How Industrial Revolution affected Industrial Revolution

1. BRIEF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
BEFORE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-BAROQUE AND ROCOCO were the International Architecture styles
that were present before the Industrial Revolution

2. • Arguably the first truly International Architectural Style.
• First emerged in Rome
• Emerged during the first years of Seventeenth Century
• Spread to Spain, France, Germany and later England
• Reached as far as Scandinavia, Russia and even Latin America
• Illusion and Drama are traditionally seen as its principal characteristics
• Characteristics of Baroque Architecture:
o Bold and powerful massing
o Sweeping Curves
o Dramatic Effects of Light and Shade
o Highly decorated interiors that blurred the boundaries between
Architecture, Painting and Sculpture
Baroque Architecture

3. • Italian Baroque
• German and Eastern European Baroque
• Spanish and Latin American Baroque
• French Baroque
• English Baroque
• Rococo
Different Styles of Baroque Architecture

4. Oblique Angles
Italian Baroque
Synthesis of Architecture and Sculpture Ovals
Curving Facades

5. Italian Baroque
Illusions
Giant Order

6. German and Eastern Europe
Gothic Influence
Synthesis of Classical and Sacred Architecture Spatial Complexity

7. German and Eastern Europe
Italian Influence
Onion Dome

8. Spanish and Latin America
Moorish Influence
Defiance of Structure
Indigenous American Influence
Heavy Mouldings

9. French Baroque
Dome
Mansard Roof
Landscape Design
Heavy Rustication
Sumptuous Interiors

10. English Baroque
Plainness
Medieval Influence
Animated Skyline
Exaggerated keystones

11. Rococo
Plainness
Decoration
Foliate Decoration

12. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Introduction
•The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing
processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and
1840.
• The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a
small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th
century.
• Industrial Revolution as a widespread replacement of manual labour by
machines that began in Britain in the 18th century.
• Radical changes at every level of civilization throughout the world.

13. Impact
Affected a lot of Industries like:
1. Textile manufacturing
2. Metallurgy
3. Steam Power
4. Chemicals
5. Glass Industry
6. Agriculture
7. Mining
8. Transportations etc
Invention of steam engine, growth of mechanised cotton factory and Iron
making industry contributed to the Industrial Revolution. Also the
invention of Portland Cement during this phase also contributed to it

14. IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE
• Forged Iron and Milled Steel Began to Replace Wood, Brick and Stone as
primary materials for large buildings. Usage of glass too impacted
Architecture.
• A much more urbanised society was forming and the society called out
for new larger buildings. Mass production of steel was the main driving
force behind the ability to build skyscrapers during the mid 1880s.
•The invention of Cement also contributed to the Industrial Revolution.
Cement was used on a large scale in the construction industry.
• It led to the creation of the factories. Led to the growth of Urban Areas
as large number of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in
the factories. Housing was provided to the workers at the site.

15. Impact on Architecture
•It was an age of Enlightenment.
• The idea was to reform society using reason, to challenge ideas
grounded in tradition and faith, and to advance knowledge through
the scientific method.
• Promoted scientific thought, scepticism, and intellectual interchange.
• The Enlightenment was a revolution in human thought.
• This new way of thinking was that rational thought begins with clearly
stated principles, uses correct logic to arrive at conclusions, tests the
conclusions against evidence, and then revises the principles in the light
of the evidence.
• Disenchantment with Baroque and Rococo turned late 18th-century
designers and patrons toward the original Greek and Roman prototypes.
• Some famous examples of the structures are Eiffel Tower in Paris,
France and Crystal Palace in London

16. NEO -CLASSICISM
• The conceptual approach, with a little basis in the historical fact was the
key innovation of Neoclassicism.
• It emphasized the values of order, reason and civility.
• In some instances it came with an aristocratic slant; in other cases with
a progressive emphasis on science and egalitarianism for which it was
viewed as a corrective aimed at the excesses of aristocratic culture.
• A turn away from the curves, inventiveness and mysteriousness of the
Baroque toward a more rectilinear and transparent organization of space.
• Unlike Baroque, Neo Classical buildings were designed according to the
precedents from classical antiquity; which served as a proof of the
continuity of history and the legitimacy of civil society.
•In England, Neo Classicism developed primarily in the domain of private
sector, with the great houses for the elite. In France, Neoclassicism was
associated wit the Enlightenment and the French Revolution and thus has
a civic component.
• In Germany, it was used for the institutions like schools, museums and
theatre.

