1. SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE OF
NOR-ORIENTE
EANOR ZACAPA
PLAINS FORGE , ZACAPA MARCH 6, 2015
INGLESH
PRACTICE ENGLISH 5
ENGINEER OSCAR GARCIA
Vásquez Hernández, Luis Roberto
5to Perito Agrónomo
Grupo #4
2. QUANTIFIERS SOME/ANY
In English grammar, a quantifier is a word (or phrase) which indicates the
number or amount being referred to. It generally comes before the noun
(or noun phrase). The chart below shows which type of noun goes with
which quantifier.
However, note that some of the examples in the chart can take on several
different roles within a sentence. For example, 'any' can be used as a
quantifier, a pronoun or an adverb:
any as a quantifier: Have you got any tomatoes?
any as a pronoun: I don't want any of you making a noise.
any as an adverb: Can't this car go any faster?
3. Any
Any can be used before countable and uncountable nouns usually in questions and
negative sentences:
Are you bringing any friends with you?
Don't you like any Beatles song? (I can't believe you dislike them all)
I can't see any difference. (nothing at all)
Some
Some is usually thought of as the positive counterpart to any in many circumstances.
I like some Beatles songs. (But certainly not all!)
I can see some difference. (But not a lot!)
EXAMPLE
4. PREPOSITION PLACE
Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns
(sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).
Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1
translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your native language
might have several translations depending on the situation.
There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only
way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in
English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart (study tips).
EXAMPLE
•on •days of the week •on Monday
•in
•months / seasons
•time of day
•year
•after a certain period
of time (when?)
•in August / in winter
•in the morning
•in 2006
•in an hour
5. Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
We use:
at for a PRECISE TIME
in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
on for DAYS and DATES
Look at these examples:
I have a meeting at 9am.
The shop closes at midnight.
Jane went home at lunchtime.
In England, it often snows in December.
Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
Do you work on Mondays?
Her birthday is on 20 November.
Where will you be on New Year's Day?
6. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
Positive Negative Question
I / you / we / they I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken?
he / she / it He has spoken.
He has not
spoken.
Has he spoken?
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified
time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present
Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last
week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one
day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as:
ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
EXAMPLE
7. REPORTED SPEECH
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the
speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech.
Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported
speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to
transform a statement, question or request.
EXAMPLE
Type Example
direct speech “I speak English.”
reported speech
(no backshift)
He says that he speaks English.
reported speech
(backshift)
He said that he spoke English.
8. PAST TENSE OF THERE IS/THERE ARE
The past tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to place an action or situation in past time.
In languages which have a past tense, it thus provides a grammatical means of indicating that the event
being referred to took place in the past. Examples of verbs in the past tense include the English verbs sang,
went and was.
In some languages, the grammatical expression of past tense is combined with the expression of other
categories such as mood and aspect (see tense–aspect–mood). Thus a language may have several types
of past tense form, their use depending on what aspectual or other additional information is to be encoded.
French, for example, has a compound past (passé composé) for expressing completed events, an imperfect
for expressing events which were ongoing or repeated in the past, as well as several other past forms.
Some languages that grammaticalise for past tense do so by inflecting the verb, while others do so
periphrastically using auxiliary verbs, also known as "verbal operators" (and some do both, as in the example
of French given above). Not all languages grammaticalise verbs for past tense – Mandarin Chinese, for
example, mainly uses lexical means (words like "yesterday" or "last week") to indicate that something took
place in the past, although use can also be made of the tense/aspect markers le and guo.
EXAMPLE
I wanted You wanted He wanted She wanted It wanted We wanted
They wanted play – played cook – cooked rain – rained wait – waited
9. Subject Verb Object
The movie Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of
the Black Pearl.
was seen
by a lot of
people.
Passive Voice
Where is the doer of the action (seeing)? It is in the object position and is preceded by the
preposition by.
When the agent is in the object position or if it is not mentioned, then the sentence will be a passive
voice sentence.
EXAMPLE
INTRODUCTION TO THE POSSIVE VOICE
10. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of Frequency are Adverbs of Time that answer the question "How
frequently?" or "How often?". They tell us how often something happens.
Here are some examples:
daily, weekly, yearly
often, sometimes, rarely
You probably see a difference between a) and b) above. With words like
daily we know exactly how often. The words in a) describe definite
frequency. On the other hand, words like often give us an idea about
frequency but they don't tell us exactly. The words in b) describe indefinite
frequency.
11. EXAMPLE
Frequency Adverb of Frequency Example Sentence
100% always
I always go to bed
before 11pm.
90% usually
I usually have cereal for
breakfast.
80% normally / generally
I normally go to the
gym.
70% often* / frequently I often surf the internet.
50% sometimes
I sometimes forget my
wife's birthday.
30% occasionally
I occasionally eat junk
food.
10% seldom
I seldom read the
newspaper.
5% hardly ever / rarely
I hardly ever drink
alcohol.
0% never I never swim in the sea.
12. PREPOSITIONS “FOR/SINCE”
Prepositions
How can we use these little words correctly?
Prepositions are used in many different ways in English - perhaps that's why a lot of people have problems with them.
EXAMPLE
First, they are used with time words:
on Monday
in the 20th century
at night
Click here to learn more about adjective + prep. Fourth, they are used after some verbs:
I'm listening to music.
She is waiting for her friend.
He borrows money from his sister.
13. PAST SIMPLE OF “CAN”
The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never,
several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one after another
or in the middle of another action.
EXAMPLE
Conjugación Significado
I can yo puedo
you can tú puedes
he can él puede
we can
nosotros
podemos
you can
vosotros
podéis
they can ellos pueden
