Tree Ear Research Paper

Tree Ear Research Paper
All orphans become abandoned or alone at a young age, and this is no exception for Tree–ear from
A Single Shard and Izidor Ruckel a real Romanian orphan. The two orphans are the same in many
aspects while very different in others. Tree–ear's parents died from a fever while he was at a young
age, but Ruckel's parents completely abandoned him while he was at the hospital sick with polio.
While both are orphans they have key differences and similarities.
A difference between the two orphans would be there caregivers. Tree–ear and Ruckel both had
caregivers, but Tree–ear only had one while Ruckel had a surrogate mother, the orphanage, and his
adoptive mother. Tree–ear's caregiver is Crane–man, who is an old caring man with not much to live
off of who offered to care for Tree–ear after his parent's death. In contrast Ruckel was put into an
orphanage at the age of three. Where his surrogate mother met him, and took care of him until the
age of five or six where she then accidentally became electrocuted trying to heat bath water for the
children under her care. After six or five more years in the orphanage where beatings, neglect and
boredom were common, Ruckel gets adopted by an American family and moved to San Diego.
While ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tree–ear's parents past away; while, Ruckel's parents abandoned him. This can change the path of
any child's life whether it's living without a father figure to not having a mother to love and care for
you or both. While Crane–man does care for Tree–ear he can't have the same level of compassion or
care that real parents have. On the other hand, Ruckel doesn't get another father figure and mother
until the age of eleven, so he has been living his life without either for all those years. This can have
a big effect on a child, living without parents to teach Ruckel wrong from right caused him and
other orphans in Romania to develop mental and emotional
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Speech On Abandoned Children
There are many reasons for the large number of abandoned children in India. The children can be
unwanted (mostly girls), illegitimate or orphans due to diseases. The children have to be taken care
of one way or the other. Orphan children are the deprived and the isolated population deserving
special attention to become healthy and responsible children, physically fit, mentally alert and
morally healthy endowed with the skills and the motivation needed by society. UNICEF and global
partners define an orphan as a child who has lost one or both parents. An estimated 31 million
children in India, aged 0–17 years, are orphaned and abandoned according to the most recent
statistics from UNICEF.
Proper family environment plays an important role in the life of children. Nobody can deny the
important role of parents in developing balanced and harmonious development of personality. But
unfortunately cruel fortune deprives some children of the sympathetic affectionate parental care.
These children are known as orphaned children. An orphan is a child permanently bereaved of his or
her parents. In common usages, an orphan does not have any surviving parent to care for him or her.
Because of parental deprivation some children are reared in destitute homes and in orphanages. This
group of children is termed as institutionalised orphan children. These ... Show more content on
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Not only this being 6.8% of the total child population according to estimate in 2010 they somewhere
impact the future of the country. Though presently there are many problems in the country to pay
heed to, this section of children have major chances of turning into handicapped citizens of the
country. It is not mainly their physical and outward problems but their psychological grooming that
put them at risk. However my area of study would include both their physical and psychological

The Lost Children in the Book Frankstein Essay
Millions of kids are orphaned and homeless across the nation. Many of them never see adulthood.
All too often they are abused, beaten, sold, put aside, or worse. So when an orphan has the strength
of 10 men, the size of an NBA center, and all the reason in the world to go after the person who
orphaned him/her, why wouldn't he/she? This nightmare of an orphan is the monster from
Frankenstein. And he documents many of the thoughts and psychological struggles of the millions
of orphans today. The monster struggles with any kind of social activity and ostracizes himself from
any and all human contact to avoid the pains he suffered from previous encounters. Orphans who
have been beaten and abused use this same mal–adaptive coping mechanism to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the monster is abandoned by Victor, he is hurt and wondering why nobody can stand the sight
of him. He, like every other living person on this planet, needs to have some sort of relationship
with another human–being. This is a very troubling form of abuse that is very commonly known as
neglect. Every person needs to have human contact, and when they are deprived of that necessity, it
causes permanent brain damage and can even be fatal. In the monster's case, it could even be argued
that neglect is the reason he turned murderous. Although neglect is the major reason that orphans are
disadvantaged, stigmatisms only add to the difficulties. In most places around the world, orphans are
seen only as troublemakers and hopeless members of society who are susceptible to manipulation.
The monster is seen by everyone he crosses to be a dangerous and scary thing and thus no one is
willing to help him or get to know him. If one single person had made the decision to go out of their
way to help the monster, so many awful things could have been avoided. With the situation in many
poor countries, orphans are avoided or abused in much the same way. People cross by them every
day and never give a care for them. In the monster's case, he runs away from all contact with the
exception of Victor, but these kids do whatever they can to be accepted. Child abuse and orphaned
children are extreme problems in today's society.

The Orphan Archetype In Harry Potter
The Orphan Archetype is comprised of people that have to grow up without the love and support of
parental figures. Orphan's are vulnerable, inexperienced, helpless and isolated from the rest of
society and these traits have remained the same over time. The lack of real family often leads to
orphan's creating their own families out of close companions and mentors in order to feel like they
belong somewhere. For example, Harry Potter had a support system at Hogwarts that always looked
out for him, "Harry Potter[12] not only has adult mentors (Hagrid and Dumbledore), but his two
best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger serve as mentor figures as well throughout the
course of the series, giving him continual advice, encouragement, and support"(Carter

Thesis About Street Children
I. Introduction
Everyone deserves to have a home that they can live, a sufficient food and things that makes them
contented although other are not comfortable to their life. Street children are those who are seen in
the street and under the bridges. Orphanage is one of the best places for the street children to live. In
this institution they will guided and they will take care by the officials. Some parents are not
responsible to handle such things because of the way they live. Because of the poverty a lot of
parents are force to abandon their children. And the children are needed to work for their daily
needs.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
We can see a lot of children sleeping in the street. We have many orphanages here in the Philippines
but the majority of this is occupied of street children. Due to the poverty and parent's lack of interest
in taking good care of their children many are seen by the roads, under the bridges and those
chasing cars to ask for alms. Some are out of school others are driven in pushing and using drugs.
These reasons are some of the causes why some children are involved with gambling and robbery.
Early pregnancy is also one of the reasons why street children are mounting. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This orphanage is located at Nangkaan Poblacion San Pascual, Batangas and has a lot area of 525
square meters. It can maximize 50 orphan or street children. It has eleven rooms and two toilet and
bath. The area of administrative office, clinic, two classrooms and two bedrooms are 8x6 square
meter. And also the area of playground and dining hall is 8x8 square meter. The area of the library is
8x7 square meter, 8x5 is the area of the three bedrooms and the area of two toilet and bath is 8x3
square meter. In the first floor you can see the administrative office, clinic, playground and library.
In the second floor is the classroom, dining hall and toilet and bath. In the third floor is the bedroom

