1. Lecture Series
Monday, 23.01.2011
Water in development cooperation and The Water-Energy-Food
Rio plus 20 Security Nexus
Winter Semester 2011 / 2012
Christoph Merdes,
BMZ
Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit
und Entwicklung (BMZ)

3. Structure
of
Presenta.on
 I
Bonn
2011
Nexus
Conference
 II
Water
in
Rio
plus
20
 III
German
Development
Coopera=on
in
the
Water
Sector
Discussion
3

4. Bonn2011
Nexus-­‐Conference
 ...
was
an
official
preparatory
conference
for
the
Rio+20
Summit.
 Was
special
contribu=on
of
the
German
Government
to
the
Rio
plus
20
Summit
–
announced
by
Chancellor
Merkel
 ...
was
a
pioneering
effort
to
bring
together
a
wide
range
of
stakeholders,
leaders
and
experts
from
governments,
businesses,
NGOs,
donors,
and
UN
agencies
to
address
the
nexus
of
water,
energy
and
food
security.
 ...
included
strategic
partnerships
with
IFPRI,
World
Economic
Forum
and
World
Wide
Fund
for
Nature
4
for
the
prepara=on
of
the
conference.

5. Special Features
Conference fully focused on Nexus Perspective –
Intersectoral lense on sectoral decisions

Two core dimensions:
• dentification of trade-offs between three areas for
I
informed decision making
• xploitation of synergies between water, energy, and
E
food
This focus determines:
• articipants – fully interesectoral
P
• hoice of action fields
C
• hoice of hot topics
C
• ormulation of outcomes
F

6. What’s
new?
great
accelera=on
Anthropocene
Steffen
et
al
6

7. Welcome to the Anthropocene

8. At
the
Tipping
Point
Water Energy Food
900mio without access to safe 2.5bn without access to 1bn suffering from hunger
2010 drinking water modern forms of energy
2.6 bn without access to 1.5bn without access to
sanitation electricity
Population growth, urbanisation, economic growth…
+ 40% energy demand + 30-50% food demand
2030
40%-gap of water ressources
(between availability and demand)
8

9. From inequal access to planetary boundaries
IFPRI 2011

10. Access to Water – Scarcity and Politics
•
DWA • DED Besuch BMZ 10
Page 10 05.09.2007

11. Poor people pay
more for water
Source: PPIAF database
Dr. Ulrike Pokorski da Cunha 1/23/12

12. From inequal access to planetary boundaries
per-capita energy use in low-income countries: 420 kg OE
high-income countries: 5300 kg OE
WDI 2010
WWF Living Planet
Rockström et al 2009

13. At
the
Tipping
Point
Water Energy Food
900mio without access to safe 2.5bn without access to 1bn suffering from hunger
2010 drinking water modern forms of energy
2.6 bn without access to 1.5bn without access to
sanitation electricity
Population growth, urbanisation, economic growth…
+ 40% energy demand + 30-50% food demand
2030
40%-gap of water ressources
(between availability and demand)
13

14. Bonn2011
Nexus
Conference
-­‐
Profile
16-18 November 2011 14
World Conference Center Bonn

15. Examples
of
Nexus
Linkages
16-18 November 2011 15
World Conference Center Bonn

16. The water - energy nexus
Water
for
Energy
Energy
for
Water
World Energy Council 2010

17. The
water
-­‐
energy
nexus
photo concentrating gas coal / oil / hydropower biofuels
voltaics solar power nuclear
m3 /
MWh
~0 ~2 ~1 ~2 ~ 60 ~ 180
variable variable
Renewable
Energy
can
cause
increasing
water
demand
New
water
can
cause
increasing
energy
demand
surface water ground water reused desalination
wastewater

18. The water - energy nexus
Desalina.on
Water
for
Energy
Desalination is 10 times more energy
intensive than local freshwater
Desalination capacity in MENA is
projected to grow by 500% by 2030
Energy
for
Water GWI (2008)
IEA (2009)

