2. Quantifiers
Quantifiers in English and Their Examples
English quantifiers help us to indicate the number of objects, names, or things, so always use them to express
the idea of quantity or number. Many of these quantifiers are used only for plural nouns and in other cases by
singular, as such show a short summary on how and when to use these quantifiers:
MANY
It means a lot and is used in positive, negative and interrogative sentences for names that can be counted, ie
for words in English that can be plural and have an ending in "s". Examples:
Many of positive phrases:
We have many dollars in the bank
Mary has many dogs at home
They have many houses in the city
MUCH
It means a lot and is used in positive, negative and interrogative sentences but unlike "many", "much" is only
used when a word is uncountable or singular. Examples:
Much to positive statements:
I have much money to lend
We have much to sell
I have much to give
SOME
Means any or some, is used when we have an idea of the amount of an object, but does not believe it is
necessary to give the exact number. It is used for both uncountable nouns to plural nouns accounting. It is
used in affirmative and interrogative sentences. For example:
3. Some for positive statements:
There is some sugar in the basket
There are some people in the park
There are some problems With The work
ANY
It means some or few, we use when we ask about something or numbers of things we do not know the exact
amount, Any is also used in negative sentences. For example:
Any for negative sentences:
There don 't have any eggs
I don 't have any money
There are not any people in the park
A FEW FEW OR
Means little / few, used with names or accounting objects. For example:
There are few apples on the tree
She has few sisters
I have a few minutes to start
A LITLE
Means little / few, is used for names or objects that can not be counted. For example:
There is little water in the lake
You need a little joy in your life
My boss has little patience
4. Prepositions of Place
Prepositions of Place
Prepositions of place are placed behind the main verb, usually the verb "to be" (be, be) in any of the past,
present or future times and its both simple and compound forms.
We have seen the different uses of the three most common prepositions ("in", "at", "on") in the previous lesson.
Below other prepositions of place.
NEXT TO (BESIDE)
Significado: al lado de, junto a
Uso: Tanto "next to" como "beside" se pueden utilizar indistintamente. Utilizar una forma u otra dependerá
del hablante y del contexto.
Ejemplos: The
supermarket is next to the bank.Play
The supermarket is next to (beside) the bank. Sit next to me.Play
Sit next to (beside) me.
5. Prepositions of time
There are three basic time prepositions in English: at, in and on. The use of these prepositions are some very
simple rules but the students do not always remember. Today we remember the rules of prepositions of time
in English and the few exceptions that accompany them.
AT
It is used with time expressions containing hours.
I usually we get up at 7 o'clock.
Normally we have lunch at midday.
IN
It is used with time expressions containing:
I usually we work in the afternoon.
Exception: at night
.
ON
It is used with time expressions containing:
I always do my homework on Sunday Inglés.
6. Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple (present perfect) indicates, as in Spanish, a completed
action continues to have repercussions in the present.
James loves football and plays very well. I've bought new trainers and I now plays even
better than before.
James is the team captain Because I've never lost a match.
It looks like His team will win esta match as well. James has just Scored a goal and the
referee has not blown the whistle end yet. The other team has not Scored a goal so far.
use
◾una action just performed
Example: He has just Scored a goal.
◾una completed action influencing this
Example: I have bought new trainers and now plays even better than I before.
◾situación occurred: never, once or multiple times until the time you are talking
Example: He has never lost a match. The referee has not blown the final whistle
yet. The the other team has not Scored a goal so far.
7. Reported Speach
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct
speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct
speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to
transform a statement, question or request.
Statements
When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
tenses (backshift)
Apart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspects that you should keep in
mind, for example:
main clauses connected with and / but
tense of the introductory clause
reported speech for difficult tenses
exeptions for backshift
requests with must, should, ought to and let’s
8. Past Tense
In English, the past tense (or preterite) is one of the inflected forms of a verb. The past tense of regular verbs is
made by adding -d or -ed to the base form of the verb, while those of irregular verbs are formed in various
different ways (such as see→saw, go→went, be→was/were). With regular and some irregular verbs, the past
tense form also serves as a past participle. For full details of past tense formation, see English verbs.