A Short Story Of The Princess Karina
It was a bright day and everyone was happy especially the princess Karina. She was in the field
picking flowers and playing with the orphaned children. Then a soldier for the royal guard came to
get Karina. On the way to the palace the soldier told Karina that her mother was very sick and this
could possibly be the last time she sees her. And so she went to go see her mother. As her mother
laid there she thought to herself what would life be like without her she has been there all my life
she is the person who gave me my life. As she entered the room her mother said "Come here my
child." "Yes Mother," Karina said. "Now child when I am gone that shouldn't change who you are
don't let this affect you so much that you completely change as a person you stay the same bold,
courageous, and kind hearted person that I know." "Can you do that for me?" Karina hesitated
before she answered her mother she said, "I make no promises but I will try my best to make your
wish come true." After that she laid with her mother as long as she possibly could." The next day the
doctor came and told Karina that it was time to let go. So Karina kissed her mother's forehead and
fled the room with tear falling down her face. She left the palace and went to her special place to get
away from the world it was a little house deep into the forest. A month after her mother's death she
did exactly what she promised her mother and was bold and is still playing with the orphaned
children but the death of her

Future of Respiratory Therapy Essay
Future of Respiratory Therapy
By entering the field of respiratory therapy, one is entering a growing field of opportunity. There are
continually emergent job opportunities in this field whereas there is also a rise of growth in the
technology and developments in the field such as medicines, techniques, and other aspects.
Respiratory therapy refers to both a subject area within clinical medicine and to a distinct health
care profession. During the 20th century, there were many health care fundamental transformations.
Here are 10 possible predictions of what may occur in the future of respiratory care: (1) Less focus
on raising PaO2 as a primary goal in managing patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.
(2) More ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Respiratory therapy is a growing field, driven by the aging population and rise in respiratory
ailments and cardiopulmic diseases. Statistics say our population is aging, so not only will
respiratory therapists always have work, but also advancement placement opportunities as the baby
boomers began to retire and become patients. Respiratory therapists will be in demand for a long
time, and it is Obvious what happens to wages when demand exceeds supply. In 2000, respiratory
therapists were making approximately $38,000 – in 2001, of nearly 83,000 respiratory therapists
employed, half of them earned over $48,000. It is expected that within the next ten years the
respiratory field will grow not just as fast, but at a rate of twice as fast as the average growth of most
occupations. By 2010, the Bureau of Labor Services statistics predicts the demand of respiratory
therapists to increase by one third. Judging by most graduates of the program one will be able to
choose from multiple job offers with sign–on bonuses and will have a starting salary of $42,000.00
or higher.
In a move to transform the nation's medical research capabilities and speed the movement of
research discoveries from the bench to the bedside, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has laid
out a series of far–reaching initiatives known

Empty Hands Summary
Empty Hands is the memoir of Sister Abegail Ntleko, and it is a great story of how hard work and
determination can help anyone make their dreams come true no matter the difficulty. Ntleko had a
rather humble beginning. She grew up without much money in a community where education for
young girls was not common or deemed necessary. Young girls were raised caring for the household
and were expected to be married off at a young age to do the exact same thing for the rest of their
lives. Her father had the same mindset, and it took years and a meeting with the community chief
for him to allow her to enter the first grade at age 14. Because Ntleko's mother was no longer with
her, members of the village would often visit her and help her with things she needed. Mrs.
Mckechnie was one of them who made a lasting impact on Abegail. She encouraged her to get
education, and that is what she went on to do. After elementary school, she could no longer afford
the requirements, so she ran away to work for a family, and it wasn't until she had enough money
saved up to afford schooling that she returned home. With the help of Mrs. Mckechnie, she was able
to complete high school and even nursing school. After becoming a certified nurse, Ntleko was
bringing in steady income and began adopting children in need. She also began acquiring different
certifications such as psychology and ophthalmology that would later help her be of service to
various different communities. Her first community

Boleking And Poverty In India
India is home to over 1.2 billion people with 4 percent of the population being orphans.
India is overloaded with orphans and statistics show that the problem is not going to be getting any
better anytime soon. There are many factors that contribute to the reasoning behind the amount of
orphans, like poverty and some kids being forced into sex trafficking and prostitution.
There are over 20 million orphans in in India because the country is very poor, some families simply
can't support a child so they abandoned them, and some children are unfortunately forced into sex
trafficking. There are many reasons that India alone has 20 million orphans in their country but by
far the most dominant factor is poverty. Around 67 percent of India's population lives below the
poverty line (10 Facts about Poverty in India). Parents simply cannot afford to provide for
themselves or for their children. Many children lack basic life necessities like nutrition, shelter, and
care from their parents, not because their parents don't love them, but because most of the time
parents cannot afford anything. (5 terrible causes of the Orphan Crisis). 46 percent of children under
the age of 5 are malnourished. 31 percent of infants are born with low birth–weight. All children in
India are underweight by 18 percent or more (Facts on Children in India). Theses truly statistics
show how badly the country is suffering, and even worse how the children are suffering. Although
in some rare cases parents

The Corruption Of Society : Social Problems, And Social...
The population on earth is approximately at 7.6 billion people, which means there is 7.6 billion
problems, or more. The most common problem on earth is social issues, which means not everyone
is equal to each other, not everyone is financially stable, and not everyone is as happy as others.
English Writers Swift and Blake Williams wrote poems based on social issues during their time,
which is relevant to the social issues seen today. Writers Swift and Blake Williams notice the issues
of poverty, orphaned children, child labor, and political corruption that need to be resolved. To begin
with, Swift writes poems about the poverty that people are going through in his lifetime. He notices
how many lower class families are struggling to survive and to feed their small children. In the
northern side, the industrial business is booming which leads to an enormous number of families
starting to migrate to the northern side. Although, though industrial jobs are good jobs, they did not
pay workers enough to have their necessities. Swift observes lower class families have a rough life,
Swift states "The whole number of infants at a certain age who are born of parents in effect are little
able to support them" (line 14). Many parents take any job as employee for the industrial business
because they have to survive and feed their families. Even though it was little pay but they had to do
it. Due to the large numbers of families moving into the cities, Swift states, "The landlords would