19. Globalisierung
Welthandelsvolumen
seit
1972:
420
-­‐>
15000
Mrd.
US$
FDI
–
Auslandsinves==onen
in
Land
(und
Wasser)
Anseeuw
et
al

20. Globalisierung
Anseeuw et al
2011
Welthandelsvolumen
seit
1972:
420
-­‐>
15000
Mrd.
US$
FDI
–
Auslandsinves==onen
in
Land
(und
Wasser)
Foreign
Direct
Investment
in
Africa
(million
ha)
Driver:
i.a.
Climate
Policy

21. Sustainable production & consumption
losses in the food chain
Charles et al
2009

22. Sustainable production & consumption
„rebound effect“
140
130
120
110
100
average horsepowers (PS)
90 of cars sold in Germany
80
70
1995 2000 2005 2011

23. Hot
Topics
Nexus-Topic
Urban Agriculture
Ending food waste (from field to fork)
Sustainable Energy for All
The Bioenergy, Food and Water Nexus
The Urban Challenge
Soils for Sustainable Development
No Food and Nutrition Security without Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Making Dams Work for the Nexus
Integrate or Disintegrate: Tackling Competition for Water and Land
Opportunities and Risks in Large Scale Investments in Land and Irrigation Schemes
Emerging Country Strategies for Improving Food Security
Managing the Nexus for Green Growth
The WEF Security Nexus: Understanding the Risks and Opportunities for Private
Finance
Corporate Water Stewardship 23

24. Bonn2011
Nexus
Conference
–
Outcomes
 A
huge
demand
for
dialogue,
exchange
and
mutual
learning
was
apparent
throughout
the
conference
 Policy
recommenda.ons
based
on
mul=-­‐stakeholder
consulta=ons
focusing
on
cross-­‐sectoral
approaches
(available
soon
a`er
second
round
of
web
based
consulta=on)
 Launch
of
specific
ini.a.ves
(such
as
a
water
stewardship
ini=a=ve
for
Africa)
to
address
the
water,
energy
and
food
security
nexus
in
a
coherent
and
sustainable
way
24

25. Bonn2011
Nexus
Conference
–
Key
Messages
Achieving
long-­‐term
Water,
Energy
and
Food
Security
for
all
is
possible.
But
business
as
usual
is
not
an
op.on.
 A
nexus
perspec=ve
increases
the
understanding
of
the
interdependencies
across
water,
energy,
food
and
climate
policies.
It
helps
to
understand
and
to
avoid
unintended
consequences
from
our
ac=ons.

26. Bonn2011
Nexus
Conference
–
Key
Messages
Achieving
long-­‐term
Water,
Energy
and
Food
Security
for
all
is
possible.
But
business
as
usual
is
not
an
op.on.
 The
nexus
perspec=ve
helps
to
move
beyond
silos
and
ivory
towers
that
preclude
interdisciplinary
solu=ons.
It
opens
the
eyes
for
mutually
beneficial
responses
and
the
poten.al
of
coopera.on.

27. Bonn2011
Nexus
Conference
–
Key
Messages
Achieving
long-­‐term
Water,
Energy
and
Food
Security
for
all
is
possible.
But
business
as
usual
is
not
an
op.on.
In
sum,
the
nexus
perspec.ve
provides
an
informed
and
transparent
framework
for
determining
and
resolving
trade-­‐offs
to
meet
increasing
demand
without
compromising
sustainability.

