Data File 1 Statistics In Educational Research

Data File 1 Statistics in Educational Research
Date File 1
Chapter One
1) Determine whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample a) Based on a randomly
selected group of 500 patients with high cholesterol, it was found that 67% have heart disease. Is
this a population or a sample; explain your answer. Raw data is collected from a subset of patient
with high cholesterol to determine numbers describing characteristics of the subset (Bennett,
Briggis, & Triola, 2009). The raw data collected from the 500 patients is consolidated and
summarized to form sample statistics. The raw data and sample statistics are indications that this is a
sample (Bennett, Briggis, & Triola, 2009). b) An investigation of 150 randomly selected local
restaurants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What type of sample is this and why? Because it is reasonable to believe that every 1000th member
of the income tax return population will represent the entire population, this is an example of a
systematic sampling (Bennett, Briggis, & Triola, 2009). f) The name of each contestant is
written on a separate card, and the cards are placed in a bag with three names being picked from the
bag. What type of sample is this and why? Each member of the contestant population has an equal
chance of being picked from the bag (Bennett, Briggis, & Triola, 2009). This is a simple
random sampling. 4) Is the study experimental or observation and why? g) A political pollster
reports that his candidate has a 10% lead in the polls with 10% undecided. Since this study is only
measuring specific characteristics of the political polls without doing anything to influence the
numbers (Bennett, Briggis, & Triola, 2009). The study seeks to observe the public's opinion so
it is an observation study. 5) Select the study that is most appropriate and EXPLAIN WHY it is most
appropriate for the study. h) Is the aspirin produced by a particular pharmaceutical company better
than that of a competitor at relieving headaches? Which of the following would best be used to study
this: 1) a case–controlled observation; 2) an observation; 3) a double–blind experimental procedure;
and 4) and experimental
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Cross Sectional Study Sample
This is a cross–sectional study. The sample size was estimated using Epiinfo statistical software. The
population of interest was estimated to be approximately 400 subjects with BMI > 30 Kg/m2 from a
total population of approximately 1,000 receiving health care at Policlínica Bella Vista (PBV) in
Mayaguez PR. Estimating a prevalence rate of 0.3 (30%) of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in this
population, the program yielded a sample size = 179 to estimate the prevalence with a 95%
confidence level. at 180.
After approval by the IRB of the Ponce Health Sciences University, the study was conducted at the
PBV. Inclusion criteria: subjects of any sex, at least 21 years old and with body mass index (BMI) of
at least 30Kg/m2 who visit Policlínica Bella Vista during the study period (09/01/19 to 01/31/17).
Exclusion criteria were subjects already diagnosed with OSA, or with overt symptoms of OSA or
with upper respiratory infections to reduce the chance of contamination of the equipment and/or
alteration of the test results. Participants were recruited according to availability, asked to complete
the Stop Bang questionnaire and explained about the overnight use of a HSAT equipment
(RESMED Apnea Link Air Home Sleep Test) and to return it the next day. The form of
comorbidities was filled by the investigator. The results were scored and validated by the Clinical
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Estimation of the prevalence of OSA in the study sample will be made, according to accepted cutoff
values for the home sleep test. Results of the Stop Bang questionnaire will be compared with those
of the home sleep study to determine its sensitivity and specificity at different cutoff values. A
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve will be generated to establish the usefulness of the
Stop bang Questionnaire (depending on the area under the curve) and the best cutoff value to
optimize the sensitivity and

The Role Of Internal And External Influences On Students...
While selecting the sample for the interviews, there were two major sets of decisions that had to be
made at the outset: (1) deciding on who to interview, and (2) what questions to ask. In regards to
selecting the sample, since this question was set out in order to see the connection of internal and
external influences in students making decisions in university, it only seemed appropriate that the
interview sample consisted of university students. As such, university students were considered the
units of analysis for this study. Five students were selected using the purposive sampling technique
known as criterion sampling. Criterion sampling was used because in order to be eligible for the
interview, the participants had to meet the certain criteria of: having to be either a university student,
or a former university student (within three years of graduation), and had to have been enrolled in
university for at least three terms. These requirements were set in order to establish an optimal
sampling frame for the interviews. Using a non–probabilistic sampling technique allows the
researcher to make subjective judgements that would aid in their endeavors in proving their
hypothesis. Rather than using random selection found in probabilistic sampling, non–probabilistic
sampling allows for the research objectives to be "best fulfilled by a strategically chosen sample"
(Palys & Atchison, 2014, p. 424).
Keeping the requirements in mind, the participants in the sample were chosen

Implementation Of The Current Process Workflow
4. Lack of a Full Analysis of the Current Process Workflow
Perform a time in motion study of all parts of the current production workflow process
Issue: While CanGo is attempting to use process mapping, those reviewing production efficiencies
lack the professional expertise and knowledge of process control practices. The flowcharting is
incomplete, and lacks a full analysis of all systems involved to truly understand where the defects lie
and areas of improvements can be made beyond implementing a new system that is above the
company's potential fiscal budget.
Instead of an actual time in motion study or an analysis of the process workflow, CanGo
management had an employee that does not perform the work, walk the system with the use of a
pedometer. This tracking tool only tracked the number of her footsteps and is not a credible
evaluation tool of the process, for time, efficiency, defects, and opportunity.
Recommendation: Resource an outside firm to conduct a full analysis of the CanGo's in–house
production workflow process. As previously identified within the prior report, the firm would first
need to perform a S.W.O.T. analysis after interviewing with the management staff to identify
CanGo's wants vs. needs. This low level analysis helps to save time and money when reviewing the
efficiencies of CanGo as a whole, additionally, the firm is the subject matter expert and is not vested
in the internal company politics which will lend to a more comprehensive understanding of

Thomas J. Dodd Research Study Sample
This study is centered around undergraduate and graduate students between the ages of 18 and 25
years old. The undergraduate and graduate students from psychology and sociology classes at the
University of Connecticut are recruited to participate in a self–report survey. A random sample of
240 students will be acquired, 120 males and 120 females. These students will range from different
races, ethnicities, and socio–economic background. The participants will first be clustered based on
gender, then subcategorized by social class, race, and where these participants originally reside. The
clusters will allow researchers to view the differing statistics of each characteristic and hopefully
distinguish correlations. One hundred and twenty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The outcome of the study may lead to inaccurate results because the participant pool does not
properly portray the population in which the study is collecting data. As a means to account for this
source of bias, the study could possibly be opened up to the public instead of privately selecting
participants from the university. This way participants come from all backgrounds not only
undergraduates and graduates. This study only makes generalizations from the population of 18
through 25 year old young adults who are undergraduates or graduates that have dealt with parents
whom suffer from alcoholism, substance use, and mental illness. The study does not generalize the
population of 18 through 25 year olds that are not in college. This population that does not attend
college are hard to obtain for research and so they will not be represented in the study. The sample's
responses to the survey will allow researchers to make inferences of the behavior of the population
of 18 through 25 year olds who are in college.
Procedures
The data will be recorded from a series of surveys and questionnaires. The questionnaires will be
similar to the ones used in the Williams and Corrigan study. Williams and Corrigan (1992) had
participants complete the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test, the Relative Psychiatric History
Questionnaire, Coopersmith Self–Esteem Inventory for adults, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, and
the Social Support