Past events are often referred to using the present perfect construction, as in I have finished (also known as
present in past). However this is not regarded as an instance of the past tense; instead it is viewed as a
combination of present tense with perfect aspect, specifying a present state that results from past action.[2] (It can
be made into a past tense form by replacing the auxiliary have with had; see below.)
Various multi-word constructions exist for combining past tense with progressive (continuous) aspect, which
denotes ongoing action; with perfect aspect; and with progressive and perfect aspects together. These and other
common past tense constructions are listed below.
Past perfective (passé composé) e.g. J'ai mangé (I ate, using the form but not the meaning of I have eaten)
Past imperfective (imparfait) e.g. Je mangeais (I was eating)
Past historic or Simple past (passé simple) e.g. Je mangeai (I ate) (literary only)
Pluperfect (Plus que parfait) e.g. J'avais mangé (I had eaten [before another event in the past])
Recent past (passé recent) e.g. Je viens de manger (I just ate)
9. Introduction to the passive voice
Although the passive voice is less common than the active voice, there are several good reasons to
sometimes use the passive. On this page we look at how to construct the passive voice and when
and why to use it. (For a basic explanation of the difference between active and passive, please see
voice.)
Notice above↑:
auxiliary be can be conjugated for all persons and tenses
main verb is invariable: past participle
if there is an agent (Apple, Head Office), it is introduced by by
Agentless passive
The subject of an active sentence "does" the action. In a passive sentence, we express the doer (or
agent) through a by phrase (the long passive) or, very often, we remove it completely (the short
passive). In the following example, the agent is "the Allies":
10. Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of Frequency are Adverbs of Time that answer the question "How frequently?" or
"How often?". They tell us how often something happens. Here are some examples:
a.daily, weekly, yearly
b.often, sometimes, rarely
You probably see a difference between a) and b) above. With words like daily we know
exactly how often. The words in a) describe definite frequency. On the other hand, words
like often give us an idea about frequency but they don't tell us exactly. The words in b)
describe indefinite frequency.
We separate them into two groups because they normally go in different positions in the
sentence.
In this lesson we will look in more detail at:
•Adverbs of Definite Frequency
•Adverbs of Indefinite Frequency
followed by an
•Adverbs of Frequency Quiz to check your understanding
11. Preposition
A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In itself, a word like "in" or "after"
is rather meaningless and hard to define in mere words. For instance, when you do try to define a
preposition like "in" or "between" or "on," you invariably use your hands to show how something is situated
in relationship to something else. Prepositions are nearly always combined with other words in structures
called prepositional phrases. Prepositional phrases can be made up of a million different words, but they
tend to be built the same: a preposition followed by a determiner and an adjective or two, followed by a
pronoun or noun (called the object of the preposition). This whole phrase, in turn, takes on a modifying role,
acting as an adjective or an adverb, locating something in time and space, modifying a noun, or telling
when or where or under what conditions something happened.
12. Past Simple Of Can
The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used
for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.
El past simple,[1] también conocido como el simple past, es el tiempo verbal que se usa en el idioma
inglés para narrar hechos que ocurrieron en un momento específico en el pasado. Corresponde en su
significado al pretérito perfecto simple en español.[2]
El past simple generalmente tiene expresiones temporales que hacen alusión al pasado, tales como,
yesterday, last night/week/month/year/Tuesday, then, When?, How long ago...?, ago, in 1997, etc.
I went fishing last weekend. (Me fui a pescar el fin de semana pasado.)
He bought a car. (Él compró un auto).
I didn't go to Salamanca last month. (No fui a Salamanca el mes pasado.)
I didn't do my homework yesterday. (No hice mis deberes ayer