28. Bonn2011
Nexus
Conference
–
Messages
II
Nexus
opportuni.es
Applying
a
nexus
approach
will
create
new
opportuni=es
for
ac=on,
in
par=cular:
 Increase
policy
coherence
 Accelerate
access
 Create
more
with
less
 End
waste
and
minimize
losses
 Invest
in
natural
infrastructure
 Mobilize
consumer
influence
16-18 November 2011 28
World Conference Center Bonn

29. Bonn2011
Nexus
Conference
–
Messages
III
Overarching PRINCIPLES:
 Pubng
people
and
their
basic
human
rights
at
the
centre
of
the
nexus
 Establishing
effec=ve
legisla=ve
frameworks,
promo=ng
good
governance,
elimina=ng
corrup=on,
 Involving
local
communi=es,
including
indigenous
and
women’s
groups
fully
and
effec=vely
in
the
planning
and
implementa=on
processes
related
to
water,
energy
and
food
nexus
for
local
ownership
and
commitment
29

30. Bonn2011
Nexus
Conference
–
Messages
IV
How
to
make
it
work?
The
importance
of
taking
a
nexus
perspec=ve
will
not
result
automa=cally
in
implementa=on.
While
the
opportuni=es
and
their
social,
environmental
and
economic
benefits
are
real,
implementa=on
requires:
1. Seng
the
right
incen.ves
2. Mechanisms
for
policy
coherence
3. Smart
ins.tu.onal
frameworks
4. Educa.on,
Informa.on,
(Dissemina.on)
and
Empowerment
30

31. From
Bonn
to
Rio
and
beyond
 The
nexus
perspec.ve
is
central
to
the
themes
of
Rio2012
and
the
Green
Economy.
 The
key
to
success
will
be
to
iden.fy
the
forces
that
are
driving
the
adop=on
of
a
nexus
approach
and
to
build
alliances
with
them.
 outcomes
of
Rio
should
adequately
take
into
account
the
interdependencies
between
water,
energy
and
food
as
well
as
the
underlying
natural
resources
water,
land
and
soil.

32. Water
in
Rio+20

33. Water
in
Rio+20
 2010
–
Beginning
of
Discussion;
water
virtually
absent
as
a
topic
of
discussion
Process:
 Formal
intergovernmental
nego=a=on
 DESA
received
677
submissions,
more
than
5000
pages
 On
this
basis
Zero
Dra`
prepared
–
online
since
last
week
 Now
nego=a=ons
of
the
text
 Three
important
water
dimensions:
 1)
Water
chapter
 2)
Nexus-­‐perspec=ve
 3)
Water
in
Sustainable
Development
Goal
Chapter

34. Water
in
Rio+20

35. Water
in
Rio+20
 Major
Water
Contribu=ons
–
UNSGAB
I
This paper makes the case for a strong focus and decisions on
(i) access to sanitation & drinking water,
(ii) wastewater management, and
(iii) more productive water use in agriculture.

36. Water
in
Rio+20
 Major
Water
Contribu=ons
–
UNSGAB
II
Objective 1 –Access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Ensure universal
access to sanitation and safe drinking water through the adoption of plans for
accelerated implementation of all dimensions of the human right to water
and sanitation: safety, availability, accessibility, acceptability, affordability,
non-discrimination, participation and accountability.
Objective 2 – Common vision of wastewater management. Governments
together decide to strengthen their respective actions on pollution of
freshwater by adopting a shared vision of urban, industrial and agricultural
wastewater management including collection, treatment and water reuse.
Objective 3 – More food with the water available. Adoption of an
internationally agreed political objective linking food production and water
use through increasing global water productivity of agriculture

37. Water
in
Rio+20
 Major
Water
Contribu=ons
–
UN-­‐Water
I
The highest priority must be given to the ‘bottom billion’ people while
addressing inequities in access to water, which are closely linked to energy
security as well as food security.
Universal coverage of water supply and sanitation services must be a
central development goal in the post-2015 period. The framework for
achieving the ultimate goal will need to accommodate both development
targets
and human rights targets at all levels
There must also be a commitment to build the foundation for a water resource
efficient green economy. Over 70% of freshwater resources are utilized for
agricultural production. Therefore, we must help farmers increase water
efficiency in agriculture – more nutrition and crop per drop. Similarly, all
stakeholders are urged to reduce water losses and waste from field to fork,
thus increasing the total food supplychain efficiency. National governments
should also commit to increase water efficiency in energy production – more
Kilowatts per drop.