Concepts Of Statistical Studies Essay
Basic Concepts of Statistical Studies
1
Introduction s Decision makers make better decisions when they use all available information in
an effective and meaningful way. The primary role of statistics is to to provide decision makers with
methods for obtaining and analyzing information to help make these decisions. Statistics is used to
answer long–range planning questions, such as when and where to locate facilities to handle future
sales.
2
Definition s Statistics is defined as the
science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data for the
purpose of assisting in making a more effective decision.
3
Applications in Management s Accounting Public accounting firms use ... Show more content on
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Alternatively, a numeric code could be used for the class standing variable (e.g. 1 denotes Freshman,
2 denotes Juniors and so on).
16
Scales of Measurement s Interval
The data have the properties of ordinal data, and the interval between observations is expressed in
terms of a fixed unit of measure. Interval data are always numeric.
17
Scales of Measurement s Interval
Example: Shruti has an MAT score of 605, while Raj has an MAT score of 655. Raj scored 50 points
more than Shruti.
18

Scales of Measurement s Ratio
The data have all the properties of interval data and the ratio of two values is meaningful. Variables
such as distance, height, weight, and time use the ratio scale. This scale must contain a zero value
that indicates that nothing exists for the variable at the zero point.
19
Scales of Measurement s Ratio
Example: Raj's college record shows 36 credit hours earned, while Kevin's record shows 72 credit
hours earned. Kevin has twice as many credit hours earned as Raj's.
20
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
Data can be further classified as being qualitative or quantitative. The statistical analysis that is
appropriate depends on whether the data for the variable are qualitative or quantitative. In general,
there are more alternatives for statistical analysis when the data are quantitative.
21
Qualitative Data
Labels or names used

My Study On A Small Sample Size Of Eight School Leaders
I recognize three considerations to my study: (1) sample size, (2) subjectivity, and (3)
trustworthiness of my research that need to be acknowledged. The first consideration of my study is
based on a small sample size of eight school leaders. I've come to recognize that my findings in this
narrative study can only be generalized by the lived experiences and told stories given by each of
the selected principals in the study. An important perspective in narrative studies is that a small
sample size allows only for researchers to provide the context and content of those participants in
the study. And by capturing the entire story as told by my selected participants, I will be in the right
position to present a more holistic grounding of their work as school leaders in pursuit of equity.
Indeed, additional studies that desire to engage this kind of research is sorely needed in order to
broaden and/or augment the findings of such a study. I believe the current value of this study is its
ability to capture the nuances of leadership practices, dispositions, and challenges that can better
inform school leadership for the just rights of others. A second consideration significant to this study
is my positionality. I recognize this research study is vulnerable to my own positionality and my
experiences in educational spaces. Alcoff (1988) argues positionality results from the influences of
our experiences in our changing historical context and how we choose to act/contribute upon

A Research Study On Sex Trafficking Study Essay
As far as the reliability was concerned in the study I believe there should be no concern. The
individuals in the study were all young women of whom were adjudicated from 1990 to 2011l. If
there was any reason to believe that their information was not reliable one could check into police
records and other background checks that were available. The presence of the court files helps with
the research study being reliable. If those files did not exist, one would question the reliability of the
stories from younger ladies. To adjust for the credibility, the researcher obtained information from
official criminal histories, interviews from offenders and law enforcement records (Hargreaves–
Cormany & Patterson, 2016, p. 34).
Sample
When looking for a sample for a research project one must be sure that it is going to provide us with
the answers to the questions we are looking to answer and it represents the sample that was in mind
(Yegidis et al., 2012, p. 210). In the sex trafficking study, the researchers had obtained their
participants by selecting 179 survivors of young ladies who had performed the act of sex trafficking.
The ladies were selected from a pool of women who had been adjudicated between 1990–2011
(Hargreaves–Cormany & Patterson, 2016, p. 34). After reading the who research study I do feel that
the sample size was effective and it gave the results that the researchers were looking for. The
authors did not offer any justification for the sample size that was selected.

Relationship Between Low Income And Poor Health
In their article Evidence on the Relationship between Low Income and Poor Health: Is the
Government Doing Enough? Benzeval et al. (2000) of the Institute for Fiscal studies, they describe
their findings of research they found doing a study conducted in "two British longitudinal datasets to
examine the longer–term influences of income on health within a life–course perspective". They
dive into the findings of questions such as "what roles does childhood poverty play in...acquisition
of health capital?" In their findings they discuss that childhood poverty is strongly related to both
educational and health attainment (389). While their article does go on to explain the longitudinal
studies conducted, they found that none of the studies deals with the issue of indirect selection, i.e.
"the fact that income and health might be jointly determined by the same prior experiences or
characteristics". Which to be able to understand any correlation it is necessary to know the
individual's circumstances in childhood and not just their adult life. Their findings focus on the role
of health status and educational attainments which they claim are key determinants of later adult
health. Does attainment or not attaining (i.e. poverty) really have that big of an effect on health? In
Patti Neighmond's (NPR) article People With Low Incomes Say They Pay A Price In Poor Health
she states that it all comes down to money. People whose household income is more than $75,000 a
year have very

Sample Size Determination Is An Important Part Of Any...
Sample size determination is an important part of any research. Probable size of study should be
considered, which is required to reach the study aims at the design phase. The figuring of a fitting
sample size depends on a subjective decision of certain elements and occasionally crude
approximate of others, and could as an outcome appear rather artificial (Whitley and Ball, 2002).
Thus, there are foremost three key factors which should be taken into account in computation of a
proper sample size (power and effect). The pro of utilizing a sample is that it is more commonsense
and less expensive than gathering data from the populace. The peril of choosing a sample is that it is
may not test may not enough mirror the practices, qualities, side effects, or convictions of the
populace sufficiently mirror of population symptoms or beliefs (Polit and Hungler, 1999). Therefore,
to decide a reasonable sample size by taking after equation was utilized to decide the sample size
(AL Rifa 'y, 1998, Ayyub and Mccuen, 2003).
ss=(z^2 x (p) x (1–p))/c^2
Where:
SS = Sample size
Z = Z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level) p = percentage picking a choice, expressed as
decimal (0.5 used for sample size needed)
C = confidence interval, expressed as decimal (e.g., 0.05 = ±5)
ss=(〖(1.96)〗^2 x (0.5) x (1–0.5))/〖(0.05)〗^2 =384
Questionnaire Administration
There are several ways to questionnaire to be delivered to the participant counting through
publishing on a web site, post, e–mail