Essay On The Orphan Train
The Orphan Train was written by Christina Baker Kline. The story highlights orphaned children
living in New York's streets that were sent to other states via train for family placement. However,
the children during this time were more looked up as free labor. The Orphan Trains started in the
1850's. This story highlights the 1920's and how the Children's Aid Society provided aid for
orphaned children, which was ever–present as an estimated 30,000 children were homeless in New
York city in the 1850's (Childrensaidsociety.org, n.d.). Molly Ayer and Vivian Daly are the main
characters in the book. Molly, a seventeen–year–old girl, is living with foster parents after her father
died, and mother turned to drugs and deemed unfit to care for Molly. Vivian is 91 years old. As the
story progresses, Vivian tells her life story as an orphaned child in 1929 after she and her family
moved to Ellis Island, New York from Ireland. Vivian was a product from the Orphan Train era, but
managed to live a successful life. The importance of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In California, they are classified under Welfare & Institutions Code 300. Children that are
"orphaned" in similar circumstances that Vivian went through would immediately end up with
family as the first option as part of the court hearings. The majority of kids removed from their
living parents get the same opportunity to be housed with family members before going to a foster
family or adopted. Orphanages are a rare, and classified now as group homes. Group homes are for
children that are at times deemed unfit to be placed with foster families primarily because of their
lack of want for school, and have criminal history. Molly had a social worker or case worker
assigned to her from the county, which is normal for protected children. Kids nowadays are afforced
proper education, clothing, and necessities and not forced into labor as Vivian's era

The Orphan Trains : Feeling Small
The Orphan Trains: Feeling Small
Traveling up to 60 miles per hour in a chain of iron boxes weighing several hundred tons altogether
can make you feel quite small; and even smaller if you didn't have any control of the destination. It
was a tight fit in each train car due to the thirty to forty other orphans packed in together with two to
three adults. There was a strain on all orphans involved in this program. The orphan trains were a
bitterly imperative movement put in place to disperse the population, as well as put "future
criminals" in what was supposed to be loving homes. (Web)
The orphan trains started in the United States by the government's authority to create more living
space for the citizens. Between 1841 and 1860, America permitted 4.3 million newcomers, a large
portion of which were immigrants migrating to the United States. There was an average of ten
people per room in the houses of the port cities. As a result, the port cities became overpopulated
causing work to be harder to find and labor to be cheaper.
The transportation methods seemed like methods used to transport cattle, but the placement of many
children turned out for the better. Before they were made to relocate, many orphans lived in the
streets or temporary shelters. Due to this program referred to as the "placing–out" program many
were placed in homes generally to work for a place to stay. The orphan trains were a necessity at the
time, though it could have been implemented better the

John Keith Atkinson's Life aa a Child Laborour Essay
John Keith Atkinson was the son of former agricultural labourers James and Mary Atkinson. They
moved to Holmeside to work in Outcote Mill when their agricultural employer's farm was sold by
the landowner to another landowner to make his holdings bigger and more profitable. With their
jobs gone and their tied home lost, they followed other migrants into the town. John was an infant
when they moved. In Holmeside the Atkinson family, including five children, lived in the fusty
cellar of an already crowded house that gave rude shelter to four families besides them. Two
families occupied two upstairs bedrooms, and another two lived in a single ground floor room. The
parents of all five families and the older children worked at Staithes' mill. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There, children learned through beatings, deprivation, and fear to yield to their keeper. Keepers
tormented their minds, abused their bodies, and determined every other aspect of their existence.
Like most pauper children, John grew morose and sullen. He lacked the spontaneity of normal
children, and lived in permanent dread that another tragedy might crush him. He remembered the
day he and sixty other children were ordered to make paper parcels of their belongings. Brown
paper and string were provided. With their bundles, they were packed like sardines into the back of
two horse drawn caravans and trundled over rough roads for a week before arriving at Outcote Mill.
They were bruised and in pain from their confinement, having had no room to stretch their limbs
during the journey. Jumping down from the carts at journey's end sent shafts of pain through them.
From the moment he arrived in the care of Reynold Walkden Staithes, young Atkinson was nothing
but a factory apprentice, one of many whose individuality and needs were disregarded. This was his
introduction to the apprentice system that was purportedly governed by humane regulations. The
provisions of the law not being applied, the result was that appalling cruelties were routinely visited
upon apprentice children. Manufacturing industries got into their stride as the seventeenth century

Orphan Drug Design Case Study
26 June, 2016 Dr. Ashley Dunn, M.D., Director Office of Special Medical Programs Attn:
Document Control Room 5901–B Ammendale Road Beltsville, MD 20705–1266 Re: Request for
Orphan Drug Designation. Dear Dr. Dunn: In accordance with 21 CFR 316.3 (b) (10), Janus Pharma
is submitting a request for Orphan Drug Designation for STRENSIQ for the indication Juvenile
Onset Hypophosphatasia. Please find one original, one hard copy and one electronic version of the
same document for your convenience. Thank you for your time and efforts. Any questions
concerning this submission can be addressed to me at the following address 2 Huntington Ave,
Boston, MA,02215 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NSAIDS Non–steroidal anti–inflammatory Drugs 8. ODD Orphan Drug Designation 9. PPi
Inorganic Pyrophosphate 10. SC Subcutaneous 11. TNSALP Tissue Non–Specific Alkaline
Phosphatase 1 STATEMENT OF REQUEST FOR ORPHAN DRUG DESIGNATION Janus Pharma
requests that Alfatose Alfa (STRENSIQ) be granted an Orphan Drug Designation for use in the
treatment of patients with Juvenile Onset Hypophosphatasia There are fewer than 200,000 Juvenile
Onset Hypophosphatasia patients in the United States.based on current census data, and on
prevalence data in the United States derived from modern screening techniques, there are estimated
to be fewer than 2,000 patients in the United States with confirmed cases of Juvenile Onset
Hypophosphatasia. We at Janus Pharma believe that since STRENSIQ meets all the criteria for
Orphan Drug indication, it should be granted the esteemed designation. Kunal Rode MD Janus
Pharma 2 SPONSOR AND PRODUCT INFORMATION 2.1 Sponsor's Name and Address Janus
Pharma, 2 Huntington Ave, Boston,

