present simple reported speech past continuous introduction to the passive voice

1. NORTHEASTH SCHOOL
OF AGRICULTURE

2. • Present Simple With Future Meaning
• To conjugate the present simple use the inifinitivo for subjects "I", "you", "we" and "they" and another for
"he", "she" and "it", we added a "-s" to end of the verb.
• Note: There are exceptions spelling in the third person, as referred to in the verb ending. The rules are
the same as those used to form the plural of nouns. For more information, see the lesson on the names.
• Uses
1. The simple present is used to talk about things that usually happen. Unlike the Spanish, the simple
present is not used to talk about something that is happening at the moment in which we speak.

3. Infinitive + Verbs
Do you know the difference between an infinitive verb and a base verb? Or, do you know when and how do you use infinitive verbs?
These questions, and their answers are the key to understanding the uses of an infinitive verb.
• Defining an Infinitive Verb
• Basically, an infinitive verb is a verb with the word “to” in front of it.
• to be
• to have
• to hold
• to sleep
• to dream
When you use an infinitive verb, the “to” is a part of the verb. It is not acting as a preposition in this case. And the verb is always just
the verb. It’s not conjugated in anyway – no -ed, no -ing, no -s on the end. Sometimes you’ll see sentences like this:
• She went from kissing him to slapping him in no time.
You see “to slapping,” and it’s easy to think that’s an infinitive verb, but it isn’t. It’s a preposition (to) and a gerund (slapping). You can
tell it’s not an infinitive because of the -ing on the end of the verb. Infinitives never have an -ing ending.

4. Present Perfect Simple
We use the present perfect simple.
- For actions happened at an unstated time in the past
- for actions which started in the past and are still continuing in the present. - for actions which have recently finished and their results
are visible in the present.
- to talk about an experience.
-Time expresions used with the present perfect simple
-for, since, just, already, yet, lately, recently, so far, ever, etc.
-We use for to express duration. eg I have known Peter for eight years
-We use since to state a starting point. She hasn't been to Europe since 1994.
-We use just and already in affirmative sentences. She has already done her homework.
We use yet in questions and negations. Has Tom fixed the car yet? They haven't traveeled to Miami yet.
-Have gone (to) - have been (to) (Present perfect of the verb go)

5. Just
‘Just’ is usually used only with the present perfect tense and it means ‘a short time ago’.
• I’ve just seen Susan coming out of the cinema.
• Mike’s just called. Can you ring him back please?
• Have you just taken my pen? Where has it gone?
• In the present perfect, ‘just’ comes between the auxiliary verb (‘have’) and the past participle.
For
We use for to talk about a period of time.
• E.g. "I haven't smoked for weeks."
Since
We use since to talk about a specific point in time, or a time when the action started.
• E.g. "I haven't smoked since 2010."
• It can be quite tricky to know which one to use and just like everything else, you need to practise!
• In the following sentences, should you use 'for' or 'since'.

6. • Reported Speech
Indirect speech, unlike the direct style, do not use the quotes and need not be verbatim. In general, when indirect speech is used, the
tense changes. Here you have an explanation of the changes they undergo tenses.
• Sometimes "that" is used in the affirmative and negative to introduce what the other person has said phrases. On the other hand,
interrogative sentences can be used "if" or "whether".
Note: Also consider that expressions change over time speech.
Notice the change of time in the examples below, and then find a table with more explanations of the changes of time in speechPast
Perfect Simple Heather Told Me That She'd Already eaten.
• Type Example direct speech "I speak Inglés." Reported speech (no backshift) says That I've speaks Inglés. reported speech
(backshift) He Said That I spoke Inglés
Type Example
With interrogative
direct speech "Why do not you speak Inglés?" He reported speech Asked me why I did not speak Inglés.
without interrogative
direct speech "Do you speak Inglés?" He reported speech Whether Asked me / if I spoke Inglés.

7. are the past tenses of the verb "To Be" and it's important to be careful when choosing the correct verb for the subject of a sentence.
You should select the correct verb form from the following:
Singular
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
Plural
We were
You were
They were
For Example:
"You were supposed to clean your room today."
"He was supposed to clean his room today."
"I was supposed to clean my room today."
"They were supposed to clean their rooms today."
"She wasn't supposed to arrive so early."
"The sheep were grazing in the field." (many sheep)
"The early 1940s was a period of war. / The early 1940s were years of war."

8. Past Continuous
From passing continuo if utiliza para acciones que ocurrieron in un moment specific in from passing. Como from presente continuo, if forma con el verb "to be" y of gerund.
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
Form (shape)
Para formar of passing continuo if utiliza of verb auxiliar "to be" y of gerund (infinitive + "Ing") del verb. Of verb auxiliar "to be" está in from passing simply Pero ten in cuenta que
"to be" es un verb Irregular.
Sujeto Auxiliar (to be) gerund
I, He, She, It was talking, eating, learning, doing, going ...
You, We, They were talking, eating, learning, doing, going ...
Structure (Estructura)
1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases affirmative)
Estructura Sujeto + verb auxiliar ("to be") + gerund.
Ejemplos:
Play
I was talking. (Estába hablando.)
Play
He was eating. (Estába comiendo.)
Play
They were learning. (Estaban aprendiendo.)
2. Negative Sentences (Frases negative)
Estructura Sujeto + verb auxiliar ("to be") + "not" + gerund.
Ejemplos:
Play
I was not [was not] talking. (No estába hablando.)
Play
He was not [was not] eating. (No estába comiendo.)
Play
They were not [Were not] learning. (No estaban aprendiendo.)

9. Introduction to the passive voice
Verbs are also said to be either active (The executive committee approved the new policy) or passive (The new policy was approved
by the executive committee) in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a be-er or
a do-er and the verb moves the sentence along. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is neither a do-er or a be-er, but is
acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed (The new policy was approved). Computerized grammar checkers can
pick out a passive voice construction from miles away and ask you to revise it to a more active construction. There is nothing
inherently wrong with the passive voice, but if you can say the same thing in the active mode, do so (see exceptions below). Your text
will have more pizzazz as a result, since passive verb constructions tend to lie about in their pajamas and avoid actual work.
We find an overabundance of the passive voice in sentences created by self-protective business interests, magniloquent educators,
and bombastic military writers (who must get weary of this accusation),
The passive voice does exist for a reason, however, and its presence is not always to be despised. The passive is particularly useful
(even recommended) in two situations:
•When it is more important to draw our attention to the person or thing acted upon: The unidentified victim was apparently struck
during the early morning hours.
•When the actor in the situation is not important: The aurora borealis can be observed in the early morning hours.

10. Present Simple Passive
It is mainly used to emphasize action rather than who does it. In Spanish we have several forms of passive as shown in the example.
In English we use the same structure in both cases.
The tree is made of banknotes. Animals are sold in this shop.
WHAT IS?
The passive voice is often used where it is unknown who performs the action. It is also used to avoid naming who does the action,
either because it is not important or because you are not interested.
Animals in this store are sold (by sellers)
* In this example we do not say who sells these animals. In this case is not important since it is understood that the sellers are Store.
HOW DO WE USE?
YES: To form affirmative sentences we use the verb 'to be' followed by a past participle.
Subject + am / is / are + participle + other sentence
The tree is made of banknotes.
The tree is made of bills.
Animals are sold in this shop.
Animals are sold in esta shop.
* Remember that the participle of the verb corresponds to the third column of irregular verbs (regular verbs in equals the past).

11. • Egraphy
• www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/pasado_continuo.php
• http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/passive.htm
• http://www.blueblocnotes.com/grammar/passive-voice/present-simple
• http://wasorwere.com/