This document contains summaries and examples of English grammar concepts such as the present perfect of "there is/are", future tense of "have to", introduction to the passive voice, past perfect tense with "yet/already", quantifiers, "must/might", past simple of "can", reported speech, modal verbs like "can", "mustn't", and "have to". Each concept includes a brief definition or explanation followed by examples to illustrate usage. Websites for further reading on English grammar are also provided.
dusjagr & nano talk on open tools for agriculture research and learning
verbos y cuantificadores
1. School of agricultura of North Easten
Eanor
Moran Garcia Anthony Paulo Cesar
5to Perito Agronomo
Seccion “B”
Using quantifiers and verbs
12/03/2015
2. Present Perfec of “there
is/are
Has the meaning of "having". Is formed with "there" followed by the present of
the verb "to be" in the singular or plural, as appropriate.
Afirmativo
'There is' y 'there are' se forma con el presente del verbo "to be" en su forma
afirmativa.
'There's' es la forma corta de there is.
'There are" generalmente no se puede contraer, aunque a veces se hace en el
lenguaje informal.
4. Future tense of “have to”
In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that generally marks the event
described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in
the future. An example of a future tense form is the French aimera, meaning
"will love", derived from the verb aimer ("love"). English does not have a
future tense formed by verb inflection in this way, although it has a number
of ways to express the future, particularly the construction with the auxiliary
verb will or shall, and grammarians differ in whether they describe such
constructions as representing a future tense in English, one and all.
The "future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future relative
to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is used
it may mean the future relative to some other point in time under
consideration. Future tense can be denoted by the glossing abbreviation
6. Introduction to the passive voice
Although the passive voice is less common than the active voice, there are
several good reasons to sometimes use the passive. On this page we look at
how to construct the passive voice and when and why to use it. (For a basic
explanation of the difference between active and passive, please see voice.)
The auxiliary be is conjugated in all tenses. The main verb is always the past
participle. The agent is the original "doer" of the action.
Agentless passive
The subject of an active sentence "does" the action. In a passive sentence, we
express the doer (or agent) through a by phrase (the long passive) or, very
often, we remove it completely (the short passive). In the following example,
the agent is "the Allies":
7. Examples
I am employed by Apple.
You will be woken at 6.
It will have been finished by then.
We have been notified by Head Office
8. Present simple passive
It is mainly used to emphasize action rather than who does it. In Spanish we
have several forms of passive as shown in the example. In English we use the
same structure in both cases.
a passive voice is often used where it is unknown who performs the action. It
is also used to avoid naming who does the action, either because it is not
important or because you are not interested.
9. Examples
The tree is made of banknotes.
Animals are sold in this shop.
Is the tree made of bills?
Are animals sold in this shop?
10. Past perfect tense “ yet/already”
These words are often used with the present perfect tense although yet, still
and already can all be used with other tenses.
- See more at: http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-
reference/just-yet-still-already#sthash.lHUwkWfQ.dpuf
‘Yet’ is used to talk about something which is expected to happen. It means
‘at any time up to now’. It is used in questions and negatives. - See more at:
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/just-yet-still-
already#sthash.lHUwkWfQ.dpuf
Already’ is used to say that something has happened early – or earlier than it
might have happened. - See more at:
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/just-yet-still-
already#sthash.lHUwkWfQ.dpuf
11. Examples
I’ve just seen Susan coming out of the cinema.
Mike’s just called. Can you ring him back please?
Have you just taken my pen? Where has it gone
I’ve already spent my salary and it’s two weeks before pay day
12. Quantifiers a) how much/How many/ to
Much
Muchis used with non-count nouns (always in the singular); many is used with
count nouns in the plural. (Click here for the difference between count nouns
and non-count nouns).
IMPORTANT NOTE: in modern spoken English, Much, and to a lesser extent
manyare not often used as quantifiers in affirmative statements; but they are
very commonly used in interrogative and negative contexts.
13. Examples
I haven’t got much change. I’ve only got a ten euro note.
Are there many campsites near you
Is there much unemployment in that area?
How many eggs are in this cake?
14. Must/ Might
May I disturb you for a moment? / ¿Puedo molestarle un momento?
- May I put the light on? / ¿Puedo encender la luz?
To express power of permission to May, and Could also can be used in the
more informal language.
Students may not use the staff car park
Must not also used to prohibit. It is stronger and more emphatic than May not:
Students must not use the staff car park
'May I borrow your car?' 'No, you may not.'
15. Past simple of “can”
Can is one of modal verbs with may, must, etc. This means that usually these
verbs need to complete their meaning with another verb
Conjugation of can is special only be conjugated in 3 tenses
16. Examples
Can I help you?
Birds can fly
I can speak English
i can not swim
17. Reported speech
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the
speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech.
Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported
speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to
transform a statement, question or request.
Type Example
direct speech “I speak English.”
reported speech
(no backshift)
He says that he speaks English.
reported speech
(backshift)
He said that he spoke English.
18. Verbos a) Can b) Mustn´t c) Have To
Can use:
• ability to express this.
We used must not:
• to discuss bans.
Have to "is a semiauxiliar which is usually translated as" have to ".
The difference with "must" is that "must" is used to give orders or express an
inner moral obligation to the person speaking or orders and "have to"
indicates that the obligation comes from external standards, third person or
circumstance .
19. Examples
Where can you buy the paper?
Can you help me?
You mustn’t drive after taking the tablets.
You mustn’t shout in class.
I have to work
You have to work
I do not have to work
I don't have to work