Sample Testing Is Mandatory Against A Static Groundwater...
Statistical methods can be useful in compliance assessment and corrective action monitoring, where
single–sample testing is mandatory against a static groundwater protection standard. These criteria
health and also those derived from related as a fixed standard. The primary tool for monitoring is the
confidence interval. Numerous ranges of confidence intervals, including confidence intervals around
means, medians. The goal is on planning tests with reasonable statistical performance in terms of
per–test false positive rates.
Confidence interval are designed to estimate statistical characteristics of some parameter of sampled
population. Given a statistical parameter of interest such as the population mean (µ), the lower and
upper limits of a confidence interval define the most probable concentration range in which the true
parameter should be.
Like any estimate, the true parameter many not be located within the confidence interval. The
frequency with which this error tends to occur is denoted α, while its complement (1– α) is known
as the confidence level. The confidence level represents the percentage of cases where a confidence
interval constructed according to a fixed algorithm or equation will actually contain its intended
target, e.g., the population mean.
A point worth clarifying is the distinction between α as the complement of the confidence level
when constructing a confidence interval and the significance level (α) used in hypothesis testing.
Confidence

Sample Of Demographic Analysis
Describe the sample. How does this sample represent the population? What makes a sample strong
or weak? Evaluate this sample. The sample came from nine hospitals located in 3 provinces in
Canada. The sample included 36 medical and surgical units of the nine hospitals (HALL et al.,
2010). Workplace interruptions among 360 nurses were examined throughout the day (HALL et al.,
2010). A random sample of 113 nurses was selected from the medical and surgical units to
participate in a focus group. The focus group focused on validating the data from the nurses
selected. A total of 13,025 interruptions took place, and the results equaled about 50% for both of
the units. The primary source for interruptions was health care workers and nurse colleagues

Audit Sampling
Auditing Sample Case Study Memo
Team D (Wayne Brown, Melissa Ginez, Matthew Gourlie, Juel Rypka)
University of Phoenix
ACC/491
Alisa Dumond
December 19, 2011
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– interoffice memorandum to: John
Smith, CEO Key west company from: Audit Team D subject: Audit Findings for Key West
Company date: 12/18/2011
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Dear Mr. Smith
The purpose of this memo is to communicate to you the results and findings from our team's
assessment of the Accounts Receivable balances for Key West Company as of 20X1. Our team has
already completed a thorough evaluation of the company's internal control and we believe they are
excellent. Therefore, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sample interval is determined by taking the book value and dividing the sample size (Boynton
& Johnson 2006). After plugging in the numbers, we calculated the sampling interval to be
45,454, which is shown on slide 5 of the presentation. We also anticipated for any clients, which did
not provide a response we will use an alternate procedure to determine the correctness of the
balances for those client. To implement a new course of action, everything must be weighted to see
if the cost does not out–weigh the benefits. By looking over how the wanted system will affect the
outcome of the company is of great consequence. However, when deciding which system to
incorporate is where the analysis comes in play. The accuracy of records is very important, due to
the fact that companies get in trouble by government, customer, share holders, employees is all
documentation is not followed correctly. Having the means and the

Bellboy Case Research Methods in Marketing Essay
BELLBOY CASE MKTG D50 Report Group 6
1
MKTG D50 – RESEARCH METHODS IN MARKETING
BELLBOY CASE
BELLBOY CASE MKTG D50 Report Group 6
2
Southwestern Bell Telephone Company (SWB)
Research Design:
The survey objective is set to measure the customer's interest of a new service known as BELLBOY.
SWB would like to acquire both existing (customers who have the intention to buy) and potential
(customers who have interest but are still reluctant to purchase) demand. SWB believes that existing
and potential demands constitute unmet demand.
SWB went with the telephone survey, which is a descriptive research method, to gauge the interest
of the BELLBOY service. This method was used due since all businesses in the Dallas/Fort Worth
area had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With these generally specific questions, many participants could underestimate the broad scope of
what SWB is trying to gauge, and could thus opt out of the survey before fully understanding the
product and thus decreasing demand.
Various choices of words employed in the survey posses some ambiguity, and that may cause
respondents to not understand the question and not seem interested. For example, the word 'familiar'
in question 2 and 'reasonable' 'monthly rate' in question 3 don't mean the same thing amongst
respondents. For question 2, interval scale could've been utilized to gauge level of familiarity, and
for question 3, price factors may steer customers away from being interested.
Analysis and Conclusion
The survey administered by Peters Marketing Research for the purpose of measuring customers'
interest in BELLBOY would tend to understate the true unmet demand for the service due to the
sample and questionnaire design. This will be discussed in details as follows.
The sampling frame includes only businesses that already have a telephone number with the
Southwestern Bell Telephone Company (SWB). It excludes businesses that currently use other
companies' services or no services at all. The omission of these organizations would tend to
understate true demand as they may be interested in using the BELLBOY service as well.
It

Different Types Of Biobanks Depending On Their Research Goals
Humans have been studying diseased remains for centuries and collecting and maintaining donated
samples for more than a hundred years (Westfall et al 36). Today these places are called biobanks.
Biobanks are institutes that collects and maintains donated samples of human blood, tissues, and any
other collectable genetic material for the purpose of research (Westfall et al 37). At first biobanks
were small and collected samples for specific study purposes. Records were kept in a notebook and
specimens were stored in a few small freezers. Today's biobanks have thousands of specimens,
which are recorded electronically and linked together through the Internet. This web interface
connection allows researchers to search hundreds of biobanks and request specific samples for their
research (De Souza and Greenspan 2). There are many different types of biobanks depending on
their research goals. For example the United States, Iceland, United Kingdom, Sweeden, and Japan
have population–based biobanks which collects, records, and studies samples from participants in
their population to study what possible diseases are occurring among their citizens. Other biobanks
include genetic, disease, and virtual biobanks (Westfall et al 36). One of the first cases to present
ethical concerns of biobanks involved a woman named Henrietta Lacks. She was at Johns Hopkins
Hospital for cancer treatments. During this time her cancerous cells were surgically removed and
examined. This examination

