2,000 proteins present in hiv virus

2,000 proteins present in HIV
virus
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History & Evolution
 AIDS stands for: Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome
 HIV stands for: Human
immunodeficiency virus
 AIDS is a disease of the human
immune system caused by the HIV.
 World AIDS Day observed on 1
December every year.

 The earliest fully documented case of HIV dates
back to 1959. A Congolese man's blood sample
from a medical study was preserved, found, and
then analyzed in 1998. It was verified that he had
been HIV+.Several naysayers have claimed that
the disease originated from the use of African
green monkey kidneys to cultivate poliovirus in
the late 1950's and early 1960's.The first
recorded cases in the U.S. occurred in New York
City in 1952, 1959, and 1979.The first reported
cases were those in the June 5, 1981.
 HIV infection existed at low levels for a long
period of time in small tribal communities in
Africa. Extensive use of blood transfusions for
the treatment of Malaria and the frequent use
and reuse of hypodermics for everything from
immunizations and antibiotics to vitamin
injections would contribute to spreading of HIV.

1980’s timeline of AIDS
 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
reported first official reporting of AIDS epidemic.
 In December 10, 1982 reports mentioned 23
cases of immunodeficiency and opportunistic
infections in infants.
 The causative agent for AIDS was identified as
‘Retrovirus’
 In the 1980’s only some organizations identified
that by “avoiding injection drug use and reducing
needle-sharing “should also be effective in
preventing transmission of the virus.”
 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
license the first commercial blood test- ELISA - to
detect antibodies to HIV in the blood.

 FDA approved first medication named zidovudine
(AZT) for pediatric AIDS and even it licenses a
10-minute diagnostic test kit which can be used
by health professionals to detect the presence of
HIV-1.
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) published guidelines for preventing
transmission of human immunodeficiency virus
through transplantation of human tissue and
organs.
 Important public health service recommended
that pregnant women be given the antiretroviral
drug AZT to reduce the risk of perinatal
transmission of HIV.
 In 1990’s 500,000 cases of AIDS have been
reported in the U.S.

 FDA approved the first rapid HIV
diagnostic test kit for use in the United
States that provides results with 99.6
percent accuracy in as little as 20
minutes
 Many government authorities started
taking precautionary methods like
producing new vaccines to AIDS, new
type of test kits, precautionary
measurements to other diseases
which can lead to AIDS.

Spreading HIV
 According researchers opinion HIV
evolved at some point from the closely
related Simian immunodeficiency virus
(SIV), and that SIV or HIV (post
mutation) was transferred from non-
human primates.
 HIV-1 virus can be transferred from
chimpanzees and gorillas to humans
 HIV-2 virus can be from sooty
mangabeys to humans

 In most non-human primate species, natural SIV
infection does not cause a fatal disease. Comparison of
the gene sequence of SIV with HIV should therefore
give us information about the factors necessary to
cause disease in humans. The factors that determine
the virulence of HIV as compared to most SIVs are only
now being elucidated. Non-human SIVs contain a nef
gene that down-regulates CD3, CD4, and MHC class I
expression; most non-human SIVs therefore do not
induce immunodeficiency; the HIV-1 nef gene however
has lost its ability to down-regulate CD3, which results
in the immune activation and apoptosis that is
characteristic of chronic HIV infection.
 In addition, a long term survey of chimpanzees naturally
infected with SIVcpz in Gombe, Tanzania, found that,
contrary to the previous paradigm, chimpanzees with
SIVcpz infection do experience an increased mortality,
and also suffer from a Human AIDS-like illness.SIV
pathogenicity in wild animals could exist in other
chimpanzee subspecies and other primate species as
well, and stay unrecognized by lack of relevant long
term studies.

HIV Structure
 HIV is different in structure from other
retroviruses. It is roughly spherical with a
diameter of about 120 nm, around 60 times
smaller than a red blood cell, yet large for a
virus.
 It is composed of two copies of positive
single-stranded RNA that codes for the virus's
nine genes enclosed by a conical capsid
composed of 2,000 copies of the viral protein
p24.
 The initial period following the contraction of
HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute
retroviral syndrome.

HIV Structure

HIV transformation to AIDS
process
 HIV destroys CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, which
are white blood cells crucial to maintaining the
function of the human immune system. As HIV
attacks these cells, the person infected with the
virus is less equipped to fight off infection and
disease, ultimately resulting in the development
of AIDS.
 Most people who are infected with HIV can carry
the virus for years before developing any serious
symptoms. But over time, HIV levels increase in
the blood while the number of CD4+ T cells
decline. Antiretroviral medicines can help reduce
the amount of virus in the body, preserve CD4+ T
cells and dramatically slow the destruction of the
immune system.

Causes of HIV infection
 HIV can be transmitted through following
ways
 Unprotected sex
 Blood transfusion from HIV infected person to
healthy person
 Sharing of contaminated needles used for
injectable drugs
 Sharing infected needles for tattoos and body
piercing
 Oral sex
 From HIV infected mother to her child during
pregnancy, child birth or breast feeding

Symptoms
 Fever
 Fatigue
 Achy muscles
 Joint pain
 Swollen lymph nodes
 Sore throat
 Headache
 Large tender lymph nodes
 Skin Rashes
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Diarrhea
 Weight loss
 Dry cough
 Pneumonia
 Night sweats
 Sores of the mouth and genitals

Precautions/preventions
To reduce risk of spreading HIV
infection following steps should be
followed
 Regular checkup and tests for HIV
 Practice abstinence
 Remain faithful to your spouse or
partner
 Consistently use male latex or female
polyurethane condoms
 Do not share needles www.worldofchemicals.com

Tests & Diagnosis
 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) and the Western blots are
major tests conducted for HIV.
 HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory
testing and then staged based on the
presence of certain signs or
symptoms.
 Treatment consists of high active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART) which
slows progression of the disease.

Drug classes which are used for
HIV treatment are
 Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors (NRTIs)
 Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
 Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
 Fusion Inhibitors
 Entry Inhibitors - CCR5 co-receptor
antagonist
 HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors

Thank You
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2,000 proteins present in hiv virus

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