into a red rock canyon conquered by the Romans. Palmyra is
an ancient city in Syria ruled by Queen Zenobia that was conquered by the Romans. It was
partially destroyed in 2015 by Islamic State militants in Trier was a large city in Germany built
by the Romans. The large Diocletian’Palace was built by the Emperor for his retirement. Bath
was one of the large Roman settlements in England due to the hot springs. Alexandria in Egypt
founded by Alexander became one of the large population centers in the roman Empire
Zenobia

17. Other Interesting Roman Places
Pont du Gard Aqueduct
Roman Arenas
Hadrian’s Wall
Baalbek, Lebanon
Pompeii
Baths of Caracalla
Baalbek International Festival
Pompeii was a Roman city that was buried and preserved in a Mt Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD. Rome built many
arena across its empire. The Pont du Gard Aqueduct in Ftrance was built in 50 AD. Hadrian’s Wall was
constructed in 218 AD to protect Roman England from barbaric Scotland. The Pantheon is the best preserved
Roman building in Rome. The Baths of Caracalla in Rome is a gigantic complex built in 214 AD and still used
for concerts. Baalbek in Lebanon was a large Roman city built on top of a Phoenician city.
Performance at Baths
Pantheon
Vesuvius

18. Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The Western Roman Empire suffered a series of invasions by peoples from the East including the Goths
(Germans), Vandals, and the Huns. Alaric, leader of the Visigoths sacked Rome in 410 AD. The Vandals sacked
Rome in 455 AD.The last Roman emperor was exiled in 476 AD. The Huns were fierce warriors who pushed the
Goths into the Roman empire. They invaded Italy in 450 AD but eventually were weakened and defeated.
Attila the Hun
Goths
Vandals
Alaric
Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire
Invasions of the Roman Empire

19. Rome Daily Life

20. Life in Ancient Rome
Ancient Forum
Modern Forum
Roman Market Trajan’s Market - Ancient Rome and today

21. Roman Towns
List of Cities Founded by Romans

22. Homes in Ancient Rome

23. Roman Engineering
Roads Domes
Aqueducts Bridges
(Kingdome)
(West Seattle)Viaduct
(Sinkholes)
(Tacoma)

24. Roman Numerals
Highest number used was MMMCMXCIX = 3999
but MMMCMDXCLIXVIII = 4557
Roman Numeral Converter
Higher numbers: Line above multiples by 1000 . V = 5000
Box around multiplies by 100,000. V = 500,000
Addition and
Multiplication
are very
difficult using
Roman numerals
What is
IX * VII?
Romans used
abacuses

25. Work Roles in Ancient Rome
Slaves
Fisherman
Soldier
Farmer
Senator Emperor
Plebeian
PatricianGladiator

26. Family Life in Ancient Rome
Family Life Women’s Life
Children’s Life

27. Games in Ancient Rome
Knucklebones
Knucklebones: The bones of sheep or pigs
were used to play Knucklebones. The bones
were thrown into the air and the players had
to catch as many as they could on the back
of their hands.
The balls were made of leather that were stuffed with horsehair,
so they were very heavy and did not bounce. Consequently, ball
games usually involved throwing or catching. The fresco at right
depicts Roman women playing with a kind of medicine
ball called a paganica. One game played was called trigon.
When playing trigon, three players would stand in a triangle
throwing balls to each other.
Tabula (Backgammon ancestor)
Ball Games
Roman Dice Roman Checkers

28. Entertainment in Ancient Rome
Circus Maximus
Gladiators
Roman Theater
Arenas
American Gladiators

29. Fashion in Ancient Rome
Men Women
ShoesNobles Toga
Getting
Dressed

30. Personal Care in Ancient Rome
Roman BathsHair Styles Man’s Hair Styles
Roman MedicineChildcare in Pompeii

31. Food and Drink in Ancient Rome
Top Ten Ancient Roman Foods Roman Banquet
Roman Wines
Food
Missing:
Tomato
Potato
Macaroni
Chocolate
Turkey
Sugar
Coffee
Tea
Posca