38. Water
in
Rio+20
 Major
Water
Contribu=ons
–
Stockholm
Statement
Accordingly, over and above achieving the Millennium Development Goals, we
call for a universal provisioning of safe drinking water, adequate sanitation
and modern energy services by the year 2030.
We call on local, municipal, and national governments and all major groups
participating at the Rio+20 Summit to commit to achieving the following
intervening targets by 2020:
1. 20% increase in total food supply-chain efficiency; reduce losses and waste
from field to fork
2. 20% increase in water efficiency in agriculture; more nutrition and crop per
drop
3. 20% increase in water use efficiency in energy production; more kWh per drop
4. 20% increase in the quantity of water reused
5. 20% decrease in water pollution

39. Water
in
Rio+20
-­‐
What
about
Energy?
 The
Sectetary-­‐Generals
Energy
Goals:
Sustainable
Energy
for
All
Ini=a=ve
and
Zero
Dra`
 We propose to build on the Sustainable Energy for All initiative launched by
the Secretary-General, with the goals of
1. providing universal access to a basic minimum level of modern energy
services for both consumption and production uses by 2030;
2. improving energy efficiency at all levels with a view to doubling the rate of
improvement by 2030;
3. and doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by
2030 through promoting the development and use of renewable energy
sources and technologies in all countries.

40. Water
in
Rio+20
–
The
Zero
Drac

41. Water
in
Rio+20
–
Zero
Drac
 Three
important
water
dimensions:
 1)
Water
chapter
 2)
Nexus-­‐perspec=ve
 3)
Water
in
Sustainable
Development
Goal
Chapter

42. Water
in
Rio+20
–
Zero
Drac
1)
Water
chapter
67. We underline the importance of the right to safe and clean drinking water
and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life
and all human rights. Furthermore, we highlight the critical importance of
water resources for sustainable development, including poverty and hunger
eradication, public health, food security, hydropower, agriculture and rural
development.
68. We recognize the necessity of setting goals for wastewater management,
including reducing water pollution from households, industrial and agricultural
sources and promoting water efficiency, wastewater treatment and the use of
wastewater as a resource, particularly in expanding urban areas.

43. Water
in
Rio+20
–
Zero
Drac
1) Water chapter II
69. We renew our commitment made in the Johannesburg Plan of
Implementation (JPOI) regarding the development and implementation of
integrated water resources management and water efficiency plans. We
reaffirm our commitment to the 2005-2015 International Decade for Action
“Water for Life”. We encourage cooperation initiatives for water resources
management in particular through capacity development, exchange of
experiences, best practices and lessons learned, as well as sharing appropriate
environmentally sound technologies and know-how.

44. Water
in
Rio+20
–
Zero
Drac
 2)
Nexus-­‐
Perspec=ve
Water,
Energy,
Food
central
first
themes
in
nearly
any
chaper
 Linkages
not
yet
very
strong
 Specific
reference:
 “We encourage international initiatives and
partnerships to address the interrelationship
among water, energy, food and climate change
in order to achieve synergies as well as to
minimize conflicts among policy objectives, being
particularly sensitive to impacts on vulnerable
populations.”

45. Water
in
Rio+20
–
Zero
Drac
 Three
important
water
dimensions:
 3)
Water
in
Sustainable
Development
Goal
Chapter
We recognize that goals, targets and milestones are
essential for measuring and accelerating progress
towards sustainable development and agree to launch an
inclusive process to devise by 2015:
a) a set of global Sustainable Development Goals that
reflect an integrated and balanced treatment of the three
dimensions of sustainable development, are consistent
with the principles of Agenda 21, and are universal and
applicable to all countries but allowing for differentiated
approaches among countries;

46. Water
in
Rio+20
–
Zero
Drac
 Three
important
water
dimensions:

Sustainable
Development
Goals
II
107. We propose that the Sustainable Development Goals
could include sustainable consumption and production
patterns as well as priority areas such as oceans; food
security and sustainable agriculture; sustainable
energy for all; water access and efficiency;
sustainable cities; green jobs, decent work and social
inclusion; and disaster risk reduction and resilience.