17. Temple Front Natural landscaped Gardens
Public Buildings Classical Revival-Columns
NEO -CLASSICISM

18. Interpretation Picturesque-Asymmetric
Monumentality
Picturesque-Rustic
Greek Doric Order

19. Further Reads
•https://thearchiblog.wordpress.com/2011/06/02/impact-of-industrial-
revolution-on-architecture/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture
•http://www.domusweb.it/en/editorial/2017/01/10/for_a_theory_of_de
sign.html
•http://science.jrank.org/pages/1073/Building-Design-Architecture-
Industrial-Revolution-new-materials.html

20. Further Reads
•http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-
science-technology-and-medicine/bridges-and-buildings-the-structures-
the-industrial-revolution
•http://humanities.uwe.ac.uk/bhr/Main/Architecture/indust_rev.htm
•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#The_nineteenth
_century:_Industrial_Revolution

21. Assignment 1-10 Marks
1. Write a detailed note on the evolution of new building typologies
and the increasing user requirement with the influence of Industrial
Revolution.
2. Industrial Revolution resulted in socio economic changes and
brought in new materials and the construction technology, which led
to a new trend in architecture called modern movement. Explain the
context in which modern architecture emerged.
3. Write a brief note on the images shown for the Baroque
Architecture(Italian Baroque). Write a short notes on the
Architecture works by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Explain briefly the
important features of his style.
4. How did Age of Enlightenment impact Neoclassical Movement?
Write short notes on Neo Classical Architecture. Name few Architects
of this era.
5. Write brief notes on Crystal Palace and Eiffel Tower. What is the
relation between Industrial Revolution and these structures.
Last date of submission of the Assignment: 26-01-2016 by 9 am.

22. ARCHITECTURE BEFORE THE WORLD WAR
ECLECTICISM

23. • Eclecticism is a nineteenth and twentieth-century architectural style in which
a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from previous
historical styles to create something that is new and original.
• In architecture and interior design, these elements may include structural
features, furniture, decorative motives, distinct historical ornament, traditional
cultural motifs or styles from other countries, with the mixture usually chosen
based on its suitability to the project and overall aesthetic value.
• Eclecticism came into practice during the late 19th century, as Architects
sought after a style that would allow them to retain previous historic
precedent, but create unseen designs.
• From a complete catalogue of past styles, the ability to mix and combine
styles allowed for more expressive freedom and provided an endless source of
inspiration.
• Eclecticism differed, as the main driving force was creation, not nostalgia and
there was a desire for the designs to be original.

24. • Gothic Revival
• Orientalism
• Beaux-Arts
• Arts and Crafts
• Art Nouveau
• Art Deco
Different Styles in Eclecticism

25. Eclectic Gothic
Gothic Revival
Restitutive Gothic Structural Gothic
Natural Gothic
Modern Gothic

26. Orientalism
Indian Egyptian
Mayan Moorish

27. Orientalism
Imperialist
Chinese

28. Beaux-Art
• Beaux-Arts architecture expresses the academic neoclassical architectural
style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
• The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples
of Imperial Roman architecture, Italian Renaissance, and French and
Italian Baroque models especially, but the training could then be applied to a
broader range of models.
• Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches,
highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to
the program, and knowledgeable detailing.
• Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along
conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque
and Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism.

29. Characteristics
• Flat roof
• Rusticated and raised first story
• Arched windows
• Arched and pedimented doors
• Classical details: references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency
to eclecticism; fluently in a number of "manners"
• Symmetry
• Statuary, sculpture (bas-relief panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups),
murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the
identity of the building
• Classical architectural
details: balustrades, pilasters, garlands, cartouches, acroteria, with a
prominent display of richly detailed clasps, brackets and supporting consoles
• Subtle polychromy.

30. Characteristics
Modern Building Types
Civic Buildings
Iron Structures

31. Characteristics
Imbricated Facades
High Facades