2. ORIGINS OF ROME
Rome was founded by Romulus and
Remus, twin sons of Mars, the god of
war. They were raised by a she-wolf.
They founded their own city on the
river’s banks in 753 B.C. After killing his
brother, Romulus became the first king
of Rome, which is named for him. Latin
and Etruscan kings followed in a non-
hereditary succession.
3. THE ROMAN MONARCHY
Numa Pompilio
Romulus,
the first
king of
Rome
Tulio Hostilio
Anco
Marci
o
Lucius
Tarquinius
Priscus
4. THE REPUBLIC (RES PUBLICA)
A republic is a sovereign state, country, or government which is organized with a form
of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen
body.
SPQR is an initialism of a Latin phrase Senātus Populusque Rōmānus ("The Roman
Senate and People") referring to the government of the ancient Roman Republic, and
used as an official emblem of the modern-day comune (municipality) of Rome.
The Senate directed the magistrates, especially the consuls, in their prosecution of
military conflicts. The Senate also had an enormous degree of power over the civil
government in Rome.
5. PUNIC WARS & THE
CONFLICT OF THE
ORDERS
The Punic Wars were a series of three
wars fought between Rome and
Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC.
The Conflict of the Orders, also
referred to as the Struggle of the
Orders, was a political struggle
between the Plebeians
(commoners) and Patricians
(aristocrats) of the ancient
Roman Republic lasting from 494
BC to 287 BC, in which the
Plebeians sought political
equality with the Patricians. It
played a major role in the
development of the Constitution
of the Roman Republic.
6. CAESAR’S CIVIL WAR
The Great Roman Civil War also known as Caesar's
Civil War, was one of the last politic-military conflicts in
the Roman Republic. It began as a series of political and
military confrontations, between Julius Caesar, his
political supporters, and his legions, against the
Optimates, the politically conservative and socially
traditionalist faction of the Roman Senate.
The assassination of Julius Caesar was the
result of a conspiracy by many Roman
senators. Led by Gaius Cassius Longinus,
they stabbed Julius Caesar to death in a
location adjacent to the Theatre of Pompey
on the Ides of March (March 15), 44 BC.
Caesar was the dictator of the Roman
Republic at the time, having recently been
declared dictator perpetuo by the Senate.
7. CLEOPATRA AND MARC ANTHONY
Rome declared war to Egypt, and Anthony threw all his support to Cleopatra. When Octavian knew about that, he said Marc Anthony
was a traitor.
Octavian, now close to absolute power, did not intend to give Antony and Cleopatra any rest. In August 30 BC, he invaded Egypt. With
no other refuge to escape to, Antony committed suicide and died in Cleopatra’s arms. Cleopatra was captured by Octavian, and when
she realized that she was destined for Octavian's triumph in Rome, she made several attempts to take her life and finally succeeded in
mid-August.
8. CAESAR AUGUSTUS
Octavian was the son of Julius Caesar’s niece. Octavian lived a modest life because he wanted to avoid the
fate of Julius Caesar. Then. he became Caesar Augustus, the ruler who transformed Rome into the greatest
empire of the ancient world. Caesar Augustus ruled for 41 years.
Augustus’ dynasty was the Julio-Claudian
dynasty. The first five Roman emperors
were Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD), Tiberius
(14–37 AD), Caligula (37–41 AD), Claudius
(41–54 AD), and Nero (54–68 AD).
9. REASONS WHY ROME FELL
1. Invasions by Barbarian tribes
2. Economic troubles and over reliance on slave labor
3. The rise of the Eastern Empire
4. Overexpansion and military overspending
5. Government corruption and political instability
6. The arrival of the Huns and the migration of the Barbarian tribes
7. Christianity and the loss of traditional values
8. Weakening of the Roman legions