Plot Summary: The Great Depression
Setting: Takes place in an orphanage of the streets of Chicago 1932 (The Great Depression)
Characters:
Mrs. Fennis– The owner of the orphan
Kendra– The caretaker of the orphans
Patrick– One of the orphans
Sophie– One of the orphans
(The first scene takes place in their shared, very old room in the orphanage. A bunk bed is on stage
left with one dresser on stage right and a small wooden desk to the right of the dresser. Both Patrick
and Sophie are laying in bed.)
Patrick: (Towards Sophie in a sad and troubled matter) Will we ever have a normal holiday? One
filled of laughs and joy, the fire going in the family room bringing warmth and comfort. All awhile a
feast is being made to tingle our taste buds. Oh! And of course don't forget! One with the biggest ...
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Patrick: That's it we will make a bet If no one comes around this holiday I will do half of your
chores everyday until summer!
Sophie: (yelling) Deal! I can't wait to see...
Kendra: (knocks and opens the door slowly) You two better keep it down before Mrs. Fennis hears
you. I don't want to see my little squirrels fall off a tree again, if you know what I mean. I have
some extra bread I found stored in the cupboard for you two.
Sophie: Oh thank you kendra! We are starving, as you know! We will keep it down.
Patrick: Yeah! You are the best!
Kendra: (Speaking very softly) I wish I could feed you more, Mrs. Fennis has her strict policies
though. Tomorrow I'll try and fish up some cold milk and fruit. Im sure you are sick of those
potatoes!
Patrick: You could say that again! This whole week has been potatoes, potatoes, potatoes! Thank
you!

Kendra: It's best you go to sleep now, as early as you have to get up. Dream of candy land and
adventures!
Sophie: Yes you're right! I'm on trash duty! Good night Patrick and Kendra!
Patrick: Good night!
Kendra: (Shuts lights off and closes door

Essay on Respiratory Therapy
Future of Respiratory Therapy
By entering the field of respiratory therapy, one is entering a growing field of opportunity. There are
continually emergent job opportunities in this field whereas there is also a rise of growth in the
technology and developments in the field such as medicines, techniques, and other aspects.
Respiratory therapy refers to both a subject area within clinical medicine and to a distinct health
care profession. During the 20th century, there were many health care fundamental transformations.
Here are 10 possible predictions of what may occur in the future of respiratory care: (1) Less focus
on raising PaO2 as a primary goal in managing patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.
(2) More attention to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The future of careers of respiratory therapists is also on the rise. Regardless of which level of
education or credentialing one may choose there will be many opportunities within this field of
study. The profession has grown quickly since its inception in the 1940s and demand for respiratory
therapists in continually on the rise. Coupled with the ever–increasing number of lung disorders
being diagnosed, those demands ensure that individuals who enter the profession will enjoy good
career opportunities.
Respiratory therapy is a growing field, driven by the aging population and rise in respiratory
ailments and cardiopulmic diseases. Statistics say our population is aging, so not only will
respiratory therapists always have work, but also advancement placement opportunities as the baby
boomers began to retire and become patients. Respiratory therapists will be in demand for a long
time, and it is Obvious what happens to wages when demand exceeds supply. In 2000, respiratory
therapists were making approximately $38,000 – in 2001, of nearly 83,000 respiratory therapists
employed, half of them earned over $48,000. It is expected that within the next ten years the
respiratory field will grow not just as fast, but at a rate of twice as fast as the average growth of most
occupations. By 2010, the Bureau of Labor Services statistics predicts the demand of respiratory
therapists to increase by one third. Judging by most graduates of the

Why Usa Based Abc Company
Considering that USA based ABC Company is planning to conduct clinical trials in ICH concern
countries by following the ICH and USFDA guideline. The FDA encourages communicating with
them before conducting clinical trial for the rare disease and follow ICH E5 guidance to provide
references for regulatory and development strategies to authorize clinical data gathered in one
region to be used for the evidence of product registrations in another region following the effect of
ethnic factors (FDA, 1998).The regulatory attentions for planning a multinational pivotal phase III
clinical trial for drug used for rare disease (Orphan drug by the FDA) which is touching less than
200,000 US population comprise the subjects enrolled in the clinical trials, clinical trial
investigators, regulatory agencies, institutional review boards (IRB), and ethics committees,
recommending physicians, formularies, and insurance companies. Phase III pivotal study should
base on clinical trial designed and performed to acquire statistically important proof of efficacy and
safety required by the USFDA for NDA approval. It should include examination with the goal to
include statements into the label as well as postmarketing surveillance commitments. The Orphan
Drug Act of 1983 gives intensive as well as flexibility of using a single study and subsidiary
evidence, for example multiple event measures and extrapolation studies to the ABC Company
(Praiser, 2014).
As per the CFR, title 21, section 314.126,

Jane Eyre As An Orphan Essay
In the Victorian literture, the orphans were described as poor children without a way to create a life
full of success for themselves. Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, instead, is a portrayal of an orphan
female who win almost everything she wants. Therefore, Jane has the ability to overcomes all the
hardships that she got in her life.
Jane became an orphan after her father death, a poor man, got typhus fever, while he was visiting
the poorest people of a large manufacturing town. Jane's mother got the virus from him and they
will both die with a month distance from each other. Because Jane is still a child when this thing
happens, she ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reed take the decision to send her away. She must live alone, without no parents, with no parental
love, just with ocassional affection of Bessie. Altough Lowood, which is a charity school, offers for
Jane a place to escape from the abuse or Reeds family, but the living conditions are very poor. The
winter keeps the girls closed betweem the walls of the garden, the clothing isn't enough, often
results the frozen toes and fingers. However, for this time, Jane is capable to live and to comunicate
with the others

Orphan Drug Report
Orphan Drug Report
An orphan drug is a drug designed to treat a rare disease or condition. For a drug to qualify for
orphan status both the drug and disease or condition must meet certain criteria specified in the
Orphan Drug Act (ODA). This designation would qualify the sponsor of the drug for developmental
incentives which includes waiving of regulator fees, faster or simpler clinical trial and approval
process, tax credit or grants to offset research and development, and a period of marketing
exclusivity which means no competition for many years. it does not mean that the FDA is less strict
when it comes to safety and effectiveness. All of this is specified within the FDA's implementing
regulations at 21 CFR Part 316. It's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a great many side effects the most common include fear, increased cough, lack or loss of
strength, night sweats and throat irritations The primary means of dosage is through intravenous
injection and the strength depends on the condition it is being used for. These conditions include
non–Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Wegener's
Granulomatosus, Microscopic, Polyangiitis. The life threatening side effects of using Rituxan
include abnormal heart rhythm and liver damage.
Another example is Gleevec from Novartis Oncology this drug went on to have non–orphan
indications; it had sales of $2.4 billion in 2010. The brand name of the drug is Gleevec and the
generic name is Imatinib. This drug interferes with the growth of some cancer cells. Gleevec is used
to treat certain types of leukemia (blood cancer), bone marrow disorders, and skin cancer, or certain
tumors of the stomach and digestive system. The most common side effects include Acid or sour
stomach, belching, difficulty having a bowel movement (stool), difficulty with moving,
discouragement,excess air or gas in the stomach or intestines, fear or nervousness, feeling sad or
empty, feeling unusually cold, full or bloated feeling, increased bowel movements, irritability, lack
or loss of strength, loose stools, loss of interest or pleasure, muscle stiffness, night sweats, passing
gas,

A Review Of Christina Baker Kline's Orphan Train
I recently fell in love with the book, "Orphan Train," by Christina Baker Kline. The realistic fiction
masterpiece captures everything from average, relatable teenage angst, to the lives of immigrant
orphans that are sure to tug on your heartstrings. I'm a sucker for tragic tales, and love a bit of
humor here and there as well, and this book combines those with emotions I can't even describe. It's
no wonder why Orphan Train is an international bestseller! The title alone is intriguing,, let alone
the entire novel. To me, this is the perfect story, and I highly recommend reading it as soon as you
can. Orphan Train is based on a forgotten and underrated piece of America's history. From 1854 to
1929, a train ran through America helping orphaned

Thethical Differences Of Empirical Research And Ethical...
Ethics are the moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.
Empirical research designed to address ethical issues in medicine and biomedical research has
grown enormously over the past 15 years. However, the value of ethics–related empirical research,
which depends on the ethical significance of research questions and study results, has not received
the careful, critical attention it deserves. The article by Joffe and Weeks (1) in this issue of the
Journal highlights some of the challenges in the state–of–the–art of empirical research on ethical
issues in clinical research.
The authors orient their research and interpret their findings in terms of two ethically important and
related ideas: the differences between medical research and medical care and the therapeutic
misconception. The ethically significant differences between clinical trials and medical care
encompass the contrasting purposes of these activities, which are the topic of the authors' study; the
characteristic methods of clinical trials (e.g., randomization, double–blind conditions, use of
placebos, drug washouts, treatment by protocol); and the justification of risks (2,3). Accordingly, it
is valuable to understand the extent to which physician–investigators understand the important
differences in purpose between clinical trials, which are devoted to generating scientific knowledge
with the aim of improving treatment of future patients, and medical care, which is

Ethical Issues Surrounding The Orphan Drug Act
Another issue involving the Orphan Drug Act that has caused great conflict and controversy is the
market exclusivity it provides as an incentive. In 1989 Amgen's drug erythropoietin was approved
by the FDA to treat anemia. Amgen was given exclusive marketing rights for seven years and
erythropoietin became one of the most successful drugs in history. In these types of instances, the
issue is that these companies have essentially created a monopoly where they have complete
control. [6][7] Since there is no competition, companies have the opportunity to drive up the prices
forcing people to be left with the ultimatum of either paying high out of pocket prices or leaving
their condition untreated. The reduction in competition also severely limits the access to treatments
for patients with rare diseases. [6] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Originally, the drug was being sold for only $20 a dose but now because of it obtaining orphan drug
status, the price has increased to a staggering $1500 per dose. This price increase would cost woman
who are at high–risk for preterm birth $30,000 for treatment. [6][8] There are approximately
132,000 pregnancies that are eligible for this particular treatment, however, with costs being
anywhere from 75 to 100 times more expensive, many of these woman will be left untreated and as
a result there is the potential for a rise in preterm pregnancies.

Orphan Drug Act
The different acts within the industry:
Whilst there are many different acts inside the pharmaceutical industry, for the sake of this essay, I
have decided to talk about only the major acts involved. Soon different laws started being
formulated and enforced on drug development and distribution. The Import Drug act of 1848 was
issued to limit the number of entry of poor quality drugs from overseas into the country. In 1906
another act was issued, it was called the Food and Drug Act of 1906. However this act only came
into effect around 1930. The act stated that there should be clear labels of what the product is, on all
food and drug items[4]. After this act came the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938, this act
focused on labelling products ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These incentives can be:
– Protocol Assistance:
Protocol Assistance is an agency which supports the development of orphan drugs, by providing
scientific advices. This is very beneficial as it could mean obtaining answers that could help with
research.
Requesting for a sponsor can be done in the early stages of development before being submitted for
a market authorisation app. Another way is in the later stage of post authorisation phase [9]. The
agency could be available to them at a reduced fee. However this all depends on the status of the
sponsors [10].
– Fee Reductions:
These are financial support being shown. The European medicine Agency (EMA) has introduced a
10% fee reduction for the initial marketing authorisation inspection, before there was no reduction
involved. Another fee reduction being done is the pre authorisation inspection. However the benefits
don't stop there, for SME's, additional financial support is being given and these include; services of
all protocol assistance and the marketing authorisation inspections.

The Issue Of Orphan Drugs
Orphan drugs are drugs that treat rare diseases that are life–threatening, seriously debilitating, or
cause serious and chronic conditions that affects only a relatively small number of patients.
Rare or 'orphan ' diseases in Canada are those which affect less than 5 in 10, 000 people. About
6,000 to 8,000 rare diseases have been identified worldwide. Most (~80%) are genetic disorders and
the remainder are from either viral or bacterial infections or are caused by environmental factors.
orphan drugs A patient with a rare disease target for orphan drugs
Over half begin early in childhood and are degenerative and life–threatening. These diseases are
called 'orphans' because the number of people affected is so small that research on treatment would
not be profitable for the pharmaceutical industry. The cost of developing an orphan drug is the same
as for other pharmaceuticals. This is why incentives were developed to encourage vital and
necessary orphan drugs research.
Canada and Orphan Drugs Policy
Canada adopted an Orphan Drug policy on October 3, 2012. This made it the last developed country
to adopt an orphan drug policy. In July 2011 the orphan drug Soliris, now available through
restricted access, received funding from through the Pan–Canadian Pharmaceutical Alliance, which
negotiates drug prices for all provinces and territories in Canada.
Health Canada will launch a regulatory framework for orphan drugs soon.
The proposed framework has 6 key features:

Orphan Train Writing Style
When I first began reading Kline's novel, Orphan Train, I originally was not a fan of the book. In the
sections featuring Molly, I felt like Kline's writing style was poor and amateur. For example, Kline
includes numerous swear words in an attempt to make the dialogue more relatable; however, her
attempt falls flat and only increases the unnecessary amount of melodrama that exists in Molly's
world. I do not find it impressive or relatable when Molly swears at Dina or while around Jack. To
be clear, I do not have an issue with swearing, but I do have an issue with how swearing is only
included to emphasize how much Molly hates Dina and furthers the idea that Dina is a one–
dimensional antagonist. Dina is portrayed as essentially evil incarnate, she disregards Molly's
dietary choices, verbally abuses her husband and Molly, and has an insufferable personality. Dina
has no redeeming quality about her; Kline has failed to write a believable antagonist. Overall, I did
not enjoy the beginning of the novel.
Though I may dislike Kline's writing style and her portrayal of characters during the sections with
Molly, I enjoyed the sections with Vivian and all of her previous incarnations. Not only did Kline's
writing style significantly improve during these sections, but the majority of the characters had an
element of believability and humanity to them. Even Mr. Grote who attempts to rape Dorothy does
his best to provide for his family. I'm not trying to justify his actions, I'm just

Orphan Drug Act Research Paper
There have been 5,000 rare diseases that have been identified. The disease is considered rare in the
United States if less than 200,000 people have it. The pharmaceutical industry will not develop a
cure for the disease since it does not affect most of a population. For this reason, Congress passed
the Orphan Drug Act (ODA) in 1983.
Under the Ronald Reagan administration the Orphan Drug Act allows the federal government to
help out in the making of new drugs for these rare diseases. Incentives are given to the drug
manufacturer in order to intise them to find a cure or develop a drug that will help out. To find a
cure can become very expensive and time consuming for the drug companies. There are incentives
given to the drug manufacturers like grant funding, assistance in the drug development, seven–year
patent on the drug post–Food and Drug Administration approval, and so forth. In the end, the drug
company has the better end of the deal.
Some people do not fully understand what orphan drugs are. Orphan drugs are defined as drugs that
have not been developed yet because the need for that drug to be made is not in that of high demand
from the general public. Also, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More than 265 of the drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Out of these
265 drugs 209 of these drugs are for the use of rare diseases. The increase has been astonishing
taking into consideration from when the Orphan Drug Act was first passed there were only about 15
orphan drugs that were approved.
The Orphan Drug Act has come a long way and has helped many people maintain a long a
prosperous life. For those who have not been so fortunate many of us owe a great deal of thanks to
these people. If these people did not take the sacrifice many more people today would not be here if
it was not for the orphan drugs that were created for people with rare

What Makes Member Entry Into Associations?
If you know the requirements for getting in the associations, it will make your life much easier
through interacting, external environment, amount of resources, and demographics. The most
research question among the three questions that have an impact to me is what explains member
entry into associations. Entering any organizations, it's important to know the demographics, how
they operate outside of the environment, and. how much human resources is available for
employees. For example, I was volunteering last semester at the All Stars Project. I was called for
the interview, and I noticed that most of the people that work there are blacks, between ages 35 and
up. During the interview, they asked if I can hand out flyers outside and they replied and said this
cannot be done because I am a female. Throughout Newark, any organizations out there are affected
by the external environment. I think solidary benefits have an impact on how individuals interact in
the association. According to Powell (2006), the author states that members can join an association
in order to make friends with like–minded individuals (p.528). I don't see how this statement can be
reasonable; when I am thinking about it, it's just like going to a club. I think membership association
is a committed organization based on its mission and values.
Some of the factors that are discussed in the reading which explains how a person interacts
contributing to money for a charitable cause. Three of the factors are

Voluntourism In America
Voluntourism is a form of tourism, which travelers do voluntary work for a charity. Voluntourism,
which has become more popular in the recent past, started with good intentions of white westerners
spreading their knowledge and resources. Some forms of voluntourism have helped communities,
but not in orphanages. The good idea has transformed into a conscious clearing photo op that's
permanently affecting orphans and people in the international orphanage community. Voluntourism
is glamorizing orphanages making them appear better than lives at home, causing parents to
surrender their parental rights in order to give them a better life. The unthought of repercussions of
orphanage voluntourism is affecting orphans and orphanage culture permanently. ... Show more
To solve this issue, we need to protect the orphans. We need to stop letting orphanages be treated
like daycare, need better background checks and training for volunteers, and stop letting inhumane
behaviors happen in our orphanages. Orphanages need more funding, better trained volunteers and
better resources. Orphans have been through alot and are resilient, but we need to protect orphans
around the world, giving them the closest thing we can to their families. With good volunteers, we
can change these kids lives and get them into the lives they deserve. "Children are amazingly
resilient... we find that if we get them out of institutions and into loving families early on, they
recover their developmental delays and go on to lead normal happy lives.

Essay On Orphanage
Greatness found in an Orphanage My life before visiting an orphanage, I used to complain a single
trifle thing in my fate. I always had got or made sure to myself to be furnished everything that I
wanted to have among my list no matter what. If I couldn't have it, I was going upset and frustrated
easily. Besides, I used to look down on people whose standards are unlike me. Basically I was being
cocky and was lost for fulfilling my endless desires. Thinking about my past, I was the one who
making myself to miss a happiness and forget what is really important to me in my life. One day, I
had a chance to visit a nearby orphanage which was organized by my school. Firstly I had felt
boring as this trip would be an unexciting trip. Frankly, I had thought that the people there would
think or act same like me but they just don't have parents. After we had prepared and packed our
donation items, the bus started to drive. It took 1 hour to get reached and finally the orphanage
appeared. It was placed in a rural area. When I entered the orphanage, there were around sixty to
seventy children standing there looking at me as well as my friends marvelously, excitingly yet
hopefully with their limpid eyes. We had introduced ourselves one by one to them ... Show more
As expected, goodbye was always a hard time for everyone. The orphans were reluctant for we were
about to leave which was pathetic to me. I was worrying that these pure kids would feel empty later
and wait for people to come again. While I was thinking about this and becoming sad, the girl who
had been with me for today came to me and gave her bracelet. I was stunned. She said "This is a
bracelet I made, I hope you have this and remember me whenever you see it." I asked myself that
am I deserve to get this. After I took a bus and on the way back school, I couldn't forget her face and
her true heart remained steadily in my heart like her

Genzyme 's Focus On Orphan Drugs
Genzyme 's Focus on Orphan Drugs In this fast paced world that we live in now it is all but
impossible to expect any one to wait for anything these days. We through the innovative
technological ideas and inventions you can make anything with in minutes what use to take hours.
Everyone wants to be a Chief Executive Officer, (CEO) of a major corporation making millions and
billions of dollars over night. No one wants to think through how can they take a company that is
barley able to keep it's door open and it's employees paid to the next level. No one wants to sit down
and make up an strategic plan to move a company to the level of excellence to make the millions
and billions. Now a days no one has the gumption to go to the board of directors and say that I want
to put the whole company at risk for a few years but when we come out we will be at the next level,
and oh yeah if we fail the company most likely will not exist no more. Technological innovations
has it's cost and most CEO's are not willing to take the risk that are needed in the research and
development stages to stay the course to reach greatness in the technology industry. We find very
few companies that are willing to say either we make it or we go under trying to get there. Henri
Termeer did just that with Genzyme Corporation that had only been in existence for two years. Mr.
Termeer was willing to put the whole company at risk for a strategic plan that most people said that
it would not work. Mr. Termeer not

Relationship Between The Crc And The Optional Protocol
1. The relationship between the CRC and the Optional Protocol is supplemental, being that the CRC
is the binding/ruling international law on children's rights and the Optional Protocol expounds and
expands upon issues that the CRC did not address sufficiently. The Optional Protocol is a separate
convention that expands on three issues: armed conflict, sale of children, and communication. States
that choose to ratify the Optional Protocol, do so by the same methods as the CRC, thus superseding
the CRC provision on that issue. Under the CRC, article 28, age fifteen was the only age that could
be agreed upon for children to participate in armed conflict, therefore, that is the minimum age;
however, the Optional Protocol convention stated that age fifteen was too low and decided that age
eighteen should be the minimum for participation in armed conflict. The Optional Protocol on the
sale of children expands on the CRC's stance on the exploitation of children. The Optional Protocol
made specific provisions on the sale of children in the sexual context such as prostitution and
pornography. It outlines the measures that States should take in protecting children rom sexual
exploitation. The Optional Protocol on communication is fairly new and it recognizes children's
rights to bring grievances on the violation of their rights to the committee. It also outlines ways that
States and governments can help children submit their claims. 2a. Haiti reported that street children
in

Orphan Drug Market Development And Manufacturing Of Products
Sanofi Genzyme is a branch of the Sanofi Corporation that specializes in the development and
manufacturing of products to treat a variety of rare diseases. The Allston Landing Facility (ALF)
currently produces a single enzyme replacement therapy which treats patients with Type 1 Gaucher
disease. This treatment falls within the classification of an Orphan drug which is a drug or biologic
that treats a patient population of less than 200,000 within the United States. There is an entire
segment of the pharmaceutical industry comprised of companies that develop and manufacture
treatments for rare diseases. The Orphan Drug market has a projected Worldwide 2020 sales
forecast $178bn with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.7% per ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, once a patient begins a treatment that improves their condition there is a low likelihood
that the patient will stop that treatment. Also, the low success rate of drugs from development
through FDA approval decreases the chance that a competitor will develop an alternative treatment.
The bargaining power of the customers within the Orphan Drug patient population is classified as
medium/low. While patients are price sensitive; the cost of treatment for most is subsidized by either
health insurance or government funding and therefore the price of these treatments are typically
very high. The average per patient on an orphan drug in the year of 2014 was calculated to be over
$110,0001. While the average cost is currently high, this has become and increased area of scrutiny
worldwide and many governments are enacting price control within the industry, eating away at
potential profits.
Once a company has successfully developed an orphan drug and gained FDA approval, the process
to build and operate a manufacturing facility can be extremely costly. This is driven by the fact that
the bargaining power of the supplies is medium/high. This classification is because of the extreme
regulations that exist for not only the equipment, but also the raw materials used within the drug
manufacturing process. The environment causes companies to create stringent supplier

The Drug Approval Of The Disease Essay
There are over 7,000 rare diseases affecting between 25 and 30 million Americans (Global Genes
2016). A disease or disorder is defined as rare in the U.S when it affects fewer than 200,000
Americans at any given time (Eurordis 2016). Some of these rare diseases come with even more
rare and controversial decisions. "The FDA just made its most controversial drug approval of the
year" (Fortune 2016). This injectable drug is called eteplirsen by Sarepta Therapeutics and it is an
exon–skipping drug targeting a section of genetic code called "exon 51" in the dystrophin gene.
Exon skipping is a type of strategy that is being developed for the rare disease DMD (Duchenne
Muscular Dystrophy). The exon–skipping process skips sections of genetic codes during protein
manufacturing, allowing cells to create shortened but partially functional dystrophin protein which
is the muscle protein that is missing in DMD. This rare X–linked disease was first described in the
1850's by French neurologists Guillaume Duchenne but was not known to inhibit the production of
protein dystrophin and result in the loss of motor functions and muscular degeneration until the
1980's (MDA 2016). 1 in 3600–6000 live male births has resulted in DMD (Bushby 2010). Most
patients are diagnosed around 5 years of age when their physical abilities are no longer similar to
their peers (Bushby 2010). If left untreated, signs of deterioration in muscle strength increase, the
chance of using a wheelchair before their teens

