This document provides an overview of four ARM architecture families: ARM7, ARM9, ARM10, and ARM11. It describes the key features and performance improvements of each family over previous generations. The ARM9 introduced a 5-stage pipeline compared to ARM7's 3-stage pipeline, improving clock speed. ARM10 added a branch predictor and separate load/store unit. ARM11 supported SIMD instructions and reduced cache aliasing problems. Each new family optimized the pipeline design and added capabilities to enhance performance and efficiency.

1. AN OVERVIEW OF ARM FAMILIES

2.  ARM7TDMI
 ARM9TDMI
 ARM10
 ARM11
ARM ARCHITECTURE FAMILIES

4.  ARM's architecture is compatible with all four major
platform operating systems: Symbian OS, Palm OS,
Windows CE, and Linux.
 ARM is the industry standard embedded microprocessor
architecture, and is a leader in low-power high
performance cores
 The ARM7 and ARM9 families have contributed to ARM's
success. Each core family has several "children" that
incorporate many different value-added features and
combinations. Essentially, there are four main families
available now for license: ARM7, ARM9 ARM10,ARM 11
Some words about ARM

6. ARM 7
• The ARM7 family features hardened and synthesizable macrocells
with variants that incorporate Cache
• with either a memory protection unit (MPU) or memory
management unit (MMU).
• Other features include real-time debug (RTD) and real-time trace
(RTT) technology.

7. ARM 9The ARM9 family consists of hardened macrocells with variants also
including cache with an MPU
or MMU, as well as the RTD and the RTT.
Although the ARM9E-S family was released under a different architecture
version, ARMv5TE, the fundamental design of the core is based on the
ARM9TDMI family.
The "E" identifies that the family is a DSP-enhanced architecture and the
"S"
identifies that the family is synthesizable.

8.  Decreased heat production and lower overheating risk.
 Clock frequency improvements. Shifting from a three-stage
pipeline to a five-stage one lets the clock speed be
approximately doubled, on the same silicon fabrication
process.
 Cycle count improvements. Many unmodified ARM7 binaries
were measured as taking about 30% fewer cycles to execute
on ARM9 cores. Key improvements include:
 Faster loads and stores; many instructions now cost just one
cycle. This is helped by both the modified Harvard architecture
(reducing bus and cache contention) and the new pipeline
stages.
 Exposing pipeline interlocks, enabling compiler optimizations to
reduce blockage between stages.
Difference from ARM7

9. Comparison of the ARM7TDMI
with the ARM9TDMI families
(1) Pipeline Comparison
To increase performance, the pipeline of the ARM9TDMI core was re-
engineered from the threestagE
system used by the ARM7TDMI family to five stages.
Operations previously performed in the execute stage of ARM7 are spread
across four stages in the
ARM9 pipeline: decode, execute, memory, and write. The reorganization
and removal of these
critical paths resulted in a much higher clock frequency.

11. Another performance improvement is the reduced cycles per instruction
rating of the processor. This
is due to improved load and store instruction cycle counts. Single load
and store instructions are now
single-cycle operations. This is an enhancement over the ARM7 operation,
which used the execute
stage three times:
1)first, to calculate the address;
2)second, to access the memory and cache; and
3)third, to
write the data to the register bank. On ARM9, each step has a separate
pipeline stage requiring only
one cycle, avoiding pipeline stalls.

12. The Harvard bus architecture creates separate instruction and data
memory interfaces, enabling
simultaneous access to instructions and data.
The ARM9TDMI represents a new family of CPU technology. The
enhancements made to this core
family doubles the performance of the ARM7TDMI family.
The ARM7TDMI family is popular with applications where small die size,
high performance, and
low power consumption help reduce system costs, especially when the
system does not require cache.
The ARM9TDMI family are used for high performance applications that
previously could not be
implemented at the same cost

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14. ARM10ARM10E implements:
• Harvard 6-stage pipeline
• Supports v5TE instruction set
• Embedded ICE RTII debug logic
• Fully compatible with v4T architecture
• 390-700 MIPS integer performance based on Dhrystone 2.1
• Branch prediction:
• Eliminates 70% of branches on typical code sequences
• Separate load/store unit:
• 64-bit path to register bank - load two registers simultaneously
• Hit-under-miss caches:
• Significantly reduces pipe-line stalls
• Write buffer:
Holds up to 8 double-words (16 register values)
• New energy saving power down modes

15. The pipeline was widened to add an
additional stage, and improvements were made to the EmbeddedICE logic
to provide support for realtime
debug. All the while, compatibility was maintained with ARMv5TE and v4T
for ease of code
migration.
Performance enhancements include the introduction of branch prediction,
hit-under-miss support in
the MMU and cache architecture, an improved write buffer that holds up to
eight double-words, and a
separate load and store unit.
These features improve code performance by lowering the average
number of cycles per instruction of the processor, and also help when code
is heavily dependent on
cache operations.

16. • It also supports an optional vector floating
point(VFP) unit. The VFp significantly increases
floating point performance.
• VFP (Vector Floating Point) technology is
an FPU (Floating-Point Unit) coprocessor extension to
the ARM architecture
• It provides low-cost single-precision and double-
precision floating-point computation
• VFP provides floating-point computation suitable for
a wide spectrum of applications such as PDAs,
smartphones, voice compression and decompression,
three-dimensional graphics and digital audio, printers,
set-top boxes, and automotive applications.
• The VFP architecture was intended to support
execution of short "vector mode" instructions but
these operated on each vector element sequentially
VFP UNIT

17. ARM11
• ARM is designed for high performance and power efficient appliations.
• ARM1136J-S was the first processor implementation to execute
architecture ARMv6 Instructions
• Incorporates an 8 stage pipeline with separate load store and
arithmetic pipelines

18. DIFFERENCE FROM ARM 9
• SIMD instructions which can double MPEG-4 and
audio digital signal processing algorithm speed
• Cache is physically addressed, solving many cache
aliasing problems and reducing context switch
overhead.
• Unaligned and mixed-endian data access is supported.
• Reduced heat production and lower overheating risk
• Redesigned pipeline, supporting faster clock speeds
(target up to 1 GHz)
• Longer: 8 (vs 5) stages
• Out-of-order completion for some operations (e.g.
stores)
• Dynamic branch prediction/folding (like XScale)
• Cache misses don't block execution of non-
dependent instructions.
• Load/store parallelism ALU parallelism