47. Rio Secretary General Sha Zukang at
Bonn Nexus Conference on SDGs
These would need to be balanced and integrated into discussions about a
post-2015 development agenda. We need to accelerate progress to
meet the aspirations of the poor. But this is not enough. Our future
sustainable development goals must encompass the poor and the rich
alike. The UN is starting working on the post-2015 development
agenda (not post-2015 MDG agenda).
As part of this, it will have to address the limitations of the current
goals and one of these is the lack of sufficient goals on sustainability.
Yes there are goals on water, sanitation, slum upgradation, but there are
none on energy, sustainable consumption and production, or the
other critical priority areas.
Any development agenda must be a sustainable development
agenda, incorporating the unfinished MDG agenda, in what we define in
2015.
The nexus of food, water and energy is likely to be addressed in a post
2015 development agenda.

49. German Development Cooperation
on Water and Sanitation I
• Water and Sanitation Important Priority Area
– In terms of financial volume
– Number of partner countries
• Fields of Action:
– Sector and institutional reform
– Investment programs // Access to Water
– IWRM promotion and Transboundary Water
Management
– Sustainable Water use in agriculture

50. German Development Cooperation
on Water and Sanitation II
• International Sector Dialogue
– Water Initiatives like Sanitation and Water for All or
Global Water Partnershop
- World Water Forum/Stockholm Water Week
• Water engagement of multilateral institutions
– Water policies and projects of EU, WB, Reg. Banks

51. German contribution to multilateral organisations spent on Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH – 2010, USD)
Organisation Contribution in Mio. $
Global Environment Facility (GEF) 1,7
African Development Fund (AfDF) 20,1
Asian Development Fund (AsDF) 5,8
International Development Association 99,7
(IDA)
European Commission (EC) 105,5
Total 233,0

52. German Development Cooperation –
Actors in bilateral cooperaiton
Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
(sets overall sectoral and regional policies, leads dialogue with partner governments)
Technical
Financial Cooperation
Cooperation
German Development
GIZ
Bank, KFW
BGR
In support of implementation of water strategies of partners

53. 28 Partner Countries with Special Focus on
Water

54. Total German Commitments in the Water Sector
Million USD, 2005 - 2010
1100
977,44
1000
906,44 917,42
900
800
700
600
593,96
500
497,14
400
382,26
300
200
100
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010

55. Institutional Development of the Water Sector (Kenya)
 Project partner: Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI)
 Other Partners: DED, InWEnt, KfW, UN-Habitat, google.org
 Duration: 2003 – 2010 Total Funding: € 14.4 Million
Initial situation:
 Inadequate access to safe water supplies/ sanitation
 Ineffective, centralized and responsibilities leaving unclear
structure without incentives for better performance
 Incoherent data regarding water supply situation
Approach:
 Policy Development and Commercialisation
 Accounting needs of poor populations
 Water resources management supporting 2 Catchment
Advisory Committees
 Support public relations & communication

56. Discussion
I Bonn 2011 Nexus Conference
1) Is the Nexus-Perspective useful? Strenghts/Weaknesses?
2) Where is integrated planning and decision-making necessary and where is a
sector-focus more important?
II Water in Rio plus 20
1. From a water perspective: What would you like to see in the Rio Outcome
2. What should be in a Sustainable Development Goal on Water ?
III German Development Cooperation in the Water Sector

57. Institutional Development of the Water Sector (Kenya)
Impacts:
 Improvement in institutional framework conditions for the water sector
 2 of 3 newly funded Water and Sewerage Companies enabled to meet their operation and
maintenance costs, supported WSP in Nyeri prototype of effectiveness
 Stakeholders accepted and participated actively within the reform process
 Water Kiosks solution introduced: estimated 2.5 % of income/per month for water instead of
15 % for illegal resources (500.000 persons reached)
 Support to a national Catchment Management Strategy