Orphanages In The 1900s Research Paper
Orphanages in the 1900s
Orphanages back then were defined as kids without parents. A lot of the kids with single parents
were neglected. The orphans felt sad because they think about their parents. The kids were
abandoned or their homes were over crowded. Some kids were left on their own. The Orphanages
conditions were horrible. The kids would live in a life of crime because of it. Boys were taught a
trade and the girls were brought up to do domestic work. Some orphans were treated bad or was
neglected by the families that adopted them because they were in a higher social class. Thesis –
Some orphans lived a life of crime because of the conditions in the orphanages. How did the kids
feel/do they think about their parents, how were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The orphans are sad because they have to live with a family that they don't know.'' ''I lie to myself
thinking that my family will come back''. It means that they have hope in their parents to find them.
Somewhere I will find my parents and never let them go. If the kids ever find their parents they
don't want them to leave again.
''Orphanages are the only place that left me empty and full at the same time''. It left them full
because they weren't the only ones left by their parents. It made them feel full because some adults
were around to help and there were some nice kids.
''Some orphans have hope, some have strength.''Orphans have faith that that they will be adopted.
Some have the strength to say that they will someday have a new family. Orphans are waiting. They
are waiting to be adopted or to die without a family.
''The best house is the house where an orphan gets love and kindness.'' An orphan can have a lot of
homes but the best one is where they get treated right.
''The Widow wishes for a partner. An orphan wishes to be adopted.'' A widow is someone that is not
married and is very old. A widow wants someone to love her. An orphan wants to be adopted
because the orphanages had really bad

Uspiritus Orphanage Short Story
In the city of Lexington, Kentucky, there lives a small young family. The husband's name is Frank
Dean. The wife was named Suzanne Dean. They only had one child which was named Posey. Posey
was a girl with brown hair and large grey eyes. The little girl was four years old and was an only
child. The parent were trying their best to cheer up the girl by showering her with gifts but the girl
remained depressed. Suzann and Frank were deeply wounded by the fact that they can not cheer up
the little girl. So as the weeks pasted, they went to different orphanages, to see if they would make a
connection with one of the children, but with no luck. As their search continued they found one
Orphanage called "Uspiritus Orphanage". Against their better judgement, they went over to the
orphanage. As they entered the Orphanage, they were greeted by one of the counselors at the
Orphanage. The counselor's name was Julian Hills, she was tall lady with hair as dark as the night
and with dark black eyes. She was scary to look directly at but as she went in to greet Suzann and
Frank, they were taken back by how nice and kind she was. As they entered the Orphanage, they
were greeted by the sight of giggling children and children playing with with blocks.
"Good luck", said Hills as she walked away to help out the children that playing with the blocks.
"Where do you want to start?", said Suzann as she turned and questioned Frank. "I don't know,
maybe we should start by hanging out with the

The Organization's Strategic Direction: Genzyme's Focus on...
Defining the organization's strategic direction Genzyme's focus on orphan drugs 1. Introduction The
pharmaceutical industry is one of the most profitable industries in the globe, often being perceived
as more than the creator of medicines to help improve or save the lives of people. In this context, it
is also necessary to assess the industry from a business standpoint, as an industry in which economic
principles apply and play a crucial role. IN this line of thoughts, the Genzyme Corporation
represents the focus of the present endeavor, with emphasis falling on their focus on orphan drugs.
2. Thesis statement Orphan drug research and development is a laudable initiative as it seeks to find
cures for the rare and devastating diseases of today. Still, orphan drug companies must also engage
in additional operations in order to generate business sustainability. 3. Genzyme's focus on orphan
drugs The Genzyme Corporation is a leading pharmaceutical company, focused on the creation of
orphan drugs to treat rare and inherited affections such as kidney disorders, orthopedics, cancer,
transplant and immune diseases, as well as diagnostic testing. The company has received the highest
honor offered by the United States in the field of innovation, and is also recognized for its effort to
operate in an environmentally responsible and sustainable manner (case). 3.1. Competition and
bargaining power of consumers As it has been previously mentioned, the

Similarities Between Jane Eyre And Chinese Cinderella
Both of the stimulus texts show the struggle of unwanted girls in different eras and countries and
explore the theme of orphans. Jane Eyre is known as one of the most famous orphans in literature,
therefore, the text would be ideal for the theme. The two texts: Chinese Cinderella and Jane Eyre,
share some similarities; Jane Eyre is an orphan living with her aunt, Mrs Reed, and although
Adeline lives with her father and her step mum she lives like an outsider just like Jane. In the
autobiography Adeline is treated poorly by her parents just like Jane Eyre is by Mrs Reed. Although,
Adeline is not a typical orphan she is treated as one by her father. I chose the theme of orphans
because it was an appealing topic as although, have evolved there is still a high amount of child ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So I decided charity appeal to help less fortunate girls would be appropriate and an Ofsted report to
show the treatment of orphans in the Victorian era in a comedic manner.
The charity appeal targets parents, particularly women because they possess maternal instincts
making them more empathetic towards abandoned young girls because they can relate. The sole
purpose of the text is to persuade people to donate money to a charity which supports orphaned girls
in China because Adeline is Chinese. Alternatively, it was written to educate those unaware of mass
amounts of abandoned girls in China. The text is inspired primarily by Adeline Yen Mah's
autobiography, Chinese Cinderella. Yen Mah writes about her childhood, growing up as an
unwanted child, "If you had not been born, Mama would still be alive". Similarly, Jane Eyre is an
unwanted girl which is why she is sent by Mrs Reed to Lowood the focus of my second text, a
parody of an Ofsted report. The text was written for

What Are The Causes Of Street Children
2.2.3 Social Causes
Every phenomenon of social system exists or developed with various perspectives, in this way street
children phenomenon has its own social perspective in urban areas of Ethiopia. Most of the
population of the street children in urban areas comes from rural areas. Poverty, broken families and
lack of healthy interaction between parents and children are main causes for children to move
towards urban areas or to start life as street children. Children move from rural areas towards cities
bring with them a different perspective and life style. Therefore, social perspective in the street
children phenomenon is different from street children having urban and rural background. In the
urban cities mostly nuclear family system is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is clear that, a child who lives in an abusive family will be influenced by another child who is
already living on the street after leaving his/her violent family. The FSCE (2003) names the peer
pressure as one of the underlying factors leading to children living on the streets in Ethiopia – most
street children choose to go and live on the street as their friends do because they think that this
could lead to a better life.
2.3 Challenges Experienced by Street Children
Street children like any other children, need certain resources to meet their physical and emotional
needs, needs be protected , to be taught how to live in society, to be educated and to have vocational
training as stated in the UNCRC (1989:24).
However, street children are often victims of every conceivable physical and moral danger and as
they grow older, they often become a danger to others. After such insecure childhoods, most street
children are condemned to spend their lives excluded from mainstream society (Schmidt 2003:27).
Street children face untold hardships and dangers on the streets and their living conditions on the
roads and public squares of cities all over the world in the eyes of the public, are extremely

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