Bacterial Enumeration of Various Meat Products
The objective of this study was to record a quantitative approximation of how many bacteria are
present within various samples of meat products. The bacterial content of each meat sample is vital
information in regards to improvements within the meat processing industry, and gives reason for
changing or sustaining current feeding and processing conditions. Understanding which methods
taken in processing meat that is sold to the public is a matter of public health, as obtaining and
maintaining lower levels of bacteria in meats will reduce the likelihood of succumbing to illness
from the consumption of such products by the end consumer. In a previous study focusing on the
levels of antibiotic resistant bacteria found within randomly ... Show more content on
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The number of colonies was then divided by the dilution number of the sample, and the bacterial
content was then recorded onto a group data chart.
RESULTS.
Among the analyzed spread plates, samples from meat source A appeared to have the highest
numbers of colonies, while each enumeration held a direct relationship with the dilution number,
steadily decreasing in value as predicted, but averaging at a calculated quantity of 1.47E+07 bacteria
(Table 1). Samples from meat source B showed similar trends. Samples from meat sources C and D
did not provide statistically significant results, and thus provided inconclusive data; each of these
spread plates had a recorded sample average of 0.00E+00 to represent this (Chart 1). The pour plates
had dynamic results, the most interesting of which arose from source A2; this pour plate at a
concentration of 1.00E–03 grew colonies that were too numerous to count, then decreased to 77
colonies at the next dilution level of 1.00E–04, but increased again at the following dilution of
1.00E–05 (Table 1). Source A3 was similarly dynamic at dilution levels 1.00E–03 and 1.00E–04,
with colony counts recorded at 188 and 268, respectively, and then falling to levels that were not
statistically significant (Table 2). This data contradicts the predicted trend; however, all other
recorded data followed the ideal trend.
Table 1: Recorded Data of Bacterial Enumeration Spread Plates Pour Plates

Different Research Strategies With Distinctive...
4.3.1 Mixed Methods
There are various different research strategies with distinctive characteristics available from which a
researcher may select, based on the previous criteria. Yin (2003) and Saunders et al. (2009)
recognized that granting numerous research strategies occur, there are great commonalities amongst
them and henceforth the significant contemplation would be to choose the greatest useful strategy
for a particular research study. Some of the typical research approaches used in business and
management are experiment, questionnaires, case study, action research and grounded theory and
ethnography, archival research, cross–sectional studies, longitudinal studies and participative
enquiry. This action is relevant to the statement of Johnson & Onwuegbuzie (2004) who agreed that
some researchers have integrated several different metrics to create mixed methods classificatory
systems. In sum, there is as of yet no discrete list of mixed methods design options and so
researchers should plan to develop a design that answers their research questions within the
constraints and boundaries of the study context. Also, Onwuegbuzie and Teddlie (2003) agreed that
the researcher propose the term mixed model be used to distinguish research designs assimilating
qualitative and quantitative data from those who simply engage both forms of information. These
embrace transformative plans that alter one type of information into a different one (most frequently

Normal Distribution and Random Sample
Math 156–Sat: HW #4 Name:
1. What is the difference between [pic] and[pic]? Between s and[pic]? (10 points)
2. Explain the difference between [pic] and [pic] and between [pic] and[pic]? (10 points)
3. Suppose that a random sample of size 64 is to be selected from a population having [pic] and
standard deviation 5.
(a) What are the mean and standard deviation of the [pic] sampling distribution? Can we say that the
shape of the distribution is approximately normal? Why or why not? (10 points)
(b) What is the probability that [pic] will be within 0.5 of the population mean? (5 points)
(c) What is the probability that [pic] will differ from the population mean by more than ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
medical residents who have credit card debt of more than $3000. (10 points)
(c) How many medical residents should be sampled in order to build a 99% confidence interval with
an error of no more than 4%? (5 points)
10. The airborne times of United Airlines flight 448 from Albuquerque to Denver on 10 randomly
selected days are shown below. You may assume that the flight times of all such flights are normally
distributed. (10 points each)
57 54 55 51 56 48 52 51 59 59
(a) Find a 90% confidence interval for the mean airborne time for flight 448.
(b) Repeat part (a) if it is known that the standard deviation of such flights is 1.7 minutes.
11. The eating habits of 12 bats were examined in the article "Foraging Behavior of the Indian False
Vampire Bat" (Biotropica [1991]). For these 12 bats, the mean time to consume a frog was [pic]
minutes and the standard deviation was 7.7 minutes. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the
mean time it takes this bat to consume a frog. What assumption(s) must be made here? (10 points)

Math 156–Sat: HW #4 – Solutions
1. [pic] is the mean of a sample whereas [pic] is the mean for the entire population
s is the standard deviation of a sample whereas [pic] is the standard deviation of the entire
population
2. [pic] is the mean for the entire population whereas [pic] is the mean of the

Introduction to the Practice of Statistics Essay
Section 1.1 – Introduction to the Practice of Statistics
1. Explain the difference between a population and a sample.
A population is the entire group to be studied and a sample is a portion of the population.
2. Explain the difference between a parameter and a statistic.
A statistic is a numerical summary of a sample and a parameter is a numerical summary of a
population.
3. What is Descriptive Statistics and how is it used?
Descriptive statistics describes the results of a sample without making conclusions of the population.
4. What is Inferential Statistics and how is it used?
Inferential statistics uses the result of a sample to apply to a population.
5. Determine whether the following variables are qualitative or ... Show more content on
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The sample is the 50,000 households that were surveyed.
12. The information in the table below refers to the 2008 model year product line of BMW
automobiles. Identify the Individuals, variables, and data corresponding to the variables in the table
below. Determine whether each variable is qualitative, continuous, or, discrete. Please refer to
problems #51 and #53 on page 13 for examples.
BMW Car Model Body Style Weight (lb) Number of Seats
3 Series Coupe 3,350 4
5 Series Sedan 3,500 5
6 Series Convertible 4,275 4
7 Series Sedan 4,490 5
X3 Sport Utility 4,015 5
Z4 Roadster Coupe 3,100 2
a) Individuals: 3 series, 5 series, 6 series, 7 series, X3, Z4 Roadster
b) Variable names, data, and types of variables:

Variable names: Body Style, Weight, Number of Seats
Body Style data: Coupe, Sedan, Convertible, Sedan, Sport Utility, Coupe
Weight data: 3,350; 3,500; 4,275; 4,490; 4,015; 3,100
Number of Seats data: 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 2
Variable Body Style is qualitative, variable Weight is continuous, variable Number of Seats is
discrete
13. A study conducted by researchers was designed to "determine if application of duct tape is as
effective as cryotherapy in the treatment of common warts." The researchers randomly divided 51
patients into two groups. The 26 patients in Group 1 had their warts treated by applying duct tape to
the wart for 6.5 days and then removing the tape for 12 hours, at which point the cycle was repeated
for a

Traditional Techniques For Sampling And Estimating...
Traditional techniques for sampling and estimating population characteristics require that sample
selection is done with a known probability. However, for a hard to reach population this is
impossible. There is no list or registry from which to create a sampling frame or if there is a list, a
random sampling can yield low number of eligible respondents since it's often non–representative of
the intended target population.1 In addition, it can be extremely difficult to locate members of this
population due to social stigmas particularly in places with strict social norms that are dictated by
religious practices or within a geographically wide spread small group.2 Examples of such
populations are; the homeless, prostitutes, drug addicts, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chain referral a variant of snowballing is also often used interchangeably to represent snowballing
in studies.5 This method relies on a series of participant referrals (multiple snowballing) to others
who have experienced the intended characteristics by strategically accessing multiple networks to
expand the reach of social network in other to obtain a representative estimate.6,7 Respondent
driven sampling (RDS) Respondent driven sampling is much like snowballing method, that also
relies on members who form interlinked social networks. Unlike a conventional probability
sampling design, where each unit has a known and constant probability of selection, RDS is based
on sampling design selection procedure that is affected by the discovered network in the
population.8–11 RDS is predicated on the recognition that peers are better able to locate and recruit
peers whom they know as members of a hard–to–reach social network. It can be implemented
through the following 3 key steps: Planning Phase: The first step in this phase is familiarization of
the extent of the networks in the population to be studied. Next step is identification of seeds chosen
in a non–random fashion,

Relationship Between Entrepreneurship And The Economic...
BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS
Introduction
This research seeks to establish the relationship between entrepreneurship and the economic
development in Saudi Arabia. Entrepreneurship is the process of managing, organizing and
developing a business venture in a competitive environment that is dynamic (Kuratko 2016 pp3). An
entrepreneur is an inventor, leader, innovator, and pioneer and most significantly, a performer. The
heart of a national advantage is often pegged on entrepreneurship. The operation of an enterprise is
within the entrepreneurship ecosystems that include governmental services and programs that
support startups and operational activities. Non–governmental organizations (NGOs) are also active
in mentoring and advising entrepreneurs to ensure that their efforts and goals are achievable. Naude
(2010, p.108) articulate that the G20 summit held in 2008 highlighted the importance of
entrepreneurship in the world economic development.
Background and Management Problem Entrepreneurship activities support self–employment which
in turn has an effect on the growth of productivity (Audretsch, 2007, p.64). A debate on whether
nations should adopt the self–employment policy or strike a balance is always contented. Italy tried
the self–employment model, and it proved to be inefficient for the development of the economy
(Santarelli and Vivarelli, 2007, p.460). Entrepreneurship also plays a role in the early development
of industries. It increases productivity through

Random Sampling : Sampling And Sampling
Random Sampling Types
The probability is one of the sampling techniques of choosing the equivalent elements. These are
specified as random sampling. The sampling is helped to develop the sampling frame; it selects the
elements as randomly.
The sampling can be done through the replacement. The random sampling assumption can be
accomplished by the Middle Limit Theory.
Random Sampling:definition:
The group of independent of options is known as random sampling. The random sampling has
analogous independent chances. The random sampling is used to achieve the unbiased sample. The
sample of n elements may be selected through the N elements of population. It involves the
unpredictable components.
The random is capable to have the number of types. The random sampling is one of the searching
the small representative part from the group of elements. The random sampling capable of choosing
the elements from the inhabitants through identical odds.
Types of Random Sampling:
There are five types of random sampling.
Type 1: Simple random sampling.
Type 2: Systematic random sampling.
Type 3: Stratified random sampling.
Type 4: Cluster random sampling.
Type 5: Multistage random sampling.
Explanation:

Type 1: Simple random sampling:
The simple random sampling is one of the types of sampling. The choosing element units are
depends on the population with the identical chances being selected. The simple random are
preferred from the size of N element population. The choosing

The Impact Of Guided Reflection On Self-Care Behavior
Implications Theoretically, there is dearth of literature addressing the impact of guided reflection on
self–care behavior. To date, only one study within the heart failure population has combined the
theory of self–care of chronic illness and Gibbs' reflective cycle framework to evaluate the impact of
guided reflection on self–care behaviors (Sethares & Asselin, 2017). Importantly, this study is the
first to combine the two frameworks within the DM population. Based on statistical analyses and
qualitative data from this study, there are opportunities for further exploration of the combined
frameworks in future studies to illuminate the constructs of the self–care theory and possibly theory/
instruments modification and development. In this study, guided reflection was found to improve
DM knowledge which serves as a starting point for behavior change. Furthermore, guided reflection
has been shown to positively impact self–care behaviors (Mamykina et al., 2008; Sethares &
Asselin, 2017). Importantly, the targeted population was satisfied with the guided reflection
intervention and requested that it be promoted among others with DM. Participants' perspective is
important when planning and developing nursing interventions. Considering the evidence, the
opportunity exists to educate patients and/ caregivers to engage in guided reflection using Gibbs'
reflective questions to promote adequate self–care. This is an auspicious moment to teach healthcare
professionals within the

Using A Sample Size Is Dependent On The Study Design
Research studies need not only start with efficient study design to address the hypothesis of the
study but also the determination of the appropriate number of participants that will be involved in
the study. It is true that the sample size is dependent on the study design, on statistical analysis used
to answer the study questions, and on the anticipated association between the outcome and the risk
factor. The sample size should not be too large as it wastes money and time both to the investigators
and participants in the study. It should not be too small as well because it may lead to inaccurate
results causing a waste of time and resources. In addition, participates in a large sample size may be
exposed to unnecessary risk. Therefore, careful attention should be taken while determining the
appropriate sample size for any study as it raises the question of ethical practices.
Any researcher should define the main objective of the study or the research question and the study
design before selecting a representative sample size. Then the proportion of participants, and the
value of the numbers to put in the formula is considered before determining the sample size.
Kamangar & Islami (2013) states that the non–statistical consideration in determining the sample
size are the availability of the fund, ethical issues, number of participants available, the novelty of
the study, and any similar studies being conducted etc. The investigators give the rationale why their
study is

Todo Application And Application Of Todo Concepts
This sample demonstrates the full Todo application implemented using MVC concepts"/* *
Copyright 2016 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved. * This file is licensed to you
under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in
compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy * of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE–2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in
writing, software distributed under * the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS * OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
License for the specific language * governing permissions and limitations under the License. * */
import ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
humbnails/thumbnail_component.png"; import Thumbnail_js6Syntax from
"docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_js6Syntax.png"; import Thumbnail_jsxSyntax from
"docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_jsxSyntax.png"; import Thumbnail_Components from
"docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_components.png"; import Thumbnail_Bindings from
"docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_bindings.png"; import Thumbnail_BuiltinComponents from
"docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_builtinComponents.png"; import Thumbnail_t1_TorqBasics
from "docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_t1_TorqBasics.png"; import
Thumbnail_t2_ViewsControllers from
"docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_t2_ViewsControllers.png"; import
Thumbnail_t3_HandlingEvents from "docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_t3_HandlingEvents.png";
import Thumbnail_t4_Components from "docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_t4_Components.png";
import Thumbnail_ToDoMVC from "docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_ToDoMVC.png"; import
Thumbnail_a1_Scope from "docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_a1_scope.png"; import
Thumbnail_a2_Nesting from "docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_a2_nesting.png"; import
Thumbnail_a3_Factories from "docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_a3_factories.png"; import
Thumbnail_a4_Responsive from "docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_a4_responsive.png"; import
Thumbnail_a5_Routing from "docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_a5_routing.png"; import
Thumbnail_a6_VirtualScroll from "docs/assets/thumbnails/thumbnail_a6_VirtualScroll.png"; import
Thumbnail_CoffeeComponent from

Morecambe Bay: Environmental Analysis
We sampled the biota across a range of spatial scales at six sites within two locations, Essex mud
flats and Morecambe Bay in summer 2013. Within each of two locations, sampling was undertaken
at Fingringhoe Wick (FH), Abottshall Marsh (AH) and Tillingham Marsh (TM) in Essex, and
Cartmel Sands (CS), West Plain (WP) and Warton Sands (WS) in Morecambe Bay. In order to
determine how changes in spatial scale affected food web structure and ecosystem processes, we
sampled each site at four spatial scales within a range of varying lag, i.e. 1 m (n=1), no less than 10
m apart (n=3), no less than 10 m but no more than 100 m apart (n=6) and no less than 100 m apart,
but no more than 1000 m apart (n=12), resulting in 22 samples within each site, defined by marked
quadrats. By calculating the mean distance (i.e. lag in m) between the samples at each scale, we
made lag a continuous variable. We extensively sampled the benthic fauna associated with each
quadrat using sediment cores, and fyke nets to catch larger mobile species such as crustaceans and
fish. Sediment cores (10 cm2 diameter, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trivariate features were assessed using abundance and mean body mass data, as well as univariate,
bivariate and trivariate patterns and interaction strength. Species averaged body mass were used to
calculate consumer–resource body mass ratios, serving as proxies to estimate interaction strength
(Emmerson & Raffaelli, 2004; Emmerson, Montoya & Woodward, 2005). This method is based on
the well documents allometric scaling relationships between predator and prey body mass ratios aij~
(Mj/Mi)*b, where Mj and Mi are mean predator and prey body masses, and aij the Lotka–Volterra
interaction coefficient. Following the literature, we used a theoretical value of b=0.75 as scaling
exponent (Emmerson & Raffaelli,

Essay about Sampling and Work Study
1. Statistical Literacy: You are conducting a study of students doing work–study jobs on your
campus. Among the questions on the survey instrument are:
A. How many hours are you scheduled to work each week? Answer to the nearest hour.
Answer: Hours would vary due to it being a work study. My guess would be that the hours would be
after school hours. 18–25 hours per week
B. How applicable is this work experience to your future employment goals?
Answer: These answers would vary also because my assumptions that the work study would be
somewhat helpful for future employment.
Respond using the following scale: 1. not at all, 2 somewhat, 3 very
(a) Suppose you take random samples from the following groups: freshmen, sophomores, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is the level of the measurement?
Answer: The Variable in this question is both qualitative and quantitative. The reason it is both is
because we are evaluating apparent qualities. The reason it is quantitative is because I would also be
measuring how effective and or useful work study is for the students.
(e) Is the proportion of responses "3 very" to question B a statistic or a parameter?
Answer: Question B would be a parameter, because the group of people that I am gather information
from will be small groups. Usually parameters have the smaller groups. These groups are normally
small enough to measure.
(f) Suppose only 40% of the students you selected for the sample respond. What is the nonresponse
rate? Do you think the nonresponse rate might introduce bias into the study? Explain.
Answer: If that were to occur then I would just have to work with what I received. Also the
nonresponsive rate would have to be included. The nonresponsive rate would be the other 60%.
Unless there are other factors involved such as bias. Yes, because the number of responses on a
Likert scale may force responses that do not reﬂect the respondent's feelings or experience.
(g) Would it be appropriate to generalize the results of your study to all work study students in the
nation? Explain.
Answer: No, because not all work study over the nation. So that would be a rather hard comparison.
2. Radio Talk Show: Sample Bias a radio talk show host

One- and Two-Sample Tests of Hypothesis, Variance, and...
Chapter 10
31. A new weight–watching company, Weight Reducers International, advertises that those who join
will lose, on the average, 10 pounds the first two weeks with a standard deviation of 2.8 pounds. A
random sample of 50 people who joined the new weight reduction program revealed the mean loss
to be 9 pounds. At the .05 level of significance, can we conclude that those joining Weight Reducers
on average will lose less than 10 pounds? Determine the p–value.
Answer:
H0: = 10 pounds
H1: < 10 pounds
Reject the null hypothesis if Z < –1.65
9.0 – 10.00 Z= –––––––––––––––– = –2.53 2.8/sqrt(50)
The null hypothesis is rejected, the average weight loss is less than 10 pounds.
p–value = .5000 – ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no difference in the mean for waiting time on Little River vs. Murrells Inlet location.
52. The president of the American Insurance Institute wants to compare the yearly costs of auto
insurance offered by two leading companies. He selects a sample of 15 families, some with only a
single insured driver, others with several teenage drivers, and pays each family a stipend to contact
the two companies and ask for a price quote. To make the data comparable, certain features, such as
the deductible amount and limits of liability, are standardized. The sample information is reported
below. At the .10 significance level, can we conclude that there is a difference in the amounts
quoted?
Answer:
H0 = There is no difference in price quoted for car insurance between Progressive and GEICO.
H1 = There is a difference in price quoted for car insurance between Progressive and GEICO.
With 14 degree of freedom and .10 significance level, the critical t values are –1.761 and 1.761.

Paired T–Test and CI: Progressive, GEICO
Paired T for Progressive – GEICO
N Mean StDev SE Mean
Progressive 15 1391 438 113
GEICO 15 1637

Suitable Sample Of Quantitative Data For The Business...
Introduction "Activity data is a form of human actions that can be converted into a computer to
show actionable insight into that data. To analysis and interpret this data brings a broader picture to
a business mind frame, set decisions and challenges."(Kay, D. & Harmelen, M. V. 2015) Suitable
sample of quantitative data for the business scenario In this scenario, the data is inappropriate for a
business quantitative sample because the information was obtained during the highest peak of the
season. The information obtained is a preconceived notion based on the highest peak of the
company's business. The data is not accurate to use because the highest peak of the season is based
on just a few weeks, not a full year which makes this information bias. By using this information, it
suggests to customers that the café receives this amount of business throughout the year.
Researchers have argued that having an ample enough of data is to be based on a professional
sampling technique. A professional sampling technique is a formula that stands as being unbiased,
with this technique this would be the best way to attain a clear and suitable decision. Zikmund
formula is based on levels of assurance and estimated sampling error (Mlane, n.d). The factors that
would affect the validity of data set The factors that would affect the validity of the data set are
based on the instability of the café ability to have a consistent flow of guests. With the café unable to
produce a steady flow

Essay On Amul Pro
INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE INTERNSHIP: An internship report at AMUL on the sales
potential of its product Amul pro in business institutions of Bangalore metro. The internship helped
me to gain practical knowledge as to how the organization operates in order to cater to the
requirements of the customers. The detailed study about organisation structure, work culture, and
market environment. It also helped me to gain insights on the sales procedures implemented by the
organisation to improve the sales of its product AMUL PRO and to sustain competition in the
market and also to understand the perception of customers, ways of approaching customers and
convincing them. Overall it was a great experience to understand how a FMCG organisation
operates. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the purpose of collection of primary data, a well–structured closed–ended questionnaire is
framed which was filled by the respondents. The questions are framed to study the sales potential of
Amul Pro, the perception of customers, their buying motives and the frequency of purchase of the
product.
 Secondary data: Secondary data is the data which is already collected by someone. The secondary
data was collected from annual reports, company past Records, journals, magazines and company
website.
SAMPLE DESIGN:
 Sample Frame : A sample frame is a basic unit that contains a single element or a group of
elements of the population to be sampled. The sample frame in this research includes customers of
business institutions of Bangalore city as suggested by the Marketing department of Amul.
 Sample Size

One- and Two-Sample Tests of Hypothesis, Variance, and...
One– and Two–Sample Tests of Hypothesis, Variance, and Chi–squared Analysis Problem Sets
Exercises 19 and 20 (Ch. 17)
Chapter 10
31. A new weight–watching company, Weight Reducers International, advertises that those who join
will lose, on the average, 10 pounds the first two weeks with a standard deviation of 2.8 pounds. A
random sample of 50 people who joined the new weight reduction program revealed the mean loss
to be 9 pounds. At the .05 level of significance, can we conclude that those joining Weight Reducers
on average will lose less than 10 pounds? Determine the p–value.
Answer
H0: Mean weight lose = 10 pound (µ = 10)
H1: Mean weight lose < 10 pound (µ < 10)
Test Statistic used is Z test . Given that = 9, n= 50,  = ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sample does not provide enough evidence to support the claim that the 30–year mortgage rate
for small banks is less than 6 percent.
P value = = 0.075091318
Exercises 27, 46, and 52 (Ch. 11)
Chapter 11
27. A recent study focused on the number of times men and women who live alone buy take–out
dinner in a month. The information is summarized below.
Statistic Men Women
Sample mean 24.51 22.69
Population standard deviation 4.48 3.86
Sample size 35 40
At the .01 significance level, is there a difference in the mean number of times men and women
order take–out dinners in a month? What is the p–value?
Answer
The null hypothesis tested is
H0: There is no significance difference in the average number of times men and women who live
alone buy take–out dinner. (µ1= µ2)

The alternative hypothesis is
H1: There is significance difference in the average number of times men and women who live alone
buy take–out dinner. (µ1≠ µ2)
The test statistic used is
Rejection criteria: Reject the null hypothesis, if the calculated value of z is

Analysis Of Article ' Writing Style
Analysis of Article
Writing Style A credit to the research article was adherence to the APA format. The writing style of
the research article did not appear very concise. There were a minimal amount of misspelled words
which could be attributed to typographical errors. An example of a misspelled word from the
Introduction section was "skilful." The overall organization was not clearly delineated. There was an
ineffective use of headings. The research question and population sampling were embedded within
the text which required the reader to search for these items. There was no Literature Review
heading. The review of the literature was discussed within the Introduction section. References were
listed throughout the research article. Terms or "jargon" used was defined and related to public
internet social network programs. Definitions were also included in the Methodology section and
throughout the article.
Authors
The authors of the article were Che Wan Ida Rahimah AKA Che Wan Ibrahim, ProfessorVaughan
Prain, and Penelope Collet. Qualifications and positions. Che Wan Ida Rahimah is associated with
University of Malaysia Terengganu. The author's position is a faculty member within the Social
Development department where she lectures on the subject of English as a Second Language.
Interests of the author include technology and online learning programs. Professor Vaughan Prain
holds the position of Deputy Dean and research director at La Trobe University in

Research And Design Of A Experimental Design
Research and Design This study will use a true experimental design because it allows the researcher
to exercise better control over research variables. This design ultimately strengthens the inference of
causality. To prove with confidence that changes in the dependent variable were caused by the
independent variable rather than sampling error, the research design must meet three criteria
(Nieswiadomy, 2012). The three criteria are: 1) the researcher manipulates the experimental
variable; 2) at least one experimental and one comparison group are included; and 3) the subjects are
randomly assigned to either group, (Nieswiadomy, 2012). A type of true experimental design is the
posttest–only control group design. The posttest–only design is appropriate for this study because
the participants will be randomly assigned to groups and will be given two different treatments,
(Nieswiadomy, 2012). The experimental group will receive clinically indicated replacement of their
PIV while the comparison group will receive routine PIV replacement every 72–96 hours. The
posttest will include a daily assessment for phlebitis up to 48 hours after removal. A randomized
controlled clinical trial is the most logical way to complete this study because it is concerned with a
cause–and–effect relationship using human subjects. This study cannot be blinded because of the
nature of the intervention. The patients and nursing staff will know after day four what group they
are in. However,

Sample Data Analysis Paper
INTERPRETATION (DATAANALYSIS):
It was found that the class mean scores data is significantly lower than the data found in the
nutritional panel (refer to table 1 and figure A). The class data regarding Nutri–grain indicate that it
is almost three times lower than the information provided on the nutritional panel and Burger Rings
show that it is almost two times lower than the nutritional panel (refer to table 1). The personal data
shows that for Nutri–grain the energy combustion was somewhat close to the data shown in the
nutritional panel (refer to appendix two and table 1) there is a difference of 90.79 between Nutri–
grain and the nutritional panel; however Burger Rings were significantly lower than nutritional
panel data showing a difference ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this investigation the extraneous variables that aroused included: the outside breeze from the
corridor would have influenced the results because the set up was directly near the door, the
temperature of the room was warm and humid therefore this affected the rate and way in which the
food sample were burnt at. In order to improve this weakness the extraneous variables should be
controlled by setting up the experiment in an area where the breeze is reduced to a minimum and the
experiment should be set up in an area where the temperature of the room is at an

What Is The Visual Sample Plan ( VP 7 ) 7. 0 Review?
VSP 7.0 Review
Sampling is taking a few items from a population that fairly represent the population to obtain
information about the population from them. It is usually one of the key steps in research because it
determines the validity and reliability of research results. This crucial yet arduous task in research
has led statisticians and software developers to create software that can ease this process for many
researchers in various fields of study. An example of such a sampling software is the Visual Sample
Plan version 7.0 (VSP 7.0).
Definition and Characteristics
VSP 7.0 is a research sampling tool created to help researchers identify the number of items they
need from a population to form a sample and the locations of these sample ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The installation of the software is easy. One only needs to download the free software's setup file;
run it, and follow the simple installation instructions on the monitor. The VSP 7.0 does not create a
desktop icon during installation. This occurrence makes its access difficult after installation,
especially for those who are not computer savvy. It requires one to access the Start menu followed
by the Program Files section to access the program.
Usability
Maps and Sample Areas
The primary purpose of VSP 7.0 is to help a researcher identify the number of sample items needed
for a study and where these sample items are located within the study area (Matzke et al., 2014). The
first step in using VSP 7.0 is creating a study area by either drawing a map of the study area using
tools under the Map icon or loading a map of the study area, which must be in the SHP file format
or the DXF file format. Additionally, one can obtain a map of the study area by accessing it from the
internet using the Map icon of the software.
The process of loading a map in SHP or DXF file format is easy and often successful. Additionally,
obtaining maps from the internet by using the software is easy and often successful. One needs only
to type the name or location of the sample area in a dialogue box and the software to obtain the map
of the site where the sample area is present provided one's PC has an internet connection. The
biggest problem with

Inferential Statistics Basics
1) Define the following terms:
i) Inferential statistics is reasonable conclusions based on assumption of what one will have
observed. (Tucker 1988) It is restricted to one's environment for example one might say tall people
are fast runners or big women are associated with high blood pressure. (Chimedza, Muchengetwa,
Chinyemba 2010) ii) According to (Chimedza, Muchengetwa & Chinyemba 2010) data is a
collection of numbers or observations of things that are happening brought together for reference or
analysis for example hourly movement of a cyclone.(Tucker 1988) iii) Representative sample refers
to a particular group that will have been chosen to represent others that is a subset of a statistical
population that accurately reflects the members of the entire population (Tucker 1988) For example
in a class of six students three male and three female this is unbiased but well represented. iv)
Qualitative data is data that cannot be measured numerically and but describes (Tucker 1988) for
example sex or marital status.
v) Discrete data refers to specific separate and distinct variables. (Moore 1995, 2000) For example
colour of hair or eyes even number of books in a library.
b) Differentiate the following terms
i) Systematic sampling elements are chosen following a systematic procedure at evenly spaced
intervals after the first has been randomly selected for example a researcher can get opinions of
residents of a particular suburb by interviewing one house in each street

A Statement Of The Problem Of Service Organizations
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Service organizations play a crucial role in any country. In our
country, it is the backbone of our economy in terms of creation of employment potential and
contribution to the National income. The study of Quality of Working life has been an important and
critical area in management and organizational performance from last several years especially in the
LIC. Work is an integral part of our everyday life, as it is our livelihood or career or business. On an
average we spend around twelve hours daily in the work place that is one third of our entire life. It
does influence the overall Quality of our life. For the research, based on the literature review and
brainstorming with academicians eight important dimensions were identified. They are
organizational climate & culture, Work life balance, compensation of employees, participation of
decision–making, opportunity for growth and development, work environment, Welfare measures,
Social relevance of work.Life Insurance Corporation of India which concentrates all these factors, a
study has been undertaken in order to find out the opinion of employees about the effectiveness of
Quality of Work life in the corporation. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the present study
reflects the existing Quality of Work Life in Life Insurance Corporation of India, Salem Division.
The empirical study is limited to Salem Division only, covering the three districts, which includes
18 branches. The

Critique: Sample Size and Personal Message
Research Critique 1
Running head: RESEARCH CRITIQUE
Research Critique of "The Influence of Personal Message with
Music on Anxiety and Side Effects Associated with Chemotherapy"
Jennifer Robey BSN
Duke University
N 307 Spring 2005 Research Critique 2
Research Critique of "The Influence of Personal Message with
Music on Anxiety and Side Effects Associated with Chemotherapy"
Introduction
The introduction of this article does give you a sense of the importance of the problem area. The
area being talked about in this article is how fear and anxiety can negatively impact a patient
receiving chemotherapy. The authors then go on to say that relaxation techniques can be used to
decrease a patient's
anxiety ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reference list itself was small and some of the articles were dated. This particular study was
published in
1996 and three of the references used were from the years 1981 through 1983. Reference two on the
list was not used in the literature search, even though the primary focus of this reference was in the
critical care arena it would have been nice to see how those authors used the techniques. The
dependent variables in this study are anxiety level and chemotherapy side effects. These variables
are not explained in the literature search as to how they are defined. The independent variables are
the use of music and a personalized message from the physician during chemotherapy. Like the
dependent variables there is no explanation as to how these are defined. Research Critique 5 There is
no clear hypothesis stated in the literature review section of the paper, however there are two
hypotheses listed after the methodology section. It would have been easier to read about the
hypotheses before the methods were given, so that the reader could understand why the methods
were being done the way they were. The first hypothesis is: "The intervention of music and a
message from the physician will strengthen the flexible lines of defense of a patient receiving
chemotherapy, as evidenced by a decrease in anxiety over time." (Sabo & Michael,
1996) The second

Employee Engagement At The Grand Bazaar Hassan Essay
Chapter –1 Introduction Introduction About the internship: These grants are designed to provide
students participating in field experience to share knowledge and also the opportunity to experience
the relationship between the academic background of the student and his field work also to help
participants who have participated in the major research project, which will enrich your experience
practices. The 10–week internship was conducted during the fourth semester f MBA, because it
serves the purposes as providing knowledge of a business idea for students and also offers high
caliber students. This chapter contains theme chosen for the study, the need for the study, the
introduction to the company and the study objectives, problems. 1.2 chosen for the study: In this
project, the theme chosen for the study is "employee engagement" with reference to the Grand
Bazaar Hassan. All companies are concerned about their income, the quality of your product /
service. And if your customers are having good experience, employee engagement is the main
reason for the three and employees also participate are the most productive and creative workers. So
the workers involved are the differentiating factors for major and profitable company among all
competitors. The biggest challenge in the new world of liberalization and globalization for a
company is to serve its customers without and also to maintain a good relationship with them, as it
is said that "customers are the king" In the past

Data File 1 Statistics In Educational